about China and the Modern West history

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Week 2 (Jan. 14/15/17) China’s Early Modernization (Westernization?)

REQUIRED READINGS: Fairbank and Goldman, China, pp. 206-34; Ebrey, Chinese Civilization,

sections 70-71, 73.

The Taiping Revolt and Christianity (Jan. 14)

-Completing lecture on “The Opium War and treaty system”

-Question about weekly topic: China’s Early Modernization=Westernization?

*The Taiping Revolt as the largest “Christian” movement in China

1. Causes of the Taiping Revolt

A. Population pressure

*Rice agriculture and population growth in southern China

B. Socioeconomic inequality

-Landlords vs. peasants

* Manchu vs. Han Chinese

*Cantonese vs. Hakka 客家 (Guest people) [Hakkas and their temple in Victoria] *Males vs. females

C. Christian impacts

-Hong Xiuquan (Hsiu-chuan ) 洪秀全 (1814-64): Hakka, Guangdong Province *Failures in prefectural-level [lowest] civil service exams

*Hong’s vision of meeting “God” and “Jesus”

*Hong formed the God Worshippers’ Society 拜上帝会, Guangxi province 广西

: Why Hong’s “Christianity” was popular among his Chinese followers?

2. Course of the Taiping Revolt

-Taiping Kingdom (太平天国 Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace) in Guangxi province 1851- *Hong: Heavenly King of Taiping

*Yang Xiuqing (杨秀清 Hsiu-ch’ing): Eastern King/Commander-in-Chief

-Taiping mobile war: From Guangxi province to Nanjing 南京

*Nanjing as the Heavenly Capital 天京 -Taiping system

*Hong’s palace

*Six-board system (Boards of Civil service/Finance/War/Ritual/Justice/Public work)

*________ of men and women

*Common treasury

*Land _________

3. Causes of Taiping Failures

A. Military failure

B. Power struggles

-Hong vs. Eastern King Yang Xiuqing

C. Diplomatic ignorance

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-Taiping vs. Britain and France

D. Cultural destruction

-Taiping vs. Confucian Generals: Zeng Guofan (曾国藩 1811-1872) E. Strategic mistakes

-Taiping vs. Nian Rebels (捻军) and Muslim Rebellions *Fall of Nanjing, Taiping Kingdom

The Self-Strengthening Movement (Jan. 15)

(自强运动/洋务运动: Early modernization)

1. Qing leadership & Modernization

Yin-Ying dialectics 阴阳辩证法 *Yin-Ying dialectics of Qing China’s strength/weakness & successes/failures

*Yin-Yang Evolution of History

A. Manchu central leadership [For lecture only; No need to remember the following names]

-Emperor Xianfeng (Hsien-feng) 咸丰帝 (b. 1831，r. 1850-61)

*Empress [Dowager] Cixi (Tz’u-hsi) 慈禧 (1835-1908) vs. Queen Victoria (1819-1901)

*Emperor Tongzhi (T’ung-chih) 同治帝 (r. 1862-75) vs. Emperor Meiji (Japan), 1852-1912

*Emperor Guangxu (Kuang-hsü) 光绪帝 (r. 1875-1908)

*Emperor Xuantong (Hsuan-t’ung) 宣统皇帝 (r. 1909-12)

-Prince Gong 恭亲王 (1832-98) & _______ modernization B. Chinese provincial leadership

-Zeng Guofan 曾国藩 (1811-1872) & _____ modernization

*Li Hongzhang 李鸿章 (1823-1901) & ____ modernization

2. Modernization within tradition

-“Chinese learning as the ________, Western learning for practical use”中体西用 *The Shanghai Railway: The fate of the 1st railway in China

*The unsinkable Marble Boat in the Yihe Summer Palace vs. Loss of 2 Chinese naval fleets

: Why late Qing China succeeded in suppressing 4 rebellions but failed in the Self-

strengthening Movement?

The 1898 Reform and Boxer Uprising (Jan. 17)

1. Causes of Political Reforms

A. The failure of the Self-strengthening Movement

a. The Sino-French War

-Loss of the __________ Fleet 南洋水师 b. The Sino-Japanese War

-Loss of the __________ Fleet 北洋水师

-Treaty of Shimonoseki 马关条约 B. Rise of Confucian reformism

-Statecraft 经世致用

-Kang Youwei 康有为 (1858-1927)

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*Confucian evolution

*Datong 大同书 Great Harmony：An origin of Maoism C. Imperialist partition of China

-Russia & Liaodong peninsular 辽东半岛

*Germany & Shandong peninsular 山东半岛

*France & Guangzhou Bay 广州湾

*Britain & New Territories (Hong Kong) 香港新界

2. The 100-Day-Reforms

-Emperor Guangxu 光绪帝 (r.1874-1908)

vs. Empress Dowager Cixi (Tz’u-hsi) 慈禧 (1835-1908) - Guangxu’s reform edicts

*For Metropolitan (Beijing) University

*For civil service examinations

*For sinecure officials

*For national assembly/constitution

-Tan Sitong 谭嗣同 (1865-98) vs. Gen. Yuan Shikai 袁世凯 (1859-1916) *Empress Dowager Cixi’s coup

*Execution of Tan & 5 reformers

: Why the 1898 political reforms failed?

3. Boxer Uprising & Empress Dowager Cixi

-Anti-Christian Boxers 义和团 & Cixi (Tz’u-hsi) 慈禧 a. Common concern about __________

b. Common objective of __________

- Boxer：Origin in Shandong Province 山东

* “Invulnerable” to gun/canon 刀枪不入

“Oppose the Qing/Destroy the foreign” 反清灭洋 -Boxer in Beijing/Cixi’s support

“Support the Qing/destroy the foreign” 扶清灭洋 -Cixi’s declaration of war on foreign powers

*Siege of 8 foreign legations

-8 Nations/Allied expedition to Beijing

*UK/US/Germany/France/Italy/Belgium/ Austria/Japan

*Cixi + Emperor Guangxu fled to Xi’an (Hsi-an) 西安 (Northwest China) -The Boxer Protocol

Late Qing China/Mughal India/Tokugawa Japan: Which was the strongest power?