Fundamentals of Psychology:The LEARN Approach to Critical Thinking
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HowtoParaphraseCite.pptxHow to Paraphrase & Cite
Academic Success Programs at The National Center for Academic and Dissertation Excellence
You will learn:
What paraphrasing and citing is
Why paraphrase
How to paraphrase
How to decide whether to paraphrase or quote
How to support your ideas with paraphrased material or quotes
When to cite
How to cite
How to organize your writing process
The goal:
TO WRITE A PAPER IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF APA STYLE
(APA Publication Manual, 6th ed., 2010)
Papers contain two types of ideas/information:
Ideas/information that belong to the paper’s author (YOU)
Ideas/information that come from other reliable sources
Sources should be peer-reviewed to ensure high quality, relevance to field, sound methodology, etc.
Other sources can also be used when necessary, but should be chosen carefully and approached with caution
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How do we make sure the writing flows well AND give outside sources credit?
Paraphrasing (instead of using direct quotations)
Citing
Paraphrasing
Definition:
stating in a different way something that another author has already stated
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paraphrase
Citing
Definition:
referring to ideas or information in a published source to support an argument or statement
http :// www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/cite
Example of paraphrasing/citing
You read the following quote in an article by Jonas published in 2013: “The study determined that increased sugar intake correlated with increased hyperactivity.”
You read the following quote in a different article by Gonzales in 2010: “The research revealed that the sugar intake contributed to depressive symptoms in some participants.”
You want to combine these ideas to show the impact of sugar on symptomology. So, you paraphrase: Recent research revealed a connection between sugar intake and mental health problems, such as hyperactivity and depression (Gonzales, 2010; Jonas, 2013).
Here, you:
Paraphrased by rewording and summarizing the material.
Cited the sources by listing the authors and years of publication.
Why paraphrase?
Paraphrasing allows you to synthesize material from one or several sources.
Paraphrasing makes papers flow better than if they were full of direct quotations.
And, if this is a course paper, paraphrasing demonstrates that you understand the material that you are citing.
How to decide whether to paraphrase or quote
Paraphrase as much as possible!
Use direct quotations only when the author’s wording is unique or captures the point so perfectly that it is impossible to paraphrase the material (e.g., when referring to definitions of terms).
Example: Goffman (1963) was the first one to define stigma as “an attribute that is deeply discrediting” ( p. 3).
As Goffman established this definition, it is important to quote it directly.
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HOW TO PARAPHRASE
How to paraphrase
Read the source and take notes as you go to make sure you understand the content.
Remove the source from your workspace and think about the ideas you have just encountered.
Think about how you would explain these new ideas in your own words. Try saying it out loud. Don’t worry about formal language at this step.
How to paraphrase cont’d
Write down this casual version of your rewording of the source’s information to test out your understanding.
If you are having trouble at this step, chances are you do not yet understand the ideas from the source. If you need to return to the source, then do so. Repeat steps 1-4.
Once you have a clear sentence in casual language, translate this sentence into formal language.
4. Language doesn’t have to be casual/informal
5. Unclear writing reflects unclear thinking.
6. If you didn’t use casual language, you won’t need to translate it.
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How to paraphrase cont’d
Add in the citation through one of the formats that will be shown later on in this presentation.
Read the sentence out loud to check for clarity of language and, if necessary, reword it.
Now you have a paraphrased sentence (with proper citation)!
- Citations formats are in “How to cite paraphrased material” slides: Slides 23-25
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How to support your ideas with paraphrased material
Conduct research on your topic.
Using Steps 2 & 3 in “How to paraphrase,” make sure that you have internalized the material and understand it well enough to explain it in your own words.
Paraphrase the research material that supports your ideas.
Create a thesis based on the research.
Determine the main points that support your thesis.
We just went over how to paraphrase. Reference that for #2-3 (SLIDE 12)
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How to support your ideas with paraphrased material cont’d
Create an outline with these main points as the major headings.
Underneath each main idea, list the research that supports it.
Write your paper based on this outline.
Notice how:
You determined the thesis & main points
The research supports the main points
THERE ARE DIFFERENT WAYS TO DO THIS. WE WILL EXPLORE DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO THE WRITING PROCESS LATER ON.
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TIP: Word to the wise about paraphrasing
Do NOT: Keep the exact structure of the sentence and simply substitute various words with synonyms.
Even if you cite after doing this, the sentence will still be so similar to the original text that this could be considered plagiarism.
Emphasize point about notes:
Don’t just copy the notes down and add them in because you may have done THIS
Instead, paraphrase in the way that was shown before in slides 12-14
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HOW TO CITE
Citing
“References in APA publications are cited in text with an author-date citation system and are listed alphabetically in the reference list. This style of citation briefly identifies the source for readers and enables them to locate the source of information in the alphabetical reference list at the end of the article” (APA Publication Manual, 6th ed., 2010, p. 174).
When should I cite? Ask yourself:
Are these ideas mine?
If yes: No citation is necessary
If no: CITE!
When should I include information in a research paper? Ask yourself:
Where did I find these facts?
In a credible source Include and CITE
I just know them! In a research paper, you CANNOT use facts without mentioning a credible source. So, what do you do?
Two options:
Find a source with the info, then CITE
I can’t find a source! Remove this info from the paper.
Citing paraphrased material
When paraphrasing, it is still necessary to CITE! Even though your words are different from the authors’, the ideas are still not your own.
APA Style requires in-text citations. Why?
Readers become immediately aware of the referenced sources.
In-text citations direct readers the reference list.
This is why little information is provided in the in-text citations. The reader can simply look up the source in your reference list.
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How to cite paraphrased material
Citations for paraphrased material must include the name of the author(s) and year of publication.
When paraphrasing, it is not technically necessary to provide the page or paragraph number, but it is encouraged (APA Publication Manual, 6th ed., 2010, p. 171).
Formatting citations: Two formats
The author and year are in parentheses at the end of the sentence.
Example: Memory skills are negatively affected by stress (Smith, 2010).
Formatting citations: Two formats
The author is introduced at the beginning of the sentence with the year following in parentheses.
Example: According to Smith (2010), memory skills are negatively affected by stress.
Explain which is preferred in what cases
Different emphasis
Better fitting with paragraph, etc.
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Formatting citations for direct quotations: Two formats
The quote is introduced by citing the author and year at the beginning of the sentence. The page number in parentheses follows the quotation mark and precedes the period.
Example: Gomez (2013) suggested, “The subconscious may only be revealed through free association and daily sessions with a psychoanalyst” (p. 137).
Formatting citations for direct quotations: Two formats
The citation is not included in the introduction of the quote. Instead, it follows the quote in the parenthetical reference, which also includes the year and page number.
Example: The following quote exhibits one philosophy of the subconscious: “The subconscious may only be revealed through free association and daily sessions with a psychoanalyst” (Gomez, 2013, p. 137).
Introducing direct quotations
Quotes always need to be introduced. A sentence cannot start with a quote because:
The reader would not know why the quote was included.
The reader would not know what the quote is referencing.
TIP: Punctuation for introducing quotes
If the word “following” is included in the phrase before the quote, a colon should be used.
Smith (2010) explained his theory in the following quote: “Ontological givens…”
Otherwise, use a comma.
Smith (2010) explained, “Ontological givens…”
- Provide example
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THE WRITING PROCESS
The writing process: Seven steps
Understand assignment
Research
Begin writing paper: two approaches
Revise
Edit
Create reference list
Proofread
The writing process STEP 1: Understand the assignment
You need to feel at home with the topic
Make sure you understand the assignment completely. If you do not understand, ask questions.
OR, formulate a research question
The writing process STEP 2: Research
Find out what has already been said by others
Extract the information/evidence you need
Take notes (always write down source & page number in your notes)
TIP: Structure notes in three columns
First: source & page number
Second: quotes
Third: your own comments
You CAN begin paraphrasing at this stage. When taking notes, however, be sure to distinguish between paraphrased material & direct quotes.
- Follow suggestions from how to paraphrase above in slides (12-14)
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The writing process STEP 3: Begin writing
Two main approaches to writing:
Outline, then draft:
Write an outline based on your main ideas
Write your paper based on this outline
Draft, then outline:
Jot down a rough draft entirely from memory
Go through your draft and note the main ideas
Write an outline based on these ideas
If needed, restructure the outline to reinforce the logic of your paper
Restructure your paper to fit the new outline
Start adding evidence
The writing process STEP 4: Revise
Read your paper out loud to yourself or someone else
If language does not sound clear to you, it will not be clear to the reader
Rewrite any unclear portions of the paper
Use all the tips on paraphrasing that you’ve learned today!
Unclear writing reflects unclear thinking.
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The writing process STEP 5: Edit
Polish language
Smooth transitions
Check grammar
Make sure there is no unwitting plagiarism
Double-check format for each citation in APA Manual
The writing process STEP 6: Create reference list
Make sure that all the works you have cited are included in the reference list
Check APA Manual for formatting
After you have added all the references, proofread them to make sure they are compliant with APA style
TIP: Combine all your APA-formatted reference lists into one file. It can be useful for future papers, thesis, or dissertation
The writing process STEP 7: Proofread
Even after you have completed your most polished draft, go through it again to proofread
You may have made errors when you revised and edited proofread
Provide example of revising, then editing, then proofreading
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SUBMIT YOUR WORK WITH CONFIDENCE!
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