about China and the Modern West history

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Week 10 (Mar. 10/11/13) Mao’s Continuous Revolution

REQUIRED READINGS: Fairbank and Goldman, China, pp. 365-405; Ebrey, Chinese

Civilization, sections 89-94.

(Due to class cancellation in week 2, this weekly schedule of lectures is different from that

in the syllabus, and it also includes the first class lecture in week 11)

Mass Campaigns & the Cultural Revolution (Mar. 10)

-The unfinished part of the lecture “The Founding of the Communist State” (Mar. 6) will be

incorporated into the lectures below.

: Why we need to learn and understand the “mad” history of the Cultural Revolution?

1. Mao’s Mass Movements

1957-

A. 100 Flowers Movement

-Mao: “Let 100 flowers bloom, let 100 schools of thought contend” 百花齐放，百家争鸣 *Mao: Anti-CCP’s __________

*Intellectuals: Anti-CCP’s__________

-Anti-rightist Movement 反右运动 *____________________rightists

-Mao’s foresighted trap for intellectuals?

*Or Mao’s ___________ mass movement?

*Mao vs. Intellectuals for _____________

: Why the Anti-rightist Movement became Mao’s first failed mass movement?

B. The Great Leap Forward 大跃进 *Soviet model economy+ ______________

a. Steel production: To surpass UK/US 超英赶美 -Heavy industry (____)>Agriculture

*__________ backyard furnaces

: Why Mao stressed the heavy industry in the Great Leap Forward?

b. People's commune 人民公社 -Mao: For ________________

*________ communes in China

*Each commune: _______ households/__________people

*Including factories/schools/banks/nurseries/public kitchens/old folk homes

*CCP cadres’ mutual competition: “Setting off satellites” in ____________

c. Great famine

*______ million deaths

-Mao’s economic fiasco:

*____________>Machine/technology

+____________>Economic efficiency

-Marx: Classless society/Public ownership>_____________ dynamics

*Mao: ___________>Market/Machine for ____________>Modernization

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: Why Mao’s Great Leap Forward movement caused

the largest human-made disaster in global history?

2. The Cultural Revolution

: Why Mao could launch the Cultural Revolution in 1966 and led it until 1976?

A. Causes of the Cultural Revolution: ________________

a. Mao’s power struggles

-Defense minister Peng Dehuai (彭德怀, 1898-1974)

*Mao’s Xiangtan county fellow, Hunan province 湖南省湘潭县 *Commander-in-chief in the Korean War

*Dismissed for ________________

-Liu Shaoqi [Liu Shao-chih, 1898-1969) 刘少奇

*Mao’s Hunan provincial fellow 湖南省 *Mao’s Great Leap Forward-Great famine -1959-

*Liu as State Chairman 1959-

*Policy of ___________________

b. Sino-Soviet split *Khrushchev: Anti-Stalin vs. Mao’s _________

c. Mao’s egalitarianism -____________ vs. the masses

d. The masses: For ___________________

B. Course of the Cultural Revolution

1) Mao+ Red Guards vs. Liu Shaoqi 红卫兵

*Anti-4-olds: __________________破四旧 -Red Guard: Seized _________power

*Civil wars: Red Guards vs. Worker/Peasant rebels 工人、农民造反派 -Mao + People’s Liberation Army disbanded the Red Guards

*Mao’s heir: Lin Biao 林彪（1907-71）replaced Liu Shaoqi

: Why Mao failed to end the Cultural Revolution in 1969 as he had planned?

2) Mao, the PLA & Lin Biao -Mao vs. Lin: For state chairman?

-Lin’s plots to assassinate Mao

*Lin’s flight to USSR/Plane crash

3) Mao+ Gang of 4 vs. Deng Xiaoping [Deng Hsiao-ping, 1904-97） -Deng’s _______ vs. Gang of 5’s ___________

-PM Zhou Enlai’s death 周恩来 *Mass memorial service vs. Mao

*Deng Xiaoping’s 2rd dismissal in the Cultural Revolution

-Hua Guofeng (1921-2008) as Mao’s successor 华国锋 *Mao’s death/Fall of Gang of 4

: Was Mao a great savior or a wicked devil for China?

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Li Yinqiao: Mao & The Legend of A White Snake 白蛇传

Question: Why Mao became naked in public?

-Mao

-Victor in ______________

[CCP ______________________________ ]

[Failure to form ________________________]

*Loser in _______________

-Leader of Chinese ________

*China’s ________________

*China as a ______________

-Ally of the West vs. ______

Discussion: Communist views on China (Mar. 11)

-For the students whose names are not on the list below, please sign into one group in the class of

Mar. 10, next Tuesday.

-The following notice for two bonus marks in the second round of discussions also appeared at

the end of Week 9 Lecture outlines.

For the 2nd round of discussions and presentations, each student will receive a maximum

of 2.5 marks, plus 2 bonus marks, if she or he also submits one page of reading note (typed

double-spaced) DURING group discussion on March 11th, and another reading note DURING

group discussion on March 18th.

A. The reading note can use point-format to answer the question for a specific group on

the specific date (see course outline, pp. 5-6).

B. On the second half page of your reading note, quote evidence (several sentences) for

your points from Fairbank and Goldman’s textbook (with page numbers), and from at

least TWO SOURCES in Ebrey’s Chinese Civilization (with page numbers of the

book, no need for footnotes).

C. Under each quotation, use 1-2 short sentences to explain its meanings and relations

with your point-format answers.

Please notice that the reading notes will be collected by the instructor and a teaching assistant

ONLY DURING the two classes for group discussions. Late or online submission is not

accepted. For any student who misses the 2nd-round discussions, she or he could lose a maximum

of 4.5 marks (4.5 % of final grade).

Reading notes will be returned to students together with marked term papers during the

final exam time or at an earlier time.

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China, the Korean War, and the Cold War (Mar. 13)

: Why the Korean War was the wrong war of all losers? Who was the biggest loser?

*General Omar Bradley (Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chief of Staff, 1951): The Korean War was

“the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, and with the wrong enemy.”

*The Boxer War vs. the Korean War

*Chinese commander-in-chief Peng Dehuai (1898-1974, 彭德怀) vs.

U.S. commanders-in-chief: Generals D. MacArthur (1880-1964)+ M. Ridgway (1895-1993)

1. China and Korea

-Traditional tributary relations

*Ming/Qing China (1368-1912) in 2 Korean wars

-PRC as Asian communist leader

*Mao-Stalin meeting in Moscow

2. Outbreak of the Korean War: Kim Il-Sun's misjudgment on US policy

-Kim Il-Sung 金日成 (1912-94): *In China

*In USSR

*Democratic People's Republic of Korea/Soviet-backed

-Republic of Korea: US-backed

*Kim’s ___________ against South Korea

-US defense line: ____________________________

* Kim’s plan of _________/Stalin + Mao’s agreement

-US: NSC 68 Document: _______________________

*Korean War at 38 parallel 6/25, 1950-

: Why Kim Il-Sung’s misjudgment of American policy led to the Korean War?

3. Expansion of the Korean War: US misjudgment on China’s response

-US ___________ to Korea

*US _______army to Korea

-UN Security Council’s 2 resolutions

*Gen. MacArthur/___________ to Korea

*US ________________ to Taiwan Strait

-UN troops’ __________ landing

*UN troops recovered South Korea below ________ -9/1950

-Kim’s request to Mao

*PM Zhou Enlai’s 2 warnings to US

*South Korean troops passed ____________

*US troop passed _____________________

: Why American military and political leaders misjudged China’s response to the war?

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4. Extension of the Korean War: Mao’s misjudgment on US military

-Chinese People’s Volunteer (CPV) /中国人民志愿军 *Stalin retracted ____________

*CPV entered the Korean War

-CPV’s 1st campaign:

*Caused _______________ casualties

-CPV’s 2nd campaign:

*Drove UN (US) troops ________________

-CPV’s 3rd/4th campaigns:

*CPV crossed ____________________

*UN troops pushed back to __________

-CPV’s 5th-6th campaigns:

*____________ CPV casualties

*__________ fight ________ parallel-Truce 5/21, 1951-7/27, 1953

: Why the Chinese People’s Volunteer first succeeded but later failed in the war?

5. Impacts of the Korean War on PRC & the Cold War

1) Chinese and UN casualties

*________________ Chinese casualties

*____________ North Korean casualties

*___________ UN casualties (____________US casualties)

*[_________ South Korean casualties]

2) US-led ___________ on China

3) PRC-USSR _______________

*Payment for USSR supplies: _________

4) PRC-Taiwan _________________

5) Death of Mao Anying 毛岸英 （1922-50） 6) China’s impacts on the Vietnam War

: Why China was the biggest loser or the biggest winner of the Korean War?

Sino-Soviet and Sino-West Relations (Mar. 17)

1. The Sino-Soviet Split

: Why USSR tuned from the chief ally of Mao’s China into its No. 1 enemy?

A. Mao’s Chinese communism vs. Stalin

*Mao in Moscow: ballet Red Puppy

-Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance & Mutual Assistance 1950-

中苏友好同盟互助条约 *USSR loan: _______(1950)_________(1954)

*__________ specialists helped ______ projects

- PRC’s price for the Korean War: ______________

B. Mao’s global communism vs. Moscow

-Mao’s 2nd visit to Moscow

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*40th anniversary of Russian revolution

*76 communist parties’ meeting

*Mao: East wind prevails over West wind 东风压倒西风

-Khrushchev: 3 “peaceful”policies

C. Mao’s nationalism vs. USSR

*Russia seized _____________

-Mao vs. Khrushchev: Sino-Soviet _____________

*Khrushchev withdrew ________

-Border clashes __________ times

-Zhenbao (Damansky) Island/Manchuria 珍宝岛 *_______ Soviet casualties

*_______ Soviet/______ Chinese casualties

*Brezhnev’s plan for joint US-USSR nuclear attack on China

2. The Sino-West Rapprochement

-Mao/Edgar Snow meeting

*PM Pierre Trudeau: Recognized PRC

*PM Zhou Enlai/US table tennis team

-Henry Kissinger’s secret visit

*Nixon’s visit to China

: Why US tuned from No. 1 enemy of Mao’s China into its major Western ally?