Micro biology
Nate-1
Homework141.docxWhy was sequencing the genome of the bacterium, Streptomyces coelicolor, so important? Choose all that are correct.
Group of answer choices
it is an endospore former
it lives in the soil
it is not a pathogen but is closely related to pathogens
it produces many antibiotics
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Question 20.5 pts
Genetically modifying Escherichia coli to make antibiotics is an example of
Group of answer choices
industrial microbiology
biotechnology
industrial fermentation
none of the choices are correct
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Question 30.5 pts
Growing large amounts of bacteria that naturally make citric acid and capturing that citric acid is an example of
Group of answer choices
gene therapy
industrial microbiology
genetic modification
biotechnology
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Question 40.5 pts
End products or byproducts of metabolism are called _________________.
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Question 50.5 pts
The main difference between primary and secondary metabolites is that primary metabolites are directly involved in the growth and reproduction of a microbe.
Group of answer choices
True
False
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Question 60.5 pts
Which of the following is an example of a secondary metabolite?
Group of answer choices
carbon dioxide
lactic acid
antibiotics
ethyl alcohol
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Question 70.5 pts
Any procedure used to grow large masses of microbes is called
Group of answer choices
biotechnology
industrial microbiology
industrial fermentation
none of the choices are correct
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Question 80.5 pts
Large, stainless steel tanks used to grow large amounts of microbes for industrial purposes are called fermentors or _____________.
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Question 90.5 pts
This industrial microbiology product was the first antibiotic mass produced.
Group of answer choices
rennin
penicillin
glutamic acid
riboflavin
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Question 100.5 pts
Riboflavin and cobalamin are two vitamins that they human body can not make and must get from food.
Group of answer choices
True
False
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Question 110.5 pts
This industrial microbiology product is used to make the artificial sweetener, aspartame.
Group of answer choices
amylase
rennin
riboflavin
aspartic acid
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Question 120.5 pts
This industrial microbiology product is used to break down starch into simple sugars
Group of answer choices
protease
amylase
lysine
rennin
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Question 130.5 pts
This industrial microbiology product is added to laundry detergents to break down protein-based stains.
Group of answer choices
rennin
protease
amylase
glutamic acid
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Question 140.5 pts
Heat stable enzymes used in industry are isolated from
Group of answer choices
extremophiles
hyperthermophiles
mesophiles
fungi
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Question 150.5 pts
What is the name of the process used to make ethanol from corn or sugarcane?
Group of answer choices
photosynthesis
genetic engineering
fermentation
bioremediation
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Question 160.5 pts
Combustion of gasohol produces lower amounts of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide than pure gasoline.
Group of answer choices
True
False
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Question 170.5 pts
Algae are being studied to produce biofuels because they perform fermentation.
Group of answer choices
True
False
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Question 180.5 pts
___________________ is the tough material that makes up plant cells walls.
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Question 190.5 pts
Taking a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism is called
Group of answer choices
genetic engineering
industrial microbiology
gene expression
none of the choices are correct
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Question 200.5 pts
Which of the following is not an example of a pharmaceutical made by genetically modified organisms?
Group of answer choices
insulin
interferon
penicillin
human growth hormone
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Question 210.5 pts
What do researchers need to perform genetic engineering?
Group of answer choices
human gene
bacterial cell
bacterial plasmid
all choices are correct
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Question 220.5 pts
_______________ are substances that prepare the immune system to recognize and respond to a pathogen.
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Question 230.5 pts
In response to vaccination, the immune system makes (choose all that are correct)
Group of answer choices
antigens
memory cells
antibodies
toxins
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Question 240.5 pts
Attenuated vaccines are typically safer than inactivated vaccines.
Group of answer choices
True
False
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Question 250.5 pts
An inactivated toxin used in a vaccine is called a _______________________.
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Question 260.5 pts
The Hepatitis B vaccine contains capsid protein from several strains of the hepatitis virus. This is an example of a/an ___________ vaccine.
Group of answer choices
toxoid
inactivated
attenuated
subunit
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Question 270.5 pts
The FDA has approved a DNA vaccine for use in preventing Hepatitis C in humans.
Group of answer choices
True
False
Use the information in the pdf from the Centers for Disease Control posted under this assignment link to answer the following questions in your own words . A link to this pdf is found at the website below - go to the website and click on the link called “Understanding How Vaccines Work.” This website has a lot of other great information for those of you that are interested.
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/default.htm
Part 1. Vaccines
1. What is a vaccine? (1pt)
2. How does a vaccine work? (1pt)
3. Types of vaccines – briefly describe the difference between contents of the following types of vaccines: (2 pts)
a. Live, attenuated
b. Inactivated
c. Toxoid
d. Subunit
4. Which one of the types listed in #3 carriers the greatest risk? Why? (1 pt)
5. Why do some types of vaccines require boosters? (1 pt)
6. Some mild side effects to a vaccine include fever, pain or swelling at the injection site, or mild aches. Why do these side effects occur? (1 pt)
7. Many of the vaccines being developed to prevent Covid-19 are RNA vaccines. The video below is a segment of the documentary that you watched when you learned about viruses in module 2. Review this video and then answer the questions below. (3 pts)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=an9W0tAOe80&feature=youtu.be
a. Briefly explain what an RNA vaccine is and how it works to provide immunity.
b. Provide one benefit of RNA vaccines
c. Provide one limitation of RNA vaccines
Part 2: Case Study:
You and your friends are driving to the mall; it is late October. A public service announcement comes on the radio urging people to get their flu vaccinations. You are a second-year nursing student and you mention that the nursing staff at your university is holding vaccine clinic next week. Your friend Susan says,” I’m not getting a flu shot! Last time I did, it gave me the flu”. Others in the car agree with her. Heather asks you if it’s true that the vaccine can give you the flu. *The flu vaccine is an inactivated vaccine
1. Using what you have learned about vaccines, how would you respond to Heather’s question? (2 pts)
2. Why is recommended to get the flu vaccine every year but you don’t need to get other vaccines every year? (1 pt)
Watch the PBS video at the first link below and read the National Geographic article at the second link. Use the information to answer the questions below. Put your answers in your own words!
1. Why is ethanol an attractive biofuel?
2. Provide one drawback from using ethanol from corn as a biofuel.
3. What is cellulosic biomass? Provide an example.
4. Name two benefits of using cellulose from inedible parts of plants to make ethanol instead of using sugars from the edible parts of plants.
5. Microbes are necessary in order to produce ethanol from cellulosic biomass. They are required for two steps in the process. What are the two steps performed by microbes?
6. What is the name of the process the yeasts and bacteria use to convert sugars to ethanol?
7. Why did researchers think to look at the bacteria in the guts of pandas when looking for organisms to use in biofuel production?
8. Discuss two reasons why bacteria found in panda feces may be ideal for producing cellulosic biofuel.
9. In both the video and the article, researchers talk about genetically modifying microorganisms to improve the process of producing ethanol from cellulosic biomass. Describe one of these genetic modifications proposed. What changes are they proposing and why?
Nova documentary, “Vaccines – calling the shots”
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/vaccines-calling-shots.html
Click on the link above. While watching the Nova documentary on the vaccines, answer the following questions:
1. A. Overall, in the United States, what percentage of parents vaccinates their children?
b. Is the percentage the same in all communities in the United States?
2. Whooping cough is caused by the bacterium, Bordetella pertussis. It is prevented by the pertussis vaccine. However, in 2012, there were 50,000 cases of whooping cough in the US. What is primary virulence factor that leads to the symptoms of whooping cough?
3. In 2013, there was an outbreak of measles in New York City. What about measles causes it to spread so quickly through an unvaccinated population?
4. What is the difference between droplet transmission and an organism being labeled “airborne”?
5. Why had the New York City pediatrician never seen measles prior to the cases in 2013?
6. What is herd immunity and how did it prevent the spread of measles throughout New York in 2013? *This is also what is going to be necessary to end the Covid-19 pandemic
7. Who does herd immunity protect?
8. What percentage of the population needs to have immunity to prevent the spread of measles?
9. Why did Luke’s parents initially believe that the vaccine caused his seizures?
10. What was ultimately shown to be the cause of Luke’s seizures?
11. Have Luke’s parents chosen to give him any other vaccines? Why or why not?
12. Why was the oral polio vaccine removed from use in the United States in 2000 and replaced with the injected vaccine?
13. Why is the HPV vaccine controversial?
14. The documentary says that the HPV vaccine prevents cancer. What does it actually prevent?
15. What is the risk of developing a life threatening allergic reaction to a vaccination?
16. Why do you think parents in the 1950s were overall more willing to vaccinate their children against diseases like polio, diphtheria and whooping cough?
17. Do you think that under the current circumstances people will be more willing to get the Covid-19 vaccine when it is available? Why or why not?
Watch the PBS video at the first link below and read the National Geographic article at the second link. Use the information to answer the questions below. Put your answers in your own words!
1. Why is ethanol an attractive biofuel?
2. Provide one drawback from using ethanol from corn as a biofuel.
3. What is cellulosic biomass? Provide an example.
4. Name two benefits of using cellulose from inedible parts of plants to make ethanol instead of using sugars from the edible parts of plants.
5. Microbes are necessary in order to produce ethanol from cellulosic biomass. They are required for two steps in the process. What are the two steps performed by microbes?
6. What is the name of the process the yeasts and bacteria use to convert sugars to ethanol?
7. Why did researchers think to look at the bacteria in the guts of pandas when looking for organisms to use in biofuel production?
8. Discuss two reasons why bacteria found in panda feces may be ideal for producing cellulosic biofuel.
9. In both the video and the article, researchers talk about genetically modifying microorganisms to improve the process of producing ethanol from cellulosic biomass. Describe one of these genetic modifications proposed. What changes are they proposing and why?
Use the information in the pdf from the Centers for Disease Control posted under this assignment link to answer the following questions in your own words . A link to this pdf is found at the website below - go to the website and click on the link called “Understanding How Vaccines Work.” This website has a lot of other great information for those of you that are interested.
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/default.htm
Part 1. Vaccines
8. What is a vaccine? (1pt)
9. How does a vaccine work? (1pt)
10. Types of vaccines – briefly describe the difference between contents of the following types of vaccines: (2 pts)
a. Live, attenuated
b. Inactivated
c. Toxoid
d. Subunit
11. Which one of the types listed in #3 carriers the greatest risk? Why? (1 pt)
12. Why do some types of vaccines require boosters? (1 pt)
13. Some mild side effects to a vaccine include fever, pain or swelling at the injection site, or mild aches. Why do these side effects occur? (1 pt)
14. Many of the vaccines being developed to prevent Covid-19 are RNA vaccines. The video below is a segment of the documentary that you watched when you learned about viruses in module 2. Review this video and then answer the questions below. (3 pts)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=an9W0tAOe80&feature=youtu.be
a. Briefly explain what an RNA vaccine is and how it works to provide immunity.
b. Provide one benefit of RNA vaccines
c. Provide one limitation of RNA vaccines
Part 2: Case Study:
You and your friends are driving to the mall; it is late October. A public service announcement comes on the radio urging people to get their flu vaccinations. You are a second-year nursing student and you mention that the nursing staff at your university is holding vaccine clinic next week. Your friend Susan says,” I’m not getting a flu shot! Last time I did, it gave me the flu”. Others in the car agree with her. Heather asks you if it’s true that the vaccine can give you the flu. *The flu vaccine is an inactivated vaccine
3. Using what you have learned about vaccines, how would you respond to Heather’s question? (2 pts)
4. Why is recommended to get the flu vaccine every year but you don’t need to get other vaccines every year? (1 pt)
Nova documentary, “Vaccines – calling the shots”
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/vaccines-calling-shots.html
Click on the link above. While watching the Nova documentary on the vaccines, answer the following questions:
18. A. Overall, in the United States, what percentage of parents vaccinates their children?
c. Is the percentage the same in all communities in the United States?
19. Whooping cough is caused by the bacterium, Bordetella pertussis. It is prevented by the pertussis vaccine. However, in 2012, there were 50,000 cases of whooping cough in the US. What is primary virulence factor that leads to the symptoms of whooping cough?
20. In 2013, there was an outbreak of measles in New York City. What about measles causes it to spread so quickly through an unvaccinated population?
21. What is the difference between droplet transmission and an organism being labeled “airborne”?
22. Why had the New York City pediatrician never seen measles prior to the cases in 2013?
23. What is herd immunity and how did it prevent the spread of measles throughout New York in 2013? *This is also what is going to be necessary to end the Covid-19 pandemic
24. Who does herd immunity protect?
25. What percentage of the population needs to have immunity to prevent the spread of measles?
26. Why did Luke’s parents initially believe that the vaccine caused his seizures?
27. What was ultimately shown to be the cause of Luke’s seizures?
28. Have Luke’s parents chosen to give him any other vaccines? Why or why not?
29. Why was the oral polio vaccine removed from use in the United States in 2000 and replaced with the injected vaccine?
30. Why is the HPV vaccine controversial?
31. The documentary says that the HPV vaccine prevents cancer. What does it actually prevent?
32. What is the risk of developing a life threatening allergic reaction to a vaccination?
33. Why do you think parents in the 1950s were overall more willing to vaccinate their children against diseases like polio, diphtheria and whooping cough?
34. Do you think that under the current circumstances people will be more willing to get the Covid-19 vaccine when it is available? Why or why not?
