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–Johnny Appleseed “Type a quote here.”

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HUM 2020: Encountering Humanities Week 14: Meek’s Cutoff (Kelly Reichardt, 2010) 4/10/19

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Reminder: Extra-credit/Make-up assignments will be released today.

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Reminder: Review/Study Session tomorrow at noon in this room.

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Levy, “Introduction” from Cinema of Outsiders

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Levy: Independent Cinema Independent in 2 ways: Financing (2) “spirit or vision” (3) “technological” (5) “institutional” (5) “aesthetic” (5) “political” (5) Independent cinema does not have a clearly defined beginning, but it can be traced back to the Hollywood Renaissance and Avant-garde films of the 1970s

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Levy: Analyzing Independent Cinema Cultural Codes (9) Borrow or reject culturally shared/common modes of expression Artistic Codes (9) Utilize or reject expression and style that is used in various types of art, not just cinema Narrative Codes (9) Develop stories and the art of storytelling in an unconventional/unique manner Cinematic Codes (10) Rejection of the common modes of expression and storytelling in film Intertextual Codes (10) References to other “texts” (films) and movements; either adding to, reinventing, or rejecting

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Artwork Title: Meek’s Cutoff Who: Kelly Reichardt When: 2010 Where: America (Oscilloscope - Independent Distributor) What: Independent Film - Western - American Neo-Neorealist

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Kelly Reichardt 1964 - Present Born in Miami Earned her MFA at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston Filmmaker and instructor of film production at Bard College Associated with minimalism and American Neo-Neorealism in independent cinema Operates her own productions with partner (Jonathan Raymond) Old Joy (2006), Wendy and Lucy (2008), Night Moves (2013), Certain Women (2015)

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Meek’s Cutoff Part of Kelly Reichardt’s “Oregon Trilogy” Old Joy (2006) Wendy and Lucy (2008) Meek’s Cutoff (2010) This trilogy offer bleak human-made social conditions that produce anxiety and insecurity Meek’s Cutoff departs from the first two by offering a period piece in the form of a western

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How did you feel while watching this film?

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What is the plot of the film?

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Meek’s Cutoff Plot

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Western Genre

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The Classical Western (1920s-1950s) Clear protagonists and antagonists Moral tale Cause and Effect Action American Exceptionalism Manifest Destiny Origin Myths American Masculinity Lone Individual Hero Praise of Individualism Many shots privilege the landscape as much as characters and community About conquering the frontier, wildness, “savagery”

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The Revisionist Western (1950s-1970s-Present) The Descent of the Hero Complex/sympathetic/central depictions of marginalized characters Challenge to normative hierarchies and American exceptionalism Changes typical aesthetics and themes that draw a clear distinction between: Purity & Savagery Civilization & Wild Nature Masculinity & Femininity

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Western Elements & Themes

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Western Elements & Themes Mise-en-scène Setting - Oregon 1845 Costuming: Period wardrobe (Men in western hats, heavy day shirts, guns; Women in bonnets, dresses, no elaborate make-up) Wagons, wooden tools and instruments, animal and human labor Desolate, uncivilized, natural locations in the Pacific Northwest Natural lighting Themes Manifest Destiny - Westward expansion, a promised destiny Individualism & Community - Tensions between self-reliance and dependency External world of the frontier and its supposed savagery Masculine heroes and leadership

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Realism : Bazin & Italian Neorealism Scott & Neo-Neorealism

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A.O. Scott “Neo-Neorealism” New York Times Writer that coined this term for the movement “loneliness and desperation” (1) “escape from escapism” (3) The New Hollywood Blockbuster is still the dominant form at this moment These films all exhibit a “painful disillusionment … What happens at the end of a dream? You wake up” (8) Reality comes from the “authenticity of the setting” and attention to “camera movement, expression, and composition” that is highly controlled and regulated (4 - 5)

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Neo-Neorealism A global cinema, but also a unique American form An escape from the New Hollywood Blockbuster’s “escapism” Overtly inspired by Italian Neorealism and its “afterlives” Socially critical and emotional painful Non-professional actors (sometimes) Everyday working-class characters and stories “Outsiders” - stories surrounding immigrants or transients Meditation on gestures and environments - “patient shots” (6) Long takes, long shots, deep focus Slow pacing & intermediate endings

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“image facts”

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NO Predetermined Meaning: “image facts” (Bazin) But we are not given the predetermined meanings immediately. We are meant to question, stew in the ambiguity of Reichardt’s slow-narrative. Narratively, the facts given to us are fragmented, like in a novel, such as life.

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André Bazin “An Aesthetic of Reality, Neorealism” Neorealist cinema is similar to sketch not a painting Offered the idea of “image facts” “Facts take on meaning, but not like a tool whose function has a predetermined form. ” (36) “A fragment of concrete reality [is] in itself multiple and full of ambiguity , whose meaning emerges only after the fact.” (37) THESE COME OUT BEST THROUGH LONG SHOTS AND LONG TAKES. THE CLOSE-UP GIVES A PREDETERMINED MEANING, BUT LONG SHOTS AND LONG TAKES PRESENT THE ENTIRE “IMAGE FACT” - THE ENTIRE SCENE - REALISTIC IN ITS AMBIGUITY, WE MUST DISCERN THE IMPORTANCE … JUST AS WE DO IN REAL LIFE.

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What Characterizes Neo-Neorealism? Authenticity + Ambiguity = Anxiety A.O. Scott Andrè Bazin Kelly Reichardt

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Composing Neo-Neorealism

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What constitutes Neo-Neorealist Form? Mise-en-scéne Accurate costuming, natural setting (location shooting), natural lighting, historically accurate props and animals Natural lighting is harsh, withholding, and restrictive Sound Seems limited to diegetic sound (dialogue and effects) Soft-dialogue (whispers and missed lines for the viewer) Cinematography Long shots to present entirety of the scene, narratively designed to give us “image facts” Emphasis on depth and verticality to show direction, but confined aspect ratio limits total field Camera remains at eye-level, moves similarly to the characters, seems to be a human embodiment in this space Editing Long takes present the world similar to how we experience it Harsh juxtapositions with natural lighting

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Thematic Effects of Realism We share in the anxiety, uncertainty, disillusionment , and confusion that results from the ambiguity The film depicts uncertainty and anxiety in the characters (their desire to discover water and make it to their destination in Oregon), but the harsh juxtapositions of lighting, condensed frame, and molasses-like pace of the film force the spectator to undergo the same uncertainty and anxiety The New Hollywood Blockbuster employs hyper-Newtonian physics to offer cinema as an intense, thrilling, physical/sensorial experience Reichardt offers intensity and physical/sensorial experiences but in a slow and disrupting way to make us feel uneasy, UNCERTAIN, & MAKES US WORK !!

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Meek’s Cutoff Critiques Film operates at 2 registers: Critique of the Western Genre (its promises of Manifest Destiny, Masculinity, and Independence) Critique of Neoliberalism’s alienating and anxiety inducing system

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Critiquing the Western

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Flawed Individualism Viewing cinema is an individual experience Our individual senses, the way we see, interpret, and understand the film are hindered by Reichardt’s harsh and restrictive forms The Classical Western Individualism is valorized as the way to achieve success, uniquely American. Also, this individual was male. Making the power of individualism a uniquely white-male trait at the time. However, none of the men in the film express certainty, elevated moral character, or the ability to provide prosperity - the arrival at their destination. Especially the INDIVIDUAL MALE LEADER Stephen Meek

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Flawed Manifest Destiny: Origins Tetherow To extract and control as many resources as possible Gately Attain wealth, amass land and property, privately owned and controlled White Pure, virgin land where morally and religiously pure societies could be constructed

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Aspect Ratio: Realization

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Aspect Ratio Academy Ratio (1.375:1) Technically - she used a (1.33:1), but this is close enough and still harking this old standard

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Aspect Ratio Academy Ratio (1.375:1) Technically - she used a (1.33:1), but this is close enough and still harking this old standard Enhances verticality and depth, but not width Similar to the constrained view of women in bonnets

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Separate Spaces

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Western Critique Manifest Destiny is problematized because it never manifests its promised success Rather than a story of American Greatness, this just shows the anxieties, aimlessness, and desperation created by institutional promises This boundary of the American West that differentiates civilization from nature creates problematic binaries of colonization and oppression The women appear alienated as we often see the men carve out their own separate spaces of deliberation and knowledge. And the Native American is colonized , literally trapped by Meek and Soloman. However, both end up usurping Meek’s power and gain the authoritative position in the party.

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Political Critique: What is happening between 2008 - 2010 that is causing mass anxiety and concern in America? Why the western?

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The 2008 Financial Crisis

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When: 2010 Neoliberal philosophies and globalization has only intensified Worker individualism and alienation is exacerbated 2008 Financial Crisis is extolling its harshest effects Began with a mortgage crisis from predatory lending that caused homeowners to default on mortgages, displacing families and crippling investment banks 8.8 million people lost jobs 19.2 trillion dollars in homeowner wealth was lost Between 2005 - 2008 1.2 million homeowners lost their homes Initiated a widespread economic recession that introduced intense anxiety and insecurity However, Neoliberal hypocrisy was revealed 2008 - Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) ($700 Billion) Revealed hierarchy of support and need for regulation, centralized government to preserve market

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Flawed Individualism Viewing cinema is an individual experience Our individual senses , the way we see, interpret, and understand the film are hindered by Reichardt’s harsh and restrictive forms, feeling anxiety Neoliberalism Individual responsibility is the main driving force of success; how we should thrive “There was, [Prime Minister Thatcher} famously declared, ‘no such thing as society, only individual men and women’—and, she subsequently added, their families. All forms of social solidarity were to be dissolved in favor of individualism, private property, personal responsibility, and family values” (Harvey 23)

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Aspect Ratio As a system, neoliberalism prevents acknowledging global relationships Isolates focus on individual responsibility and immediate circumstances

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Separate Spaces The women are separated from the men, but also subject to the patriarchal demands of their husbands This separates the women from each other They are alienated, isolated

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Economic Hierarchy in Neoliberal System Troubled Asset Relief Program of 2008 (TARP) provided economic security blanket for private industry Individuals and individual families suffered the blunt of this crisis in a system that demand individual resiliency and no collectivity/mutual dependency

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Limits of Individualism & Mutual Dependency

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Why the western?

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Collapse Distance / Aim Change at the System

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Political Critique The emphasized verticality allows us to measure height almost equal to width We can recognize hierarchies: Patriarchal Metaphor for wealthy economic elites, financial and government institutions These two are above the individualized labors, women, that are alienated from one another and do not share a horizontal connection

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Meek’s Cutoff Registers The film critiques at two registers: The masculinity, Manifest Destiny, and valorization of independence in the Western Men fail to deliver on Manifest Destiny (Meek and the husbands) Masculine notions of self-reliance are hypocritical and flawed The protocols used to establish their hierarchical position lead to alienation of the women and oppression in the Native American Man The certainty and exceptionalism of American neoliberal politics in the early 21st century The harsh juxtapositions of natural lighting, soft-dialogue, aspect ratio all constrain our knowledge as the viewer akin to how neoliberalism designs a global network but fails to provide all necessary information/relationships and establish collective power to overcome individual limitations We steep in the anxiety culturally shared at this time

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Thank you!

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For Thursday FINAL EXAM!!!!! 12PM - 1:50PM BRING YOUR SCANTRONS, STUDENT ID’S, AND PENCILS

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In Meek’s Cutoff (2010), Kelly Reichardt’s attention to Neo-neorealistic aesthetics such as extreme juxtapositions of natural lighting and grating diegetic sound extends the wandering characters’ anxiety to the individual senses of the spectator. Her aesthetic assault on the individual experience of cinema undercuts the valorization of individualism cemented in the history of the western genre and espoused by neoliberal proponents at the time of the film’s release. The unconventional aspect ratio creates a vertically that pronounces patriarchal hierarchy while simultaneously alienating the women, Native American, and spectators from certainty and decision-making processes in the camera’s depth of field. The film’s thematic preoccupation with aimless and alienated anxieties resulting from uncertainty uses the western genre as an allegorical vehicle to critique the neoliberal capitalist structure, connecting early 21st century American anxieties resulting from the housing mortgage crisis that exacerbated the economic recession of 2008 with failed promises of its economic system. What How Why

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