about China and the Modern West history

1

Week 4 (Jan. 28/29/31) WWI and Chinese Intellectuals (Due to class cancellation in week 2, this weekly schedule of lectures is slightly different

from that in the syllabus, and it also includes the first class lecture in the next week)

REQUIRED READINGS: Fairbank and Goldman, China, pp. 255-75; Ebrey, Chinese

Civilization, sections 76-77, 82.

-Lectures on “The New Policy & Constitutional Reforms”/ “The 1911 Revolution & Asia’s

First Republic” (For details, see Week 3 lecture outlines for Jan. 24 and 28 classes)/ Jan. 28

Discussion: Chinese Views on the West (Jan. 29)

2

World War I and New Western Influence (Jan. 31)

Yin-Yang Evolution of Modern China and its Relations with Foreign Powers

1) Relative unity: Late Qing-Early Republic 1839-1916

*Survived 5 wars with Britain/France/Japan/8 powers 1839-1901

*Suppressed 4 domestic rebellions + [Boxer uprising] 1851-1901

-Disunity by warlords’ civil wars 1916-27

2) Relative unity under GMD regime 1927-37

-Disunity by Japanese war & GMD-CCP civil wars 1937-49

3) Relative unity under PRC vs. Taiwan (+US) 1949-

1. Wars in China and World

-Warlord regimes in Beijing

* Warlords: Leaders of personalized armies & divisive politics

*Warlord government in Beijing: Constitutions/Presidency/Cabinets/Parliament

* [Warlord] PM vs. President/Parliament: China’s entry in WWI 1917

-Pigtail Gen. Zhang Xun (Chang Hsün) 张勋 restored Emperor Puyi 溥仪 7/1-12, 1917

*Dog-meat" Gen. Zhang Zongchang (Chang Tsung-ch’ang) 张宗昌 (1881-1932)

-Sun Yat-sen & Southern warlords:

*Sun’s 3 Canton Governments

2. Golden age of Chinese Bourgeoisie

: Use Yin-Ying dialectic to explain why the chaotic period of warlord regime and

warfare was a golden age of Chinese bourgeoisie (capitalists) and of cultural development?

-Chinese chambers of commerce

*Chinese working class

3. Golden age of Chinese culture

-Government schools

*Missionary schools

*1st women’s college

A. Western influence: Individualism

-Mao Zedong 毛泽东 (1893-1976)/Hunan Province

*Arranged marriage-Ms. Luo 罗氏

*Entered 1st Hunan Normal School

*Lived with Yang Kaihui 杨开慧 (1901-30)

B. Western influence: Feminism

*Soon Qingling 宋庆龄 (1893-1981) married Sun Yat-sen

3

C. Western influence vs. Chinese culture

-Western concepts in Chinese

*Liberalism: ziyou zhuyi

*Individualism: geren zhuyi

: Why modern China accepted Western cultures but still kept its cultural identity?

The May 4th Movement vs. Westernization (Feb. 4)

: Why the May 4th Movement introduced but also rejected Western cultures?

1. The New Culture Movement

A. Chen Duxiu (Du-hsiu) 陈独秀 (1879-1942)/Studied in Japan

-Journal New Youth 新青年 *Communist leader

B. Hu Shi 胡适 (1891-1962)/Studied in US

-Literary revolution 文学革命 *Historical research on classics

C. Lu Xun (Hsün) 鲁迅 (1881-1936)/Studied in Japan

-Vernacular novel 白话小说

*Anti-Confucianism： Diary of a Madman 狂人日记 *Arranged marriage/Filial piety to mother

-Supporter of communism

D. Li Dazhao 李大钊 (1888-1927)/Studied in Japan -Beijing University’s chief librarian

*1st Marxist scholar

*Communism for nationalism

: Why leaders of the New Culture Movement still stuck with Chinese tradition?

2. The May 4th Demonstration

: Was the May 4th Movement a pro-West movement? Or anti-West movement?

*Versailles Peace Conference for WWI

*China’s contributions to WWI

*US President Wilson: Self-determination of nations

*Allied powers affirmed Japan’s control of Shandong Peninsular 山东半岛 -Beijing: 3,000 student protest in Tian’anmen square

*Slogans: "Returning Shandong to China" 归还山东

“Down with foreign powers" 打倒列强 -Students attacked 2 pro-Japan ministers

*Police arrest of 32 students

-Student protests in 200+ cities

*Students’ 3 demands

-Shanghai student/merchant/worker strike

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*Students’ success

: Why the May 4th Movement succeeded? Because of mass demonstrations/strikes?

*Zhongping Chen: “The May Fourth Movement and Provincial Warlords: A Reexamination.”

Modern China (Los Angeles) 37. 2 (2011): 135-69.

-Intellectuals’ turn to Marxism/Masses

*Chen Duxiu turned to Soviet communism

-Mao Zedong around 1919

*Assistant librarian at Beijing University

*Hunan student leader/Communism

*Summer investigation in Hunan province

: Did the May Fourth Movement help/or kill Chinese democracy?