Applied marine meteorology

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HR0J35-OUTCOMES2-4TMAPAPERAv112-05-2020.pdf

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1 HR0J 35 – APPLIED METEOROLOGY TMA OUTCOMES 2-4 (PAPER A) MAR 13-05-2020

HND Nautical Science

EXAMINATION ADMINISTERED BY THE

City of Glasgow College

Faculty of Nautical Studies

ON BEHALF OF

SCOTTISH QUALIFICATIONS AUTHORITY

UNIT TITLE: Applied Marine Meteorology

UNIT CODE: HR0J 35

ASSESSMENT: OUTCOMES 2-4

(ALTERNATIVE TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT PAPER A v.1)

2 HR0J 35 – APPLIED METEOROLOGY TMA OUTCOMES 2-4 (PAPER A) MAR 13-05-2020

Notes for the guidance of candidates and lecturers

1. This assignment must be submitted NO LATER than the deadline agreed with

your lecturer.

2. Candidates MUST attempt ALL questions.

3. To achieve a PASS a candidate must:

(a) Answer ALL questions correctly;

(b) Obtain answers relating to given data to an acceptable degree of

accuracy;

meteorology theory-based questions.

4. Where a candidate has not answered all questions correctly, they must be

resubmitted NO LATER than the subsequent deadline agreed with your

lecturer.

5. Where a candidate has clearly demonstrated lack of understanding of the

principles of meteorology an alternative assignment may be set at the

discretion of the lecturer.

6. All sketches and drawings must be clearly labelled so as to be readily

understandable by the examiner.

8. Do not write personal notes to the examiner.

9. The Candidate Declaration Form MUST BE SIGNED and a copy included with

your assignment submission.

General guidance for answers

• Note that ALL evidence requirements are required to be covered in this

assignment.

• All answers should be short and to the point.

• Essay type answers are not required; the use of bullet points in logical order

is the best way to answer these questions.

• Diagrams should be used to emphasise understanding whenever possible.

3 HR0J 35 – APPLIED METEOROLOGY TMA OUTCOMES 2-4 (PAPER A) MAR 13-05-2020

Tutor Marked Assignment – Unit Compliance

Outcome 2 - Analyse the features of the major global climate zones.

Knowledge and/or skills Question

Nos.

Major global climate zones ALL

Weather conditions associated with the major climate zones 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Evidence Requirements Question

Nos.

Learners will be provided with weather data and be required to analyse the

information using a written and/or oral recorded assessment under supervised open-

book conditions.

Learners will need to provide evidence to demonstrate their knowledge and/or skills

by showing that they can:

1 Analyse the features of the major climate zones establishing the factors that affect

the development of the zones including:

(a) Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

(b) Trade winds

(d) Monsoons

(e) Jetstreams

(f) Rossby waves (THIS IS COVERED IN OUTCOME 1)

(g) Tropical Revolving Storms (TRS)

(h) El-Nino

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

2 Analyse the weather conditions associated with major climate zones for a sample

of three from the following:

(a) ITCZ

(b) Trade winds

(d) Monsoons

(e) TRS

(f) El-Nino

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Different weather data and/or scenario must be used on each assessment occasion.

Where sampling is used a different sample must be used on each assessment

occasion.

REFER TO

ADDITIONAL

PAPERS

4 HR0J 35 – APPLIED METEOROLOGY TMA OUTCOMES 2-4 (PAPER A) MAR 13-05-2020

Outcome 3 - Analyse surface oceanographic processes and data.

Knowledge and/or skills Question

Nos.

Oceanographic processes that drive surface ocean currents 6

Oceanographic data (THIS IS COVERED IN OUTCOME 4)

Oceanographic conditions that may be encountered during a voyage 6, 7, 8, 9,

Evidence Requirements Question

Nos.

Learners will be provided with weather data and be required to analyse the

information using a written and/or recorded oral assessment under supervised open-

book conditions.

Learners will need to provide evidence to demonstrate their knowledge and/or skills

by showing that they can:

1 Analyse and explain the processes that affect the development of the major ocean

surface currents.

2 Analyse the characteristics of the major ocean currents.

3 Analyse the origins of wind, swell and extreme storm waves.

4 Describe each of the following:

(a) the main types of floating ice

(b) the origins of floating ice

(d) the expected movement of floating ice

(e) nomenclature of floating ice

6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Different weather data and/or scenario must be used on each assessment occasion.

REFER TO

ADDITIONAL

PAPERS

5 HR0J 35 – APPLIED METEOROLOGY TMA OUTCOMES 2-4 (PAPER A) MAR 13-05-2020

Outcome 4 - Evaluate the effect of meteorological and climatological

processes on passage planning.

Knowledge and/or skills Question

Nos.

Ocean weather routeing of ships 13, 14,15

Presentation of meteorological and climatological data 11

Weather and sea conditions that may be encountered during a voyage 11, 12

Evidence Requirements Question

Nos.

Learners will be provided with weather data and be required to analyse the

information using a written and/or recorded oral assessment under supervised open-

book conditions.

Learners will need to provide evidence to demonstrate their knowledge and/or skills

by showing that they can:

1 Evaluate the different types of weather routeing for a sample of one from the

following:

(a) Least time

(b) Least damage

(d) Fuel saving

(e) Towing

14, 15

2 Analyse the process of construction of a least time weather route. 13, 15

3 Describe methods used to present meteorological and climatological data for the

following:

(a) Ocean current data for a sample of one from the following:

(i) Vector mean

(ii) Predominant current

(iii) Current rose

(b) Wave data

(d) Ice data

11, 12, 16

4 Estimate the weather and sea conditions that may be encountered during a voyage

using following meteorological and climatological data:

(a) Ocean current data

(b) Wave data

(d) Ice data

(i) Analyse the conditions that may cause ice accumulation on ships

(ii) Evaluate the factors controlling the accumulation.

(iii) Estimate rates of accumulation using data provided.

11, 12, 13,

15, 16

6 HR0J 35 – APPLIED METEOROLOGY TMA OUTCOMES 2-4 (PAPER A) MAR 13-05-2020

Different weather data and/or scenario must be used on each assessment occasion.

Where sampling is used a different sample must be used on each assessment

occasion.

REFER TO

ADDITIONAL

PAPERS

7 HR0J 35 – APPLIED METEOROLOGY TMA OUTCOMES 2-4 (PAPER A) MAR 13-05-2020

Tutor Marked Assignment

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS _______________________________________________________________________

Outcome 2 - Analyse the features of the major global climate zones.

1. (a) State the meaning of the acronym ITCZ? (b) Explain how the ITCZ is formed and the characteristics of the winds and air masses that form this climatic region. (c) Explain why the ITCZ is not considered a front. (d) Describe the typical weather conditions likely to be experienced in the ITCZ and why the region is often referred to as being the doldrums. (e) State the cause and extent of the seasonal variation in the north/south position of the ITCZ and the effects that this shift has on the weather conditions experienced in equatorial countries. _______________________________________________________________________ 2. (a) Describe the formation of the polar front and explain why the weather conditions in this region are so changeable. (b) State the effects on weather that affects the UK of the seasonal migration of the polar front and the cause of this. _______________________________________________________________________

8 HR0J 35 – APPLIED METEOROLOGY TMA OUTCOMES 2-4 (PAPER A) MAR 13-05-2020

3. (a) Compare the general characteristics of a tropical revolving storm with those of a mid-Atlantic warm sector depression. (b) Describe the location and general formation of hurricanes that occur in the North Atlantic including the meteorological conditions necessary for their formation. (c) Summarise the meteorological signs that may be observed to indicate the possible approach of a TRS. (d) (i) Describe how the winds will change for a northern hemisphere

observer if a TRS travelling due west passes to the south. (ii) Describe how the winds will change for an observer in the

southern hemisphere if a TRS travelling due west passes to the south.

(e) State the factors that can lead to the decay of a TRS and explain why

such storms are not experienced in the UK. _______________________________________________________________________ 4. (a) Describe the causes and distinct phases of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). (b) Describe the typical weather characteristics of each phase of ENSO likely to be experienced in: (i) the western Pacific and Australia; (ii) the eastern Pacific and the coast of South America. (c) Describe how the El Nino Southern Oscillation affects the frequency and intensity of tropical revolving storms in the North Atlantic Ocean. _______________________________________________________________________ 5. (a) State the meaning of the term monsoon. (b) Summarise the significant factors that cause monsoons. (c) Describe the formation of the NE monsoon over Asia making particular reference to the influences of the jet stream. (d) Identify TWO other regions that are affected by monsoons. _______________________________________________________________________

9 HR0J 35 – APPLIED METEOROLOGY TMA OUTCOMES 2-4 (PAPER A) MAR 13-05-2020

Outcome 3 - Analyse surface oceanographic processes and data.

6. (a) Describe how the direct effect of the wind can cause the net transport of surface water that contributes to the formation of an ocean current and the conditions necessary on which the theory is based. (b) Explain why currents on the western ocean margins tend to be stronger than those on the eastern margins and why upwelling is a common feature on the eastern ocean margins. (c) In the winter months the seasonal temperatures of the UK are significantly warmer than those of land masses of other continents at similar latitudes. Explain the reason for this.

(d) Explain why advection fog is a common occurrence in areas where upwelling takes place.

(e) Describe the formation and circulation of currents in, around and out of the Mediterranean Sea.

_______________________________________________________________________ 7. (a) Describe how sea water freezes and explain why it freezes at the surface. (b) Describe the formation and nature of the following: (i) New ice; (ii) Nilas; (iii) Young ice; (iv) First-year ice; (v) Old ice. (c) Define the term wind drift factor and state the criteria that influences its value. _______________________________________________________________________

10 HR0J 35 – APPLIED METEOROLOGY TMA OUTCOMES 2-4 (PAPER A) MAR 13-05-2020

8. (a) With aid of CHART 1 describe the origins and formation of Arctic icebergs. (b) State which period in the year Arctic icebergs may be expected to be encountered in the Arctic and surrounding North Atlantic regions commenting on their typical maximum latitudinal limits in shipping lanes. (c) Describe the characteristics of the following types of icebergs: (i) Glacier icebergs; (ii) Tabular icebergs; (iii) Capsized icebergs; (iv) Weathered icebergs; (v) Ice island. (d) Describe FOUR processes whereby icebergs will diminish. (e) Define the following navigational ice terms: (i) Ice Blink;

(ii) Fast Ice; (iii) Lead; (iv) Ridge;

(v) Water sky. (f) Describe the conditions necessary and formation of Arctic Sea Smoke and identify a region where this occurs. __________________________________________________________________

9. (a) Describe the formation of the following:

(i) wind waves;

(ii) swell waves;

(iii) extreme (rogue) waves.

(b) Identify a region where rogue waves are likely to occur and summarise the causal factors that lead to their formation.

_______________________________________________________________________

11 HR0J 35 – APPLIED METEOROLOGY TMA OUTCOMES 2-4 (PAPER A) MAR 13-05-2020

CHART 1

12 HR0J 35 – APPLIED METEOROLOGY TMA OUTCOMES 2-4 (PAPER A) MAR 13-05-2020

10. Decode the following EGGS on the Ice Chart below: (a) A (b) L

13 HR0J 35 – APPLIED METEOROLOGY TMA OUTCOMES 2-4 (PAPER A) MAR 13-05-2020

Outcome 4 - Evaluate the effect of meteorological and climatological

processes on passage planning.

11. (a) A ship in high latitudes is experiencing winds of 30 knots, air temperature is -12°C and sea temperature is 3°C. Ice is observed to be accumulating on the decks and superstructure. With the aid of the icing rate diagram estimate the rate of ice accretion. (b) Evaluate the likely effect of the following on the rate of ice accretion (i) an increase of wind speed; (ii) an increase of air temperature; (iii) a reduction of sea temperature. (c) Explain where the Master may obtain information regarding icing in a particular area. _______________________________________________________________________ 12. (a) Identify THREE causes of ice accretion occurring on a ship. (b) Describe the factors that influence the rate and amount of icing that might be experienced. (c) In the event of dangerous icing conditions being experienced on board, what are the obligations of the Master under the SOLAS Convention? (d) Describe the actions that must be taken if icing conditions worsen to an extent that the seaworthiness of the ship may be compromised. _______________________________________________________________________

14 HR0J 35 – APPLIED METEOROLOGY TMA OUTCOMES 2-4 (PAPER A) MAR 13-05-2020

Icing Worksheet

ICING CONDITIONS for vessels with the wind ahead of or on the beam.

Light icing: Less than 0.7 cm/hour Moderate icing: 0.7-2.0 cm/hour Heavy icing: Greater than 2 cm/hour

15 HR0J 35 – APPLIED METEOROLOGY TMA OUTCOMES 2-4 (PAPER A) MAR 13-05-2020

13. (a) Describe the essential information required FOR THE MASTER to incorporate weather routeing in a ship’s passage plan. (b) Summarise the advantages of incorporating weather routeing when planning a passage. (c) Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of: (i) the use of a shore-based weather routeing service; (ii) the Master and navigating officer planning the weather routeing for the voyage. _______________________________________________________________________ 14. (a) Explain why weather routeing is much more effective than climatic

routeing in some ocean areas but not in others. (b) Identify SIX different types of routeing options available. (c) For each option stated in (b) give an example of a situation and/or

ship type that would make it an appropriate choice. _______________________________________________________________________ 15. (a) Identify the minimum required information to produce a least time

track route and the SOURCE of such information. (b) With the aid of appropriate diagrams explain the construction of a

least time track route. (c) Identify the main sources of error in the construction of a least-time track route. _______________________________________________________________________ 16. (a) Describe the information that is presented in the following methods of current presentation: (i) Current rose chart; (ii) Vector mean current chart; (iii) Predominant current chart. (b) State the limitations of the use of the current data presentations in (a) and identify which of the above current charts are most useful when route planning? (c) Summarise the type and form of presentation of information found on an Ocean Routeing Chart and the number of such charts that are available for a given ocean area. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF THE CHARTS AVAILABLE.

16 HR0J 35 – APPLIED METEOROLOGY TMA OUTCOMES 2-4 (PAPER A) MAR 13-05-2020

END OF ASSIGNMENT