Micro biology 2
Nate-1
Homework2.docxCh. 17 Human Microbiome
13 pts
Part 1: Read the following article from the New York Times and then answer the questions below in your own words.
“Tending the Bodies Microbial Garden” – New York Times, June 18, 2012
1. How does the vaginal microbiome of a pregnant woman differ from that of a woman who is not pregnant? Why is this thought to be beneficial?
2. Why does breast milk contain sugars that babies cannot digest?
3. Based on information in the article, why is it thought that children who take high levels of antibiotics are at a greater risk of developing asthma and allergies?
4. The article talks about the benefits of bacteria in the gut and on the skin. Choose one of these areas and explain how the bacteria in that area is beneficial.
5. How do fecal transplants work to treat infections by Clostridium difficile?
Part 2:
Watch the following Ted talk and answer the question below.
Ted Talk: “Are we too clean? How changing our body’s microbes leads to illness”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSRGlbXkJs4
1. What is the purpose of the Human Microbiome project?
2. How many people took part in this project?
3. Each person’s microbial population is unique to him or her. True or False
4. Provide two examples of things that our microbes do for us.
5. When do we first start to obtain our microbes?
6. How does the microbial population of guts of kids in America differ from those in more remote parts of the world?
7. What observations from studies with mice propose a link between the microbiome and immune diseases like asthma and allergies?
8. Describe three things that we are doing differently than people in earlier centuries and people in more remote parts of the world that have altered our microbial population.
17.4 Nonspecific resistance to disease
First line of defense – attempts to keep pathogens from gaining access to the body:
1. Anatomical defenses - These are the defenses (both mechanical and chemical) that we have at all the points where microorganisms can enter the body. Describe an example of a defense (either mechanical or chemical) at each of these possible points of entry:
i. Eyes –
ii. Skin –
iii. Stomach –
iv. Respiratory tract –
v. Urogenital tract –
2. Describe how the following chemicals work a defense mechanism:
a. Lysozyme
b. Interferon
3. Explain how microbial antagonism (this term is on the ppt) is also a defense mechanism.
2nd line of defense:
4. Describe the following 2nd line of defense mechanisms. In your description, include the how they work as a defense mechanism against pathogens. Use your own words!
a. Phagocytosis
b. Inflammation
c. Fever
17.5 Specific resistance to disease:
Third lines of defense
1. Define the following (in your own words):
a. Antigen
b. Antibody
2. What is the goal of cell-mediated immunity?
3. What is the goal of antibody mediated immunity?
4. Describe the function of the following cells:
a. Cytotoxic T cell:
b. T helper cell:
c. B cell:
5. Match the antibody class with its description:
____IgG a. provides localized protection at the mucous membranes
____IgE b. found on the surface of B cells
____IgA c. involved in allergic reactions
____IgD d. crosses the placenta
____IgM e. has the most antigen binding sites
6. Types of Specific immunity. Fill in the blanks.
a. I have had chickenpox. Therefore, I have _____________acquired ________________immunity to the virus that causes this disease.
b. Antibodies specific to certain toxins can sometimes be given to people to treat disease caused by bacterial toxins. This is an example of _________________ acquired __________________ immunity.
Read the following case studies and answer the questions using information from ch. 17.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Among Players on a High School Football Team
On September 12, 2017, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) was notified of four players on a Brooklyn high school football team with culture-confirmed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin and soft tissue infections. The players each reported painful skin lesions that were red and warm to the touch. The skin lesions ranged in size from 2-4 mm in diameter. One player also reported developing a fever of 101 ºF.
During August 19--24, the team had attended a preseason football training camp, where all 59 players on the team lived together in the school gymnasium. An investigation by DOHMH revealed four culture-confirmed and two suspected cases of MRSA among 51 players interviewed. Of the six cases, three involved abscesses that required incision and drainage. The risk for MRSA infection was higher among those who shared towels during the training camp than among those who did not. Similar outbreaks have been reported among football teams in which inadequate hygiene, combined with skin injuries and living in close quarters, contributed to the spread of MRSA infection.
Sharing towels during training camp significantly increased the risk for MRSA infection. Sharing protective pads, sharing soap, showering less than once a day, having more than one skin injury, and washing uniforms less than once a day were not significant risk factors for infection.
Questions:
1. What is the most likely method of transmission for Staphylococcus aureus in this outbreak? Be specific.
2. What term is used to describe the towel in this case?
a. zoonosis
b. vector
c. reservoir
d. fomite
3. Based on the information in this article, what do you think is the reservoir for Staphylococcus aureus?
4. List the sign(s) described in the article.
5. List the symptom(s) described in the article.
Case study #2
Notes from the Field: Outbreak of Salmonellosis Associated with Pet Turtle Exposures — United States, 2011
*Adapted from MMWR : February 26, 2010 / 59(07);191-196 *Adapted from MMWR
CDC is collaborating with the Pennsylvania State Health Department in an ongoing investigation of an outbreak of human Salmonella paratyphi associated with pet turtle exposures. Turtles have long been recognized as sources of human Salmonella infections and are a particular risk to young children. Although the sale or distribution of small turtles (those with carapace lengths <4 inches [<10.2 cm]) has been prohibited in the United States since 1975 (with exceptions for scientific or educational purposes), they are still available for illegal purchase through transient vendors on the street, at flea markets, and at fairs.
During August 5, 2010–September 26, 2011, a total of 132 cases of human salmonellosis (disease caused by Salmonella) were reported in 18 states. Salmonella has the ability to produce an enterotoxin that affects the cells of the GI tract. All patients suffered from mild to severe diarrhea or other gastrointestinal symptoms. The median age of patients was 6 years (range: <1–75 years), 66% were aged <10 years, and 63% were female. No deaths were reported. Of the 56 patients interviewed, 36 (64%) reported turtle exposure. For 15 patients who could recall the type of turtle contacted, 14 identified turtles too small to be legally traded. Five samples of turtle tank water from patient homes tested positive for the outbreak strain (four from Pennsylvania and one from South Carolina). These cases illustrate that small turtles remain a source of human Salmonella infections, especially for young children.
Although many reptiles carry Salmonella, small turtles pose a greater risk to young children because they are perceived as safe pets, are small enough to be placed in the mouth, and can be handled as toys. Despite a 30-year ban on small turtles, this ongoing outbreak suggests that ban enforcement efforts, as well as public education efforts, have not been fully successful and should be examined. Regulating the sale of small turtles likely remains the most effective public health action to prevent turtle-associated salmonellosis.
Questions:
1. Based on the description of the case what is the most likely mode of transmission of Salmonella for those patients that handled the turtles?
2. Based on the information in this article, what do you think is the reservoir for Salmonella paratyphi?
3. Identify the portal of entry for Salmonella described in this case.
4. Several patients reported that they did not handle the turtle but did clean the turtle tank. What is the most likely method of transmission for these patients?
a. inhalation
b. droplet
c. direct contact
d. Indirect contact via fomite
5. Based on the description, salmonellosis is an example of a/an
a. zoonosis
b. vector borne illness
c. fomite
d. pandemic
6. Identify a virulence factor for the bacterium described in this case. Be specific in your answer.
Covid-19 Worksheet
Use the information that you have learned over the course of this semester to answer the following questions. You may also want to look at the Centers for Disease Control website or the World Health Organization site
Centers for Disease Control website: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html
WHO website: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
* Put the answers in your own words!
1. How do you contract Covid-19?
1. What mode of transmission is trying to be prevented with the wearing of masks, staying 6 feet from other people and putting up pieces of plastic between customers and grocery store clerks?
1. What mode of transmission is trying to be prevented by wiping down surfaces like door knobs, grocery carts, etc. with disinfectants?
1. At this point, health care professionals still not think that Covid-19 can do airborne transmission. What does this mean?
1. A. Provide one sign typically seen in Covid-19 patients.
1. Provide one symptom typically seen in Covid-19 patients.
1. Does Covid-19 appear to cause an acute infection or a chronic infection? Justify your answer.
1. What is herd immunity and why is it so desperately needed to control this pandemic?
1. How can we achieve herd immunity?
1. Vaccine development is underway to ultimately prevent people from getting sick from Covid-19.
Fill in the blanks:
8. Vaccination will provide ________________ acquired _______________immunity.
8. Those that have contracted Covid-19 and have recovered have _____________ acquired ________________ immunity.
1. What class of antibody will be made the first time that someone’s immune system sees the virus (whether through vaccination or natural exposure)?
1. What class of antibody will be primarily involved in the memory response?
1. One treatment option being explored is the use of convalescent plasma.
11. Who donates convalescent plasma?
11. What does it provide that might help people survive infection with Covid-19?
11. This is an example of ____________acquired _____________immunity.
Read the article: Unsung heroes work hard to cut hospital-acquired infections – CNN
http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/07/09/hospital.acquired.infections/index.html
Answer the following questions using the information in the article, information from your textbook, and the Centers for Disease Control website : www.cdc.gov/hai/
* Put the answers in your own words!
1. A. What is the incidence of nosocomial infections in the U.S.?
B. How many people die every year from nosocomial infections in the U.S.?
2. A. List two of the common microorganisms that cause nosocomial infections.
B. It is estimated that approximately 70% of all organisms that cause HAIs are resistant to at least one antibiotic. Why?
3. List four steps that staff members at Pacific Hospital are doing to reduce the risk of HAIs. Why are these steps working? How do they relate to the microbiome?
4. Why do you think that creating a procedure checklist has been so successful in reducing the rate of central line infections?
5. What two developments have “pushed” hospitals to be more proactive in preventing HAIs?
6. Describe three reasons why patients in hospitals are so susceptible to nosocomial infections.
7. In each of the situations below, list a physical or mechanical defense mechanism (ch. 17) that is bypassed which could put the patient at an increased risk of acquiring a HAI. (2 pts)
a. IV placed in the arm:
b. Urinary catheter:
c. Respiratory ventilator:
d. Surgery:
8. Use the following website to answer the questions below. You will need to scroll down to find the data for Ohio.
a. In Acute Care Hospitals (ACD), list one classification of infections in which Ohio reported a better SIR(standard infection ratio) than the national average.
b. In Acute Care Hospitals (ACD), list one classification of infections in which Ohio reported a worse SIR(standard infection ratio) than the national average.
c. What are the two other types of health care facilities does the CDC provide data on for each state?
Pick one viral disease (other than Coronavirus) and one bacterial disease that you would like to learn about and use the Centers for Disease Control website to gather information. This can be disease discussed in the book but do not use one that is summarized in the ch. 18 and 19 powerpoints. Do not use another source like Wikipedia! One of the main objectives of this activity is for you to see the utility of the cdc website. It is created for the general public to get reliable information on a variety of public health topics (not just infectious diseases).
At the top of the website, there is an A-Z index that you can use to quickly find the information. There is also a search box in the top right corner.
For the disease name, provide the common name (if there is one). For example, common cold, flu, pneumonia, etc.
Viral disease name:
1. Causative agent (scientific name of microorganism that causes the disease):
2. Common modes of transmission:
3. Signs/symptoms:
4. Treatment:
5. Prevention:
6. Interesting fact:
7. Copy and paste URL for page on the cdc website that you used to get your information:
Bacterial disease:
1. Causative agent (scientific name of microorganism that causes the disease):
2. Common modes of transmission:
3. Signs/symptoms:
4. Treatment:
5. Prevention:
6. Interesting fact:
7. Copy and paste URL for page on the cdc website that you used to get your information:
