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Chapter 5: Responding with Initial Measures

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Disaster Response and Recovery Second Edition

DISASTER RESPONSE AND RECOVERY Strategies and Tactics for Resilience

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Photo used by permission of FEMA.

Hazard Detection

• Senses • Feedback from field

personnel • Social media • Dispatch • Increased radio traffic • News media • Volunteers • Meteorological

services/scientists • Incident page network • Hospitals • Technology

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Initial Steps

• Seek additional information • Notify and Communicate with

others • Activate the Emergency

Operations Plan • Activate the Emergency

Operations Center (EOC)

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Issuing Warnings

• Warnings are advanced notifications that allow people to take measures to protect themselves and their property. You should be aware of: – Watches vs. warnings – Information provided in warnings – Complexity of warnings – Criteria for warnings – Liabilities – Official and unofficial sources

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Types of Warning Systems

• Sirens • Media • Emergency Alert System • Reverse 911 • Intercoms, teletype writers, telephone

devices, strobe lights • Loud speakers, Door-to-Door Notification

and Weather Radios • Social media • Cell phones/smart phones

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Warning Considerations

• Clarity and accuracy • Need for warning to be repeated and

consistent • Credibility of the source issuing

warnings • People’s perception

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Evacuation

• Evacuation is the movement of people away from potential or actual hazards for the purpose of safety. You should understand the difference between: – Horizontal evacuation vs. vertical

evacuation – Short-term evacuation vs. long-term

evacuation

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Photo used by permission of FEMA.

Means of Evacuation

• Walking • Automobiles • Buses • Boats • Helicopters/planes

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Evacuation Behavior

• People may not evacuate because they are: – Not aware of risk – Not take risk seriously – Warning is not clear – Fear of looting – Age – Size and make-up of family – Missing family members and pets

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Evacuation Behavior (cont.)

– Neighbor’s behavior – Experience – Education – Type of housing – Inconvenience – Fear of re-entry delays – Distance from the incident location – Other factors

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Evacuation Considerations

• Risk/vulnerability • The findings of decision aids • Expert and political opinion • Clearance times

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Evacuation Procedures

• Make the decision to evacuate • Notify the population at risk • Provide guidelines, instruction, and

directions • Direct traffic to avoid gridlock • Ensure compliance and continued safety • Monitor the evacuation and traffic • Determine what steps need to be taken to

help notify the population on when to return to their community

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Sheltering

• Sheltering is the location or relocation of evacuees and others to a place of refuge.

• Shelter may be needed for victims and responders alike.

• Sheltering in place is sometimes the best protective action recommendation.

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Photo used by permission of FEMA.

Types of Sheltering

• Emergency sheltering

• Temporary sheltering

• Temporary housing • Permanent housing

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Shelter Use and Characteristics

• Seen as last option for most people • Shelters have higher use:

– In cities – When publicized – In large disasters – Time of occurrence – Socioeconomic status – Age

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Establishing Shelters

• Work with government agencies, the American Red Cross, the Salvation Army, and other groups

• Locate the shelter in a safe area • Avoid potential problems/ensure

adequate staffing and supplies

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Summary

• After identifying a hazard, you must issue a clear and consistent warning. Warnings are followed by evacuations, and evacuations require sheltering. Successfully performing these functions helps initiate response and recovery operations.

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• Disaster plan • Increased readiness • Emergency alert conditions

system • Partial activation • EOC • Sheltering • Evacuation • Syndrome • Full activation surveillance • Hazard detection • Vertical evacuation • Horizontal • Warning

evacuation • Watch

Key Terms

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herein.

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