LP748 week 2
HKS782
Case Number 2009.0
�
This case was written by Sherine Jayawickrama, Senior Research Fellow, under the guidance of Julie Boatright Wilson, Harry S. Kahn Senior Lecturer in Social Policy at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. HKS cases are developed solely as the basis for class discussion. Cases are not intended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data or illustrations of effective or ineffective management. Copyright © 2014 President and Fellows of Harvard College. No part of this publication may be reproduced, revised, translated, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the express written consent of the Case Program. For orders and copyright permission information, please visit our website at ksgcase.harvard.edu or send a written request to Case Program, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 79 John F. Kennedy Street, Cambridge, MA 02138.
Homelessness in Harvard Square: Multi‐Stakeholder Collaboration in Action
In the summer of 2012, Ayala Livny, Program Manager for Youth on Fire (a drop‐in center for homeless and
street‐involved youth in Harvard Square) came together with several others in Harvard Square to form the Harvard
Square Homeless Coalition. Some of them, like Livny, represented nonprofit organizations that serve the homeless.
Others represented Harvard Square churches that work with homeless people. A recent meeting convened by the
Harvard Square Business Association (HSBA) had helped to catalyze this coalition: concern among Harvard Square
business owners about aggressive panhandling, increased shoplifting and the absence of public bathrooms had
reached a crescendo. It was clear that Harvard Square service providers needed a shared platform for discussion,
exchange and collective action. Christ Church Cambridge, the 247‐year old Episcopal church that was once saved
from decay by George and Martha Washington, hosted the first meeting of the Harvard Square Homeless
Coalition. Ayala Livny stepped forward to be the informal leader of the coalition.
Harvard Square’s “Latrine Ministry” Closes Its Bathroom Doors
Harvard Square, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is a cultural, academic and commercial center that takes pride
in its inclusiveness and diversity. Each year, over 8 million people visit Harvard Square.1 In the 1970s, anti‐war
protesters found support and solidarity in Cambridge, and camped out over an extended period of time on the
Cambridge Common. The then pastor of Christ Church Cambridge (across the street from Cambridge Common),
reflecting the wishes of his liberal congregation, opened the church bathrooms to these protesters and began what
affectionately became known as “the latrine ministry.” Even after the departure of anti‐war protesters from
Cambridge Common, Christ Church continued its posture of openness to people living on the streets. Over the
years, the configuration of the bathrooms changed from a series of stalls to lockable bathrooms.
In May 2012, Reverend Joe Robinson, Pastor of Christ Church, faced a dilemma. He had been at Christ Church
for the past seven years and the church had intermittently faced difficulties with misuse of its bathrooms. This
year, however, the situation had become dangerous. Heroin was cheap and plentiful on the streets, and the
lockable bathrooms were being used to prepare and inject drugs. “We were dealing with overdoses every month –
sometimes an overdose every week,” said Robinson.2 Cambridge Police Commissioner Robert Haas had requested
a meeting with Reverend Robinson to discuss his concern that the Christ Church bathrooms were becoming a
hotspot for drug overdoses. Most recently, the Cambridge Police Department had responded to four overdoses at
1 http://www.harvardsquare.com/about.aspx, (accessed July 4, 2013). 2 Reverend Joe Robinson. Interview with author. Cambridge, MA, October 17, 2012.
HKS Case Program 2 of 24 Case Number 2009.0
Christ Church in the span of one month. Haas urged Reverend Robinson to close the bathrooms to the public.
Concerned that the church was unwittingly providing a place to facilitate destructive behavior that could lead to
fatalities and worried about the safety of the preschool that the church housed, Robinson decided to do so.
After the closure of the Christ Church bathrooms to the public, homeless people in Harvard Square were left
with few options. The Cambridge Police Department began receiving complaints from business owners that
alleyways and sidewalks adjacent to stores were being used for defecation overnight. Tension on the streets
intensified, especially between chronically homeless individuals who were “regulars” in Harvard Square and
“travelers” who hitchhiked or train‐hopped across the country and stayed on Harvard Square streets for a few days
or weeks at a time. Business owners perceived the chronically homeless as “our homeless” who were part of
colorful, eclectic Harvard Square and had a stake in the welfare of the square; however, they saw the travelers as
more aggressive, violent and rebellious.
The Cambridge Police Department had, over the years, developed effective strategies to engage with the
chronically homeless and establish norms of behavior that would preserve a safe, comfortable atmosphere in
Harvard Square. Dealing with travelers, however, was much more challenging. In general, travelers did not tend to
respect authority and rejected the boundaries set by police. If arrested and charged, they would leave Cambridge
and not appear in court. Many travelers had animals with them and fear of losing their animals (when asked to
produce a license) was one of the only ways to secure their cooperation.
The Landscape of Homelessness in Harvard Square
Homelessness in the United States has been a persistent challenge exacerbated in a recessionary
environment. According to the Department of Housing and Urban Development, some two million people in the
United States were homeless at some point in 2009. A small proportion of these people were “chronically
homeless” (defined by the federal government as being continuously homeless for one year or more, or
experiencing at least four episodes of homelessness in three years). On any given day, about 112,000 people fit the
definition of being chronically homeless.3 The rise in homelessness in the United States is driven by two major
trends: the growing shortage of affordable rental housing and the increase in poverty.4
The situation in Cambridge, Massachusetts mirrors this landscape, with Central Square and Harvard Square
being the main centers where homeless individuals congregate. The 2013 Cambridge Homeless Census5 counted
537 people experiencing homelessness. Over the years, Harvard Square (and “the pit,” the sunken area next to the
Out of Town News stand and the entrance to the T station) has become a place where many homeless and street‐
involved people congregate. Their presence is seen as part of the landscape and texture of Harvard Square. Denise
Jillson, Executive Director of the Harvard Square Business Association (HSBA), explained:
3 Dennis Culhane, “Five Myths About America’s Homeless,” The Washington Post, July 11, 2010. 4 National Coalition for the Homeless, “Why Are People Homeless,” July 2009. 5 The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development requires communities across the country to conduct an annual census of individuals and families experiencing homelessness during the last ten days of January. The census includes a count of unsheltered individuals, and a count of sheltered and transitionally housed families and individuals.
HKS Case Program 3 of 24 Case Number 2009.0
Harvard Square should always be a place that welcomes everyone – from homeless
people to global leaders. This is an authentic urban space comprised of mostly locally‐
owned, independent businesses. The consensus is there is room for everyone here. We
never strive to rid the Square of homeless people. We do strive to help them.6
In fact, Massachusetts state law provides protection for panhandling as a First Amendment right, and declares
the homeless a special needs group that cannot be held to the same rules as the general population because they
are disadvantaged. For example, homeless people in Cambridge cannot be charged with loitering because, by
definition, they have no home to return to.
There are several sub‐groups of homeless in Harvard Square. Among them are:
The chronically homeless, some of whom have been on the streets of Harvard Square for long periods and
are well known to the police, business owners and service providers. Some of these individuals struggle
with mental health challenges.
Young people from Cambridge or surrounding towns who either live on the street or are involved with life
on the street. These young people have left home for a variety of reasons: drug use, economic recession,
domestic violence, intra‐family conflict, or gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender or queer lifestyles. Others
have homes but spend considerable periods on the streets.
Travelers who come to Harvard Square for relatively short periods of time. These young people move
from city to city in a nomadic way (and connect with other travelers on social media), often train‐hopping
or hitchhiking in small groups, along with animals. A 2011 survey conducted by Youth on Fire indicated
that travelers are more likely (than general homeless youth) to: be male, white, heterosexual and more
educated; use more alcohol and drugs; engage in more high‐risk sexual behavior; and report higher levels
of sexually transmitted infections and Hepatitis C.7 Travelers tend to move around seasonally and Harvard
Square has been a popular summer destination on the traveler circuit for years. Over the past five years,
Harvard Square has attracted increasing numbers of travelers in the warm months. In 2011 and 2012, the
travelers’ aggressive behavior, open drug use and criminal activity caused intense concern – not only
among residents, business owners, the police and service providers but also among other homeless
people who were more rooted in Harvard Square.
A variety of actors engage with and served the homeless in Harvard Square: city agencies, nonprofit service
providers, churches, ambulance services, and emergency room doctors, to name a few. Together they reflect the
considerable resources of the City of Cambridge.
Cambridge Police Department
The Cambridge Police Department employs a community policing approach which seeks to proactively prevent
and resolve law enforcement problems by working in partnership with various parts of the Cambridge community.
When Robert Haas became Police Commissioner in 2007, the Cambridge Police took a traditional law enforcement
6 Denise Jilson. Interview with author. Cambridge, MA, October 30, 2012. 7 Traveler Survey Findings, Youth on Fire, undated.
HKS Case Program 4 of 24 Case Number 2009.0
approach to the homeless population. Haas reflected: “Typically, we would wait until there was a breach of the law
and arrest them. Because many of them have severe mental or medical issues, we would wind up taking them to
the hospital. They would end up in court, be released and be out on the street again. It was a vicious cycle.”8
Realizing that this approach was ineffective, Haas sought to connect with other government agencies and
nonprofit service providers in order to understand and address homelessness in a more holistic and effective way.
The Homeless Outreach Program was established in 2007 within the Community Relations Unit of the Cambridge
Police Department. Officers Eric Helberg and Matt Price were assigned to the Homeless Outreach Program in
recognition of their interest in working with the homeless population and their skill in relating to homeless
individuals. This reflected the understanding that the police are often the first to interact with homeless
individuals, and if they can build a respectful rapport, they are much better able to establish parameters for
acceptable behavior as well as refer needed services. Since 2008, Officers Helberg and Price have had full‐time
assignments with the Homeless Outreach Program, and are widely known and respected by both the chronically
homeless on Cambridge streets and the service providers working with the homeless.
A December 2012 column in The Boston Globe9 chronicled Officer Eric Helberg’s work – how he knew
homeless individuals and their stories personally, and how he watched out for them and avoided unnecessary
hospitalizations and arrests with his vigilance. The column also described how closely the Cambridge Police
Department worked with social services and medical facilities. Helberg reflected: “Before we started [the
Homeless Outreach Program], we were islands: EMTs, the shelters, the police. We all took care of the same
people, but no one talked. Now we’re a network of community services.”10
The progressive and respectful stance of the Cambridge Police Department makes the city, and Harvard
Square, in particular, a relatively hospitable place for homeless individuals, including travelers.
Nonprofit Service Providers
Of more than 150 registered nonprofits in Cambridge, a few focus solely on homelessness. Other nonprofits
with a broader geographic focus include Cambridge in their scope.
Youth on Fire, led by Ayala Livny, is a prevention program of the AIDS Action Committee, serving homeless and
street‐involved youth in Harvard Square. It was established in 2000 following a survey of 100 youth showing that
most of them were not connected to social services and did not want to be, and were at high risk for HIV and other
sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Youth on Fire runs a daytime drop‐in center that takes a harm reduction
approach. That means they make no judgment about risk‐taking behaviors, only trying to help youth be as safe as
possible while engaging in those behaviors and building trust over time. Youth on Fire provides a range of services
(hot meals, showers, laundry, computers), supports (mental health services, medical care, HIV/STI/hepatitis
screening, housing search, referrals to other services), and opportunities (peer outreach program, youth advisory
boards, speakers’ bureau, art and talent shows, community give‐back days). It is one of the few Cambridge
8 Commissioner Robert Haas. Interview with author. Cambridge, MA, October 10, 2012. 9 Joan Wickersham, “The Homeless Beat,” The Boston Globe, December 14, 2012. 10 Quote drawn from Joan Wickersham, “The Homeless Beat,” The Boston Globe, December 14, 2012.
HKS Case Program 5 of 24 Case Number 2009.0
organizations that serve the travelers largely due to the fact that they provide safe, non‐judgmental space that is
animal friendly. Some 40 percent of travelers have dogs with them, and Youth on Fire has become known on the
traveler circuit as a place that welcomes animals.
The Harvard Square Homeless Shelter has been continuously run by Harvard students for thirty years. It is
open from November to April each year and, for seven weeks in the summer, the shelter (housed in the basement
of the University Lutheran Church) is used for the St. James Shelter, also run by students. Harvard Square
Homeless Shelter offers 20 men’s beds and four women’s beds, roughly proportional to the gender breakdown of
the homeless population. Beds are assigned through a lottery; people must call in the morning to request beds.
Since it is an emergency shelter, stays of more than two weeks are not permitted. Harvard Square Homeless
Shelter is a dry shelter, meaning that people under the influence of drugs or alcohol are not permitted.
CASPAR, a nonprofit serving Cambridge and Somerville, provides an array of outreach, shelter, stabilization,
aftercare and prevention services to individuals struggling with substance abuse. It runs one of only three “wet
shelters” (accepting individuals with active substance abuse disorders) in Massachusetts. This shelter, located in
Central Square, provides services to 107 people nightly. Homeless individuals using Harvard Square as a base can
access the shelter using the subway (red line on the T). CASPAR’s FirstStep street outreach program (on foot and in
mobile vans) engages homeless people with substance abuse disorders where they are and tries to connect them
with services.
Bread & Jams is a day shelter and drop‐in center located near Harvard Square. It provides a range of services
such as case management, referrals for health and substance abuse problems, support with legal problems that
preclude homeless individuals from obtaining housing or employment, and food, clothing and hygiene supplies. In
2008, Bread & Jams merged with Eliot Community Human Services, a large nonprofit human services organization
serving people throughout Massachusetts, becoming a component of Eliot’s homeless outreach program.
Local Churches
Since 1982, Christ Church Cambridge has hosted the Harvard Square Churches Meals Program every Thursday.
It typically serves approximately 100 meals an evening; volunteers from local churches, schools and neighborhoods
serve guests restaurant‐style, taking the meals to their tables. Being across the street from Cambridge Common,
Christ Church welcomed anti‐war protesters to use its bathrooms in the 1970s. These bathrooms remained open
to the public until June 2012, when a string of overdoses in the lockable bathrooms precipitated their closure.
Since 1987, First Church Shelter has provided accommodation to 14 homeless men each night. The shelter
must be accessed on a referral‐only basis and does not accept walk‐ins. Shelter staff also help guests to negotiate
the process of applying for public benefits or subsidized housing.
Business Owners
For more than 100 years, the Harvard Square Business Association (HSBA) has convened and represented the
business community in Harvard Square, and helped advance the commercial and public interests of the square. Of
the more than 330 businesses in Harvard Square, 78 percent are locally owned or independent. Denise Jillson has
HKS Case Program 6 of 24 Case Number 2009.0
been Executive Director of HSBA since 2006 and is well networked not only within the Harvard Square business
community but also more widely with the Cambridge Police Department, Harvard University and with nonprofit
organizations and churches serving Harvard Square. Jillson serves as a node to which information relevant to the
business community is transmitted and from which alerts are communicated. For example, relevant images and
information from security cameras on the premises of HSBA members are shared with HSBA, and Jillson and her
staff alert HSBA members to anything for which they need to be vigilant. Jillson was proactive in her engagement
with the Cambridge Police and with nonprofit organizations on the issue of homelessness, especially the new
challenges posed by a larger‐than‐usual influx of travelers in the summers of 2011 and 2012.
The Harvard Coop is a bookstore that has traditionally served Harvard University and the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT). Its Harvard Square location is one of the largest retail spaces in the square. The
Harvard Coop’s storefront, featuring a generous space that offers protection from the elements, is a popular area
for homeless individuals to sleep or panhandle. The store also has bathrooms that are essentially open to the
public. Jerry Murphy, President of The Harvard Coop, noted:
When there are people sitting in front of the store and asking for money, and
particularly when they have animals like pit bulls with them, there is an intimidation
factor that may discourage customers and visitors from going in. We have to make sure
the front of our store and our bathrooms are clean and inviting for our customers and
visitors.11
Many other business owners engage with and are affected by homelessness in Harvard Square. For example,
given its location adjacent to the Harvard Square T station and “the pit,” Au Bon Pain is a café that has many
homeless patrons. In addition, its ample outside seating is a draw for panhandling and its bathrooms are among a
few in the square that can be used by homeless people. Given the number of aggressive young homeless people
congregating and generating an atmosphere that visitors, residents and business owners find intimidating, the area
outside CVS, Bank of America, Otto Pizza and T‐Mobile (on Massachusetts Avenue near the intersection with
Church Street) has come to be known as “the gauntlet.” When the presence of travelers is at a peak, the “regular”
homeless in Harvard Square steer clear of “the gauntlet,” seeking to avoid confrontation with travelers.
City Agencies
The Department of Public Works builds and maintains much of the public infrastructure of the City of
Cambridge. To the extent that the homeless population in Harvard Square utilizes public infrastructure or reveals
the need for additional infrastructure, the Department of Public Works needs to be involved. The lack of accessible
public bathrooms in Harvard Square (with the exception of a bathroom at the Harvard Square T station) has
become a contentious issue among homeless individuals, service providers and business owners.
The Department of Human Services runs a range of programs for homeless individuals and families. The Multi‐
Service Center for the Homeless provides services to people living on the street, in transitional housing or at risk of
losing their housing.
11 Jerry Murphy. Interview with author. Cambridge, MA, October 17, 2012.
HKS Case Program 7 of 24 Case Number 2009.0
Platforms for Collaboration
Cambridge has no shortage of city agencies, medical professionals and nonprofit service providers serving the
homeless. It also has a police department with a strong commitment to community policing led by a commissioner
who places a premium on preventing the need for law enforcement solutions. In Harvard Square, business owners
and residents view people living on the street as part of the diversity of the area. Harvard University students run a
homeless shelter during the cold months and have street outreach teams that distribute food and blankets each
night to homeless individuals on the street.
In 1999, after a study on homelessness conducted by the City of Cambridge, major actors engaging with the
homeless came together to form the Senior Policy Group on Homelessness. This group became inactive over the
years and was reactivated in 2007. Since then, the group has been convened by Claude Jacob, Chief Public Health
Officer for Cambridge, and meets on a quarterly basis. Other members of the Senior Policy Group on Homelessness
include the Assistant City Manager for Human Services, the Cambridge Police Commissioner and senior
representatives of Healthcare for the Homeless, CASPAR, HomeStart, Professional Ambulance Services and the
Emergency Department of Cambridge Hospital. The quarterly convening of this group – together with the
preparatory and follow‐up work done by staff – enables the sharing of information among key actors engaging
with homelessness in Cambridge and provides a forum for planning collaborative approaches and activities, where
possible.
While the Senior Policy Group on Homelessness offered an effective platform for collaboration and
coordination at the city level, localities like Harvard Square were not organized in similar ways. When new
challenges arose or existing challenges were exacerbated, mechanisms for coordinated decision making and action
were not in place. The summer of 2011 saw travelers arriving in Harvard Square in greater‐than‐usual numbers. A
strong drug culture was associated with their presence. Fights broke out between travelers and “regulars” in
Harvard Square. In the summer of 2012, two other factors converged to further escalate the situation. First, the
Cambridge Police response to a homicide in East Cambridge shifted police resources away from Harvard Square in
the early part of the summer. Second, the closure of the public bathrooms at Christ Church left homeless
individuals with no options to relieve themselves in the night.
This led to a situation where business owners found evidence of open defecation and urination in alleyways
and outside storefronts when they opened for business in the mornings. Public consumption of drugs and alcohol
was not uncommon, panhandling was turning aggressive, and incidents of shoplifting and break‐ins were on the
rise. HSBA had long been a platform for business owners to discuss issues related to the welfare and safety of
Harvard Square and its inhabitants. The association’s meetings were regularly attended by senior representatives
of the Cambridge Police Department, who consistently urged business owners: “if you see something, say
something.” They explained that the police could do very little unless residents or business owners reported
aggressive behavior that made them fearful or uncomfortable. Such reports give the police the impetus to arrive
on the scene, investigate and address the situation. The police encouraged business owners and residents to dial
911 in an emergency, and dial 349‐3000 if not an emergency but the presence of a police officer was necessary. As
a result of the police department’s proactive engagement with HSBA, a matrix of current problems together with
HKS Case Program 8 of 24 Case Number 2009.0
the appropriate police response and community (business owners) response was developed to create a shared
understanding of the situation.
As the situation escalated in Harvard Square, business owners began to get impatient about why the police
were not acting more assertively. Although there was widespread appreciation of the work of Officers Eric Helberg
and Matt Price (in homeless outreach), there was frustration that the City of Cambridge’s welcoming and
respectful posture toward homeless individuals – including travelers – was combined with a lack of public
infrastructure (i.e. public bathrooms) to meet their basic needs. This frustration was captured by Reverend Joe
Robinson of Christ Church, who received some criticism after the church’s decision to close its bathrooms to the
public after a series of drug overdoses occurred there:
This city has a very open policy toward people living in the streets and panhandling –
much more open than Boston, which is why people gravitate here. The city doesn’t see
the connection between the policy of openness and the responsibility to provide basic
services for people who come here. For example, all the conversations have been about
private bathrooms being made available to the homeless. Why is the city depending on
the private sector providing bathrooms for the public, especially when there is such an
open policy toward people living on the street?
In a June 2012 community meeting convened by the HSBA – and attended by the Police Commissioner,
Reverend Joe Robinson, Ayala Livny and others – the lack of public bathrooms in Harvard Square became a
flashpoint for frustration and collaboration.
Organizing for a Place to Go
When leaders of nonprofit service providers like Youth on Fire and Bread & Jams met at the HSBA meeting,
some of them didn’t know each other – and, as a group, they had no forum in which to share information and
lessons, to jointly consider issues that were obviously interconnected, or to plan for collective action. In June 2012,
when these service providers met at the HSBA‐convened meeting and took part in the discussion, securing a public
bathroom that homeless people could use emerged as their top priority. They formed the Harvard Square
Homeless Coalition12 with one immediate goal in mind: to press the Department of Public Works for a portable
toilet at Cambridge Common.
The organizing for a portable toilet proceeded swiftly under the leadership of Ayala Livny, who mobilized a
diverse group of Cambridge stakeholders to email or write to Lisa Peterson, Commissioner of the city’s Department
of Public Works (DPW), each stating their distinctive case for a portable toilet. Parents who used the playground at
Cambridge Common urged DPW to install a portable toilet so that their children could have easier access to a
bathroom. Student groups who used the soccer fields at Cambridge Common mirrored that request. HSBA
members and members of the congregations of Christ Church and First Church did the same. A member of Youth
12 The Harvard Square Homeless Coalition includes: Youth on Fire, Bread & Jams, the Harvard Square Homeless Shelter and the First Church Shelter. Christ Church Cambridge is not formally a member but provides meeting space and convening support. Notes of coalition meetings are shared with the Cambridge Police Department.
HKS Case Program 9 of 24 Case Number 2009.0
on Fire wrote about how young homeless people often do not eat after 4 pm because the MBTA restrooms close
at night. This organizing effort indicated both that the lack of public bathrooms affected a broad range of
Cambridge stakeholders and that solving the problem was an urgent need.
The Harvard Square Homeless Coalition met with Lisa Peterson in September 2012 to discuss their request,
and Peterson went away having committed to exploring what a feasible solution might be. A month later, a
portable toilet was installed in the Cambridge Common. Charlie Hobbs of the Harvard Square Homeless Shelter
recalls his surprise at the speed of DPW’s response: “I thought this was supposed to be way harder… that we
would have to really fight to get something done.”13
After their rapid advocacy victory, the Harvard Square Homeless Coalition lost no time in pressing to keep the
portable toilet open during the winter. The DPW’s policy was generally to remove portable toilets during the
winter. After another round of mobilizing letters and emails, the coalition was successful in securing the DPW’s
agreement to keep the portable toilet open throughout the winter. The DPW has service providers’ support in
maintaining the portable toilet clean and functional: CASPAR’s FirstStep outreach team checks the toilet regularly
and notifies the DPW when it needs cleaning or maintenance.
The Road Ahead
With a quick victory under their belt and recognizing the obvious value of a shared forum, members of the
Harvard Square Homeless Coalition continued to meet regularly. Ayala Livny continued to provide leadership and
coordination to the coalition, which met once a month (every third Wednesday of each month) and identified a
topic to explore at each monthly meeting. Christ Church Cambridge became a regular meeting venue. While Christ
Church was not part of the coalition itself, Reverend Robinson sought to support the coalition and help it cohere.
The existence of the coalition also provided a convenient mechanism for the Cambridge Police Department and
HSBA to engage with nonprofit service providers focused on homelessness in Harvard Square.
In June 2013, HSBA held its annual community meeting focused on keeping Harvard Square businesses,
visitors and workers safe during the summer season. In addition to HSBA members, the meeting included several
officers from the Cambridge Police Department and several service providers working in Harvard Square. Just one
year since the HSBA meeting in which frustration about the lack of public bathrooms spilled over and concerns
surrounding the travelers in Harvard Square reached a crescendo, the tone of the discussion was starkly different.
Service providers who may not have known each other the previous year were now knit together in the Harvard
Square Homeless Coalition. HSBA members and the Cambridge Police acknowledged that the summer of 2013 was,
thus far, a slower season (in terms of the influx of travelers) than the summers of 2011 and 2012. However, given
the collaborative relationships that had been built and strengthened, all these actors were better prepared and
equipped to face new challenges.
The previous year, under Denise Jillson’s leadership, HSBA had produced a brochure titled “Help for the
Homeless” (see Exhibit 2) meant to provide information both to people in need of help and people wishing to help.
This brochure briefly described the services and hours of six agencies/programs serving the homeless in Harvard
13 Charlie Hobbs. Interview with author. Cambridge, MA, October 11, 2012.
HKS Case Program 10 of 24 Case Number 2009.0
Square. In the course of the year, HSBA had also set up a series of tablets in various shops so visitors could donate
instantly to these agencies/programs using a credit card. Youth on Fire had organized a series of Clean‐Up Days for
its members (homeless youth) to help clean up Harvard Square, and HSBA had supported this effort by buying
pizza for the volunteers. Speaking at the June 2013 meeting, Ayala Livny asked if HSBA members would be willing
to contribute toward a small stipend for peer leaders that could be trained by Youth on Fire to engage with
travelers about the norms established by homeless young people who are in Harvard Square year‐round. Livny
introduced a Youth on Fire member, who had been living on the street in Harvard Square for a few years. He
eloquently described the state of tension that existed between travelers and chronically homeless individuals in
Harvard Square: “We have the same problems with travelers that you do. They don’t care if things get bad because
they can leave. We local kids have some norms. We scold each other for tossing trash about or being public with
illicit activities or getting overly aggressive.”14
The meeting was attended by several police officers, including Superintendent Steve Williams, Commander of
the Patrol Operations Division, and Deputy Superintendent Steve Ahearn, who underscored how important the
partnership of the business community had been in managing the situation in Harvard Square the previous year.
Various officers – from those assigned the day shift and night shift in Harvard Square to the Director of Outreach
and Community Programs to one of the department’s Crime Analysts – were introduced to HSBA members and
service providers. Although Officers Helberg and Price have had much success in their outreach roles, several
officers acknowledged that engaging with travelers remained challenging. Toward the end of the meeting, some
frustration spilled over from police officers assigned to Harvard Square, who urged that Youth on Fire collaborate
more closely with the Cambridge Police Department when travelers suspected of crimes are at the Youth on Fire
day shelter. Livny explained: “We work really hard to get these young folks to trust us. If we are seen to be in
cahoots with the police, that doesn’t help us. Our primary obligation is to our members.”15
In addition, in the aftermath of the marathon bombings in Boston in April 2013, some new security concerns
arose among HSBA members. A representative of Trademark Tours, a business that offers tours of Harvard, MIT
and other Boston‐area landmarks, asked about security concerns surrounding unattended bags. Tour guides
frequently see unattended backpacks but know that they belong to certain homeless individuals, and feel bad to
report it to the police. What should tour guides do in these situations? While Trademark Tours was urged by the
police to report it, Livny also offered to spread the word among young people on the street that they should not
leave backpacks unattended.
Since June 2012, the Harvard Square Homeless Coalition’s mobilization for a portable toilet on Cambridge
Common had grown into a fully‐fledged campaign catalyzed by members of Christ Church to press the city to
include a public bathroom in its planned $4 million renovation of Cambridge Common. Advocates for a Common
Toilet (or ACT) counted Youth on Fire, St. James Episcopal Church, HSBA, the Outdoor Church of Cambridge,
Cambridge Youth Soccer, First Church and First Parish in Cambridge among its members (see Exhibit 3 and 4).
14 Drawn from remarks at the annual community meeting of the Harvard Square Business Association, June 12, 2013. 15 Ayala Livny. Interview with author. Cambridge, MA, June 4, 2013.
HKS Case Program 11 of 24 Case Number 2009.0
Despite a plethora of public agencies and nonprofit organizations serving the homeless, a police department
committed to community policing, and an association of business owners supportive of the rights of homeless
individuals, Harvard Square continues to face challenges in relation to both “regulars” and travelers on its streets.
How should the City of Cambridge more effectively reconcile its openness to homeless people – and its growing
reputation on social media as an attractive destination to travelers – with public infrastructure and services to
meet their needs? How should the rights of business owners and residents (e.g. to create a welcoming climate for
customers, to feel safe and comfortable in Harvard Square) be balanced with the rights of homeless people (e.g. to
fulfill basic needs with dignity, to panhandle)? What will it take for mechanisms for joint problem solving and
collective action to be sustained over time, as some problems are resolved and new challenges emerge? As
collaboration between police and service providers increases in breadth and depth, how are the boundaries of
collaboration negotiated to allow each party to serve its clients while working toward a shared goal? What new
strategies could be developed to incentivize travelers to respect accepted norms for homeless individuals in
Harvard Square?
HKS Case Program 12 of 24 Case Number 2009.0
Exhibit 1: Map of Harvard Square
Source: Courtesy of Scott Walker, Harvard Map Collection
HKS Case Program 13 of 24 Case Number 2009.0
Exhibit 2: HSBA brochure
Source: Courtesy of the Harvard Square Business Association.
HKS Case Program 14 of 24 Case Number 2009.0
Exhibit 2, Continued
HKS Case Pro
Source: ht
ogram
tp://www.ca
E
mbridgeact.c
Exhibit 3: ACT
com/uploads/
15 of 24
T website (fa
/9/3/1/4/931
actsheet)
14770/fact_sh
Case N
heet.pdf
Number 2009.0
HKS Case Pro
ogram
Exhibbit 4: DPW le
16 of 24
etter re pub
lic bathroom
Case N
m
Number 2009.0
HKS Case Proogram
Exhi
17 of 24
bit 4, contin
nued
Case NNumber 2009.0
HKS Case Proogram
Exhi
18 of 24
bit 4, contin
nued
Case NNumber 2009.0
HKS Case Proogram
Exhi
19 of 24
bit 4, contin
nued
Case NNumber 2009.0
HKS Case Proogram
Exhi
20 of 24
bit 4, contin
nued
Case NNumber 2009.0
HKS Case Proogram
Exhi
21 of 24
bit 4, contin
nued
Case NNumber 2009.0
HKS Case Proogram
Exhi
22 of 24
bit 4, contin
nued
Case NNumber 2009.0
HKS Case Pro
ogram
Exhi
23 of 24
bit 4, contin
nued
Case NNumber 2009.0
HKS Case Proogram
Exhi
24 of 24
bit 4, contin
nued
Case NNumber 2009.0