about China and the Modern West history

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Week 3 (Jan. 21/22/24) The Republican Revolution

(Due to class cancellation in week 2, this weekly schedule of lectures is slightly different

from that in the syllabus, and it also includes the first class lecture in the next week)

REQUIRED READINGS: Fairbank and Goldman, China, pp. 235-53; Ebrey, Chinese

Civilization, sections 74-75, 79.

-Lectures on “The Self-strengthening movement” and “The 1898 Reform and Boxer

uprising” (For details, see Week 2 lecture outlines for Jan. 15 and 17 classes)/ Jan. 21

Elite Reformers and Revolutionaries (Jan. 22)

-Explanation for the schedule of group discussions and presentations

*Students sign into 4 groups for the 1st round of group discussions

: What is the similarity and difference between reform and revolution?

1. Elite Revolutionaries

-Sun Yat-sen 孙逸仙 [中山] (1866-1925):

*A Cantonese or Hakka 客家?

*Moved to Hawaii/became a Christian

-Sun’s rise as the Father of Republican China (国父)

*Founded the Revive China Society 兴中会, Honolulu

*Sun’s 1st visit to Victoria, Canada

* Sun joined the Triad Society, Hawaii

-The Triad in Victoria

*ABC/CBC Triads: Chee Kung Tong 致公堂 (Public-Spirited Society)

-Sun: Revolutionary League 同盟会, Tokyo 1905-

-3 people's principles 三民主义:

*Nationalism 民族主义

*Democracy 民主主义

*Socialism 民生主义

-Sun’s 10 uprisings 1895 –4/1911 (Canton)

*Victoria’s Triad Society’s donation to Sun’s Canton uprising

-Triad Society’s split with Sun after the Republican Revolution 1911-

*Sun: Provisional president of the Republic of China 1912

* The Triad Society became Chinese Zhigong Party/中国致公党

* The Triad Society became Chinese Minzhidang (Chinese People’s Party) 民治党

*Dart Coon Club 达权社

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2. Elite Reformers

-Kang Youwei 康有为 (1858-1927) in Victoria 4-10/1899

*For constitutional monarchy

*Founded the Chinese Empire Reform Association (Society to Protect the Emperor 保皇会):

1st Chinese global political organization starting from Victoria

-Kang Tongbi 康同璧 (1881-1969) in Victoria 1903

*Founded the Chinese Empire Ladies Reform Association (Women’s Society to Protect the

Empero 保皇女会):

1st Chinese Women’s transnational political organization starting from Victoria

-Fall of the Chinese Empire Reform Association 1908-

The New Policy & Constitutional Reforms (Jan. 24)

1. Causes of the New Policy Reform 新政, 1901-11

: Was Empress Dowager Cixi a diehard conservative? Or a leading reformer?

*Pressure after the Boxer fiasco

*Manchu centralization of power

2. Contents of New Policies

: Why the New Policy Reforms brought revolutionary changes to China?

A. Educational reforms

-New schools

*Students abroad

*Civil service examinations -1905

B. Political reforms

a. Administrative reforms

*From Zongli Yamen (Foreign Office, 1861) to _____________

*From 6-boards (AD 581-) to _____________

b. Constitutional reform

-Death of Emperor Guangxu 光绪 and Empress Dowager Cixi 慈禧

*The last emperor: Emperor Xuantong (Hsüan-tung)宣统 and the regent: Prince Chun 醇王

-Election of provincial assemblies 咨议局: The 1st Chinese experiment with democracy

*National Assembly 资政院

*Royal cabinet 皇族内阁

*Councils: Town/city/county/prefecture

C. Economic reform

-Fiscal reform

*Gentry-levied lijin 厘金

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*National/provincial budgets

-Railway nationalization 铁路国有

*Sichuan revolt vs. Railway nationalization 四川铁路运动

*Qing New Army’s transfer from Wuchang 武昌 to Sichuan

: Why the Chinese democratic experiment with constitutional monarchy failed?

D. Military reform

- Yuan Shikai 袁世凯 & New Army新军

*To build 36 divisions of New Army

*Officer training in Japan: Chiang Kai-shek/Jiang Jieshi 蒋介石 (1887-1975)

The 1911 Revolution & Asia’s First Republic (Jan. 28)

-Wuchang Uprising 武昌起义: By the New Army

: Why Sun Yat-sen was an absent “Father of Republican China”?

*Shanghai Uprising by Sun’s Revolutionary League

*15 provinces declared independence from the Qing government

-Republic of China 中华民国

*Nanjing Provisional Government 南京临时政府

*Sun Yat-sen: Provisional President 临时大总统孙中山

-Beijing/Qing Court: PM Yuan Shikai 袁世凯

*Emperor Xuantong’s abdication

*The Last Emperor Xuantong-Puyi 宣统/溥仪 (1906-67) and his love-hate with 5 wives

: What’s historical significance of the 1911 Revolution?

-Yuan Shikai’s presidency vs.

Sun Yat-sen’s Nationalist Party 国民党 (Kuomintang, KMT/Guomindang, GMD)

*KMT’s success in national election

-Yuan assassinated Song Jiaoren 宋教仁 (1882-1913)

*Yuan dissolved parliament/assemblies

*Japan’s 21 demands

*Yuan’s restoration of emperorship

*Yuan’s death and the beginning of warlord era

: Why the Chinese democratic experiment with republicanism failed?