Cognition DISCUSSION 3
Dee5
HowPerceptionWorks.pptxHow Perception Works: Theories of Object Perception
Learning objectives: By the end of this presentation you will be able to…
recognize that proposed processes of object perception offer complementary explanations of how we make sense of sometimes ambiguous sensory information using heuristics.
describe how, according to Helmholtz, applying the likelihood principle enables unconscious inferences that resolve stimulus ambiguity.
identify several Gestalt rules of form that resolve stimulus ambiguity.
explain how experience with regularities in the environment may provide the basis of our perceptual assumptions; give examples of physical and semantic regularities.
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
Accurately perceiving objects requires that we make sense of sometimes ambiguous sensory information; recall inverse projection problem…
inverse projection problem -problem (faced by the mind) of working backwards from the retinal image to determine the shape of the originating object.
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
Accurately perceiving objects requires that we make sense of sometimes ambiguous sensory information; recall inverse projection problem…
The way that cognitive processes resolve ambiguities is by using satisficing heuristics.
Three processes of object perception, which operate as heuristics are covered, unconscious inference, rules of form, and environmental regularities; they are to be viewed as complementary rather than as alternatives…
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception (look for heuristics)
A. Unconscious Inference
According to Helmholtz’s theory of unconscious inference…
perception is the result of unconscious inferences (assumptions) we make about the environment.
likelihood principle: we perceive the world in the way that is “most likely” based on our past experiences
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception (look for heuristics)
A. Unconscious Inference
B. Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization
proximity
proximity- objects that are close to each other are perceived as a group.
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception (look for heuristics)
A. Unconscious Inference
B. Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization (Grouping)
proximity
similarity
similarity- objects that are similar to each other are perceived as a group.
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception (look for heuristics)
A. Unconscious Inference
B. Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization (Grouping)
proximity
similarity
good continuation
good continuation- objects that form a continuous straight or curved line are perceived as a group.
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception (look for heuristics)
A. Unconscious Inference
B. Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization (Grouping)
proximity
similarity
good continuation
pragnanz
pragnanz- objects that form a pattern that is regular, simple, and orderly are perceived as a group (meta-principle)
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception (look for heuristics)
A. Unconscious Inference
B. Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization (Grouping)
proximity, similarity, good continuation, pragnanz
Above principles operate as heuristics
Where Do They Come From?
originally conceived as “intrinsic rules”
modern cognitive psychologists believe they are learned from experience…
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception
A. Unconscious Inference
B. Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization
C. Experience with Environmental Regularities
physical regularities- regularly occurring physical properties (horizontals and verticals, not obliques)
Some Physical Regularities & Their Effects
horizontals and verticals and the oblique effect-poorer discrimination among oblique objects than among horizontal and vertical ones; due to fewer oblique feature detectors.
Some Physical Regularities & Their Effects
horizontals and verticals and the oblique effect
light from above and the light from above assumption
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception
A. Unconscious Inference
B. Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization
C. Experience with Environmental Regularities
physical regularities
semantic regularities- characteristics regularly associated with a given scene.
Semantic Regularities
Which Object Does Not Belong In The Scene?
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception (look for heuristics)
A. Unconscious Inference
B. Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization
C. Experience with Environmental Regularities
physical regularities
semantic regularities
Environmental regularities are the basis of the assumptions & organizing principles (heuristics) that guide perceptions.
How Perception Works: Processes of Object Perception
I. Overview
II. Processes of Object Perception (look for heuristics)
III. Recap: How do the three processes of object perception illustrate the use of heuristics to resolve the problem of an ambiguous environment?
unconsciously inferring the most likely cause is a heuristic process
Gestalt principles are heuristic rules
environmental regularities provide the basis of assumptions, which are used heuristically.
