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Before doing assignment read it.txt

Assignment -1 - Read Microsoft project assignment Word Doc and do the assignment Assignment-2- Discussion -Read the Topic and Complete the Discussion ,Also Give 2 discussions which I have mentioned in chat (While chatting with you)

Discussion/discussion.docx

Read the case study "Teloxy Engineering (A)" on page 948 and answer the corresponding questions on the same page.

DISCUSSIONS

Discussions will consist of 2 parts: Your initial posting on the subject, and responses to two or more students postings.

Post your primary response by each Wednesday midnight. Respond to at least two (2) other postings by Sunday Midnight.

The primary post should be at least 300 words in length. Your second postings can either answer another student's question

to your own post or be a comment to his or her original post. Secondary posts must be at least 150 words in length.

•All initial postings must have at least one citation or reference and it must be in APA format. Failure to have a reference or not having it in APA format will deduct 5 points.

•Word counts must be met. Each 10 words short will deduct 1 point from your total discussion score.

•If any part of your postings is copied and pasted you will receive no credit for the assignment, and no resubmission is possible.

MS Project Assignment/Don Funk Music Video 10-1.mpp

MS Project Assignment/Don Funk Music Video 9-6.mpp

MS Project Assignment/MS project assignment.docx

Reading Assignment

Read chapters 20 and 17 of your textbook.

Microsoft Project Tutorial

Work through the tasks described in Lessons 9 and 10 of your workbook.

Microsoft Project Assignment 5

Complete Project 9-6: Tracking the Don Funk Music Video as Scheduled (pg.198 of your workbook). Save your Don Funk On Schedule project file as YourLastNameYourFirstNameProject9-6 and submit it when done.

Complete Project 10-1: Creating a Dashboard Report (pg.218 of your workbook). Save your Don Funk Dashboard Report project file as YourLastNameYourFirstNameProject10-1 and submit it when done.

MICROSOFT PROJECT ASSIGNMENTS

Each module the student will use Microsoft (MS) Project software to complete an assignment.

The use of MS Project is fundamental to helping students both understand the intricacies of

project planning and management, as well as give them practice in using a common project management software

. The student will be responsible for downloading and installing the software package from now the link available on the course home page.

MS project tutorial/Project2013_Lesson09.pptx

Project Schedule Tracking Fundamentals

Lesson 9

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Microsoft Project 2013

Objectives

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Software Orientation

The Variance Table can be used to review baseline information in table format.

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Software Orientation

On the Variance Table, you can also see the variance between the baseline start and the planned or actual start of a task. In other words, this table shows you if the project is ahead of schedule or behind schedule, on a task-by-task basis.

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Establishing a Project Baseline

In order to evaluate how well a project is progressing, it is important to review how well it was originally planned.

The schedule baseline is the project schedule that has been approved by the project sponsor.

The baseline is saved and then referred to later to track project progress.

In project management, by definition, a baseline is the approved version of the scope, schedule and budget of a project.

In Microsoft Project, a baseline is a “snap-shot” of these key values, such as the planned start and finish dates (schedule), planned costs (budget) and the tasks (scope), at a given point in time.

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Step by Step: Establish a Project Baseline

GET READY. Before you begin these steps, launch Microsoft Project.

1. OPEN the Don Funk Music Video 9M project schedule from the data files for this lesson.

2. SAVE the file as Don Funk Music Video 9 in the solutions folder for this lesson as directed by your instructor.

3. Click the Project tab. In the Schedule group, click the Set Baseline button and then select Set Baseline.

4. The Set Baseline dialog box appears. You will accept all of the default settings in this dialog box by clicking OK. Microsoft Project saves the baseline, although there is no indication in the Gantt Chart view that anything has changed. In the next few steps, you will explore some of the changes caused by saving the baseline.

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Cross Ref: You will go deeper into the Set Baseline dialog box in Lesson 11.

Take Note: You can save up to eleven baselines in a single project schedule. The baselines are named Baseline (the first baseline you would normally save) and Baseline 1 through Baseline 10. Saving multiple baselines is helpful if your project duration is especially long or if you have approved scope/schedule changes. You can save multiple baselines to record different sets of baseline values and later compare these against each other and against actual values.

Step by Step: Establish a Project Baseline

5. On the ribbon, click the View tab and then click the down-arrow under Gantt Chart. Select More Views, and the More Views dialog box appears.

6. In the More Views box, select Task Sheet and click Apply. Using this view, there is more room to see the fields in the table because the Gantt Chart is not shown. Now you will switch to a different table in the Task Sheet view.

7. On the ribbon, click Tables, and then click Variance. The Variance table appears. This table includes both the Scheduled and Baseline columns so that you can compare them easily. Your screen should look similar to the figure on the next slide.

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Step by Step: Establish a Project Baseline

Note that at this point, the values in the Start and Baseline Start, as well as the values in the Finish and Baseline Finish, are identical. This is because no actual work has occurred and no changes to the scheduled work have been made. Once actual work has been recorded or schedule adjustments have been made, the scheduled values may differ from the baseline values. Any differences would be displayed in the Variance column.

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Troubleshooting: If any column displays pound signs (####), double-click between the column titles to widen the column.

Step by Step: Establish a Project Baseline

8. SAVE the project schedule.

PAUSE. LEAVE Project open to use in the next exercise.

In this exercise, you learned how to save a baseline for your project schedule.

You must save a baseline before you begin tracking project progress.

The table on the following slide lists the specific values saved in the baseline, which include the task, resource, and assignment fields, as well as the timephased fields–task, resource, and assignment values distributed over time.

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Step by Step: Establish a Project Baseline

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Establish a Project Baseline

You should save a baseline when:

You have developed the project schedule as much as possible. (You can still add tasks, resources, or an assignment after the work has begun. This is usually not avoidable.)

Your project has been approved and accepted by the project sponsor.

You have not started to enter actual values, such as a percentage of completion for the task.

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Step by Step: Establish a Project Baseline

The first phase of a project focuses on project planning—developing and communicating the details of a project before actual work begins.

When work begins, so does your next phase of project management: tracking project progress.

Tracking refers to all of the collecting, entering, and analyzing of actual project performance data, such as actual work values on tasks (usually expressed in hours), actual resource costs, and actual durations.

These details, collectively, are often called actuals and can be recorded in a Microsoft Project file.

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Step by Step: Establish a Project Baseline

Accurately tracking project performance and comparing it against the baseline helps you to answer questions such as:

Are tasks starting and finishing as planned? If not, what will be the impact on the finish date?

Are resources completing the proper amount of the scope? Are they doing unapproved work (scope creep)?

Are resources requiring more or less than the scheduled amount of time to complete tasks?

Are tasks being completed above or below scheduled cost?

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Step by Step: Establish a Project Baseline

There are several ways to track progress in Microsoft Project, depending on the level of detail or control required by you, the stakeholders, and the project sponsor—the individual or organization that provides financial support and supports the project team within the larger organization.

Because tracking requires more work from you and possibly from the resources working on the project, you need to determine the level of detail you need.

In this lesson, we will examine the following different levels of tracking:

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Step by Step: Establish a Project Baseline

Project work as scheduled. This works best if everything in the project occurs exactly as it was scheduled.

Record each task’s percentage of completion. You can do this at precise values or at increments such as 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%.

Record the actuals. The actual start, actual finish, actual work, and actual and remaining duration for each task or assignment are recorded.

Track assignment-level work by time period. You record actual work values by day, week, or other time interval that you select. This is the most detailed level of tracking. This is rarely used as a method of tracking project progress as it is too costly and time consum- ing for the added benefit of detailed information.

You can apply a combination of these approaches within a single project, as different parts of a project may have different tracking needs.

Tracking a Project as Scheduled

Once a baseline has been saved for a project schedule, the work done on the project can be tracked against the baseline values.

The simplest approach to tracking is to report that the actual work is proceeding as planned.

You record project actuals by updating work to the current date.

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Step by Step: Track a Project as Scheduled

USE the project schedule you created in the previous exercise.

1. On the ribbon, click Gantt Chart. The Gantt Chart view appears.

2. Move the vertical divider bar to a point just to the right of the Start column.

3. Click on the Project tab, and then click Update Project in the Status group. The Update Project dialog box appears.

4. Make sure the Update work as complete through option is selected. In the adjacent date box, type or select February 12, 2016, and then click OK. Microsoft Project records the actual work for the projects that were scheduled to start before February 12. It also draws progress bars in the Gantt bars for those tasks to show this progress visually.

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Step by Step: Track a Project as Scheduled

5. Select the name of task 5, Develop production layouts. Click the Task tab, and then click Scroll to Task in the Editing group. Your screen should look similar to the figure below.

6. SAVE the project schedule.

PAUSE. LEAVE the project schedule open to use in the next exercise.

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Step by Step: Track a Project as Scheduled

In this exercise, you updated the project to show that work had occurred as scheduled through a certain date.

This date is sometimes called the data date or status date—the date up to or through which all progress information is collected and entered for a project.

The progress bar in the Gantt Chart view shows how much of each task has been completed.

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Step by Step: Track a Project as Scheduled

A check mark appears in the Indicators column for tasks 2 and 3 to indicate these tasks have been completed.

In addition, a progress bar is drawn through the entire length of these tasks’ Gantt bars.

Because only a portion of task 5 has been completed by February 12, the progress bar for this task only extends to February 12 and no check mark appears in the Indicators column.

Also notice that because some of the recurring status meetings have been completed by February 12, progress bars appear in the summary Gantt bars for these tasks.

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Entering the Completion Percentage for a Task

As you continue to make progress on your project, it is important to record the work that has been done on a task.

There are many ways to record this work. One of the quickest ways is to record the completion percentage of the task.

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Step by Step: Enter the Completion Percentage for a Task

USE the project schedule you created in the previous exercise.

1. Click the View tab, click the Tables button, and then select the Work table from the list.

2. Slide the vertical divider bar between the table and the Gantt bar chart so that more of the table columns are visible. You may need to auto fit the columns to see all the data. Notice the Work and % Work Complete columns. You will enter task completion percentages in the % Work Complete column.

3. In the % Work Complete column for Task 5, type or select 100, and then [press Enter]. Microsoft Project extends the progress bar through the length of the Gantt bar for task 5 and records the actual work for the task as scheduled.

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Step by Step: Enter the Completion Percentage for a Task

4. Select Task 5 again. On the ribbon, click Selected Tasks in the Zoom group. Your screen should look similar to the figure below.

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Take Note: You can also use the schedule percent complete buttons to quickly update tasks that are 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% complete. The schedule percent complete buttons are located in the Schedule group on the Task tab. Select the task you want to update, and then click the appropriate percentage button.

Step by Step: Enter the Completion Percentage for a Task

5. In the % Work Complete field for Task 6, type or select 50, and then [press Enter]. Microsoft Project records the actual work for the task as scheduled, calculates the remaining work, and then updates the progress line through 50% of the Gantt bar.

6. Scroll the Gantt Chart to see the Gantt bar for Task 6.

7. SAVE the project schedule.

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Step by Step: Enter the Completion Percentage for a Task

8. CLOSE the project schedule. In the next exercise, you will use an updated version of the Don Funk Music Video 9 project schedule to simulate the passage of time.

PAUSE. LEAVE Microsoft Project open to use in the next exercise.

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Take Note: You can view a task’s completion percentage and other tracking information by pointing to a progress bar in a task’s Gantt bar. A ScreenTip will appear.

Step by Step: Enter the Completion Percentage for a Task

There are several ways you can quickly record task progress as a percentage:

Use one of the % complete fields in either the Work or Tracking tables.

Use the preset buttons for recording 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% completion on a task.

Use the Update Tasks dialog box (on the Task ribbon, click the down-arrow to the right of the Mark on Track button, and then click Update Tasks).

Use the General tab of the Task Information dialog box (by double-clicking the task you want to update) to update the Percent Complete field.

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Step by Step: Enter the Completion Percentage for a Task

Using the last two methods, you can also enter any percentage you want.

When you use any of these methods to enter a percentage other than 0% complete, Microsoft Project changes the task’s actual start date to match its scheduled start date. It also calculates actual duration, remaining duration, actual costs, and other values, based on the percentage you enter.

In deciding to use “percent complete” as a method of tracking progress, understand that there are four types of percent complete:

Physical % Complete: based on some physical measurement. For example, if you are constructing a two-mile road, and you complete one mile of it, you are physically 50% complete.

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Step by Step: Enter the Completion Percentage for a Task

Work % Complete: based on the planned amount of work. For example, if you planned to spend 10,000 hours of effort building a two mile road, and you spent 4000 hours to build the first mile, you are only 40% work % complete, even though you are 50% physically complete.

Cost % Complete: based on the approved budget. For example, if the total approved budget for a two-mile road was $468,000, and you have spent $140,000 to build the first mile, you are only about 29.9% cost % complete, even though you have completed half of the total road.

Schedule % Complete: based on planned duration. For example, if a two-mile road project was planned for 120 days, and you built the first mile in 30 days, you are 25% schedule % complete, even though you have completed half the total road.

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Identifying Over Budget Tasks and Resources

So far, you have focused on a project’s schedule as a key part of the overall success of the project.

However, another critical piece of information is the cost variance, or how the actual costs compare to the projected costs.

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Step by Step: Identify Over Budget Tasks and Resources

GET READY. To identify over budget tasks and resources, perform the following steps.

1. OPEN the Don Funk Music Video 9MA project schedule.

2. SAVE the file as Don Funk Music Video 9A.

3. On the ribbon, click the Project tab, and then click Project Information in the Properties group. The Project Information Dialog box appears.

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Step by Step: Identify Over Budget Tasks and Resources

4. Click the Statistics button. The Project Statistics dialog box appears. Your screen should look similar to the figure below.

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Step by Step: Identify Over Budget Tasks and Resources

The Cost column displays the current, baseline, actual, and remaining cost values for the entire project.

The current cost is the sum of the actual and remaining cost values.

The baseline cost is the total planned cost of the project when the baseline was saved.

The actual cost is the cost that has been incurred so far (after the indicated total work has been completed).

The remaining cost is the difference between the current cost and actual cost.

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Step by Step: Identify Over Budget Tasks and Resources

It is obvious that some cost variance has occurred, but it is not possible to tell from the Project Statistics dialog box when or where the variance occurred.

5. Click the Close button. The Project Statistics dialog box closes.

6. On the ribbon, click View. Click the Tables button and then click Cost. The Cost table appears in the Task Sheet view. Move the vertical divider so you can see all the available columns. Take a moment to review the columns in the Cost table. Note that although costs are not scheduled in the same sense that work is scheduled, costs (except fixed costs) are derived from the scheduled work.

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Another Way: To change the table, you can also right-click on the upper left corner of the active table and click Cost in the short-cut menu that appears.

Step by Step: Identify Over Budget Tasks and Resources

7. Click the Task Name column heading. Click the Outline button in the Data group, and then select Level 1. Microsoft Project collapses the task list to display only the first level of summary tasks (which in this case correspond to the major phases of the project). Your screen should look similar to the figure below.

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Step by Step: Identify Over Budget Tasks and Resources

8. Click the expand button next to Task 28, Production. Using the collapse button, hide the subtasks for scenes 1 through 4. Your screen should look similar to the figure below. Although Scenes 1 and 2 both had some variance, Scene 2 had the greater variance, so you will focus on that scene.

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Step by Step: Identify Over Budget Tasks and Resources

9. Click the expand button next to summary Task 38, Scene 2. Microsoft Project expands the Scene 2 summary task to show all of the subtasks. Your screen should look similar to the figure below.

10. Click the Task Name column heading.

Take note of the variance column. It shows that most of the Scene 2 variance can be tracked to Task 42, Scene 2 vocal recording.

Step by Step: Identify Over Budget Tasks and Resources

11. Click the Outline button and then select Show Subtasks button on the Formatting toolbar. Microsoft Project expands all of the summary tasks to show all of the tasks in the project.

12. On the View ribbon, in the Data group, click the down-arrow next to the Filter: selection box. Select More Filters from the list. The More Filters dialog box appears.

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Another way to look for tasks that are over budget is with a filter.

Step by Step: Identify Over Budget Tasks and Resources

13. Select the Cost Overbudget filter and click Apply. Microsoft Project applies the filter to the task list to show only those tasks that had actual and scheduled costs greater than their baseline costs. Your screen should look similar to the figure below.

14. SAVE the project schedule.

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Step by Step: Identify Over Budget Tasks and Resources

15. CLOSE the project schedule. In the next exercise, you will use an updated version of the Don Funk Music Video 9 to simulate the passage of time.

PAUSE. LEAVE Microsoft Project open to use in the next exercise.

Project managers and stakeholders often focus on the project schedule (Did tasks start and finish on time?). For projects such as this one that include cost information, cost variance is another critical indicator of overall project health.

In Microsoft Project, evaluating cost variance enables you to make incremental budget adjustments for individual tasks to avoid exceeding your project’s overall budget.

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Identifying Time and Schedule Problems

In complex projects, it is very likely that there will be some schedule variance.

The project manager must control the project by identifying, understanding, and correcting the problem.

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Step by Step: Reschedule Uncompleted Work

GET READY. To reschedule uncompleted work, perform the following tasks:

1. OPEN the Don Funk Music Video 9MB project schedule from the data files for this lesson.

2. SAVE the file as Don Funk Music Video 9B in the solutions folder for this lesson as directed by your instructor.

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Step by Step: Reschedule Uncompleted Work

3. [Press the F5 key]. Type 46 in the ID box, and then click OK. The Gantt Chart view scrolls to display the Gantt bar for Task 46, Scene 3. At this point in the project, the first two scheduled scenes have been completed. This task has one day of actual work completed and one day of scheduled work remaining. Your screen should look similar to the figure below.

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Step by Step: Reschedule Uncompleted Work

You have just been informed that late on the afternoon of June 6, a lightning strike caused a nearby electrical transformer to short-circuit and repairs will not be completed until Thursday, June 9. You will not be able to resume work in the studio until Friday, June 10.

5. On the ribbon, click the Project tab, and then click Update Project. The Update Project dialog box appears.

6. Select the Reschedule uncompleted work to start after: option, and in the date box type or select 06/09/16.

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Step by Step: Reschedule Uncompleted Work

7. Click OK to close the Update Project dialog box. Microsoft Project splits Task 48 so that the incomplete portion is delayed until Friday, June 10. Your screen should look similar to the figure below. Note that although the duration of Task 48 remains at two days, its finish and subsequent start dates for successor tasks have been pushed out. Remember that duration is the number of work periods required to complete a task, not elapsed time.

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Take Note: It is possible to disable the ability of Microsoft Project to reschedule uncompleted work on tasks that are showing any actual work. Click the File tab then select Options. In the Options dialog box, click the Schedule tab. In the section that reads Scheduling options for this project, clear the Split in-progress tasks check box.

Step by Step: Reschedule Uncompleted Work

8. SAVE the project schedule. CLOSE the project schedule.

PAUSE. If you are continuing to the next lesson, keep Project open. If you are not continuing to additional lessons, CLOSE Project.

Depending upon the length and complexity of your project, as a project manager you may see one or many of these types of interruptions.

When you reschedule incomplete work, you specify the date after which work can resume.

Microsoft Project handles tasks in relation to the scheduled restart date in the following ways:

If the task does not have any actual work recorded for it prior to the rescheduled date and there is no constraint in place, the entire task is rescheduled to begin after that date.

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Step by Step: Reschedule Uncompleted Work

If the task has some actual work recorded prior to but not after the rescheduled date, the task is split so that all remaining work starts after the rescheduled date. The actual work is not affected.

If the task has some actual work recorded for it prior to as well as after the rescheduled date, the task is not affected.

Keep in mind that when you address a problem by rescheduling a task, you may create other issues or problems in the remainder of the project. This is why project management is an iterative process: a change in one part of the schedule–be it a time, cost, or scope change–can, and usually does, affect the schedule elsewhere.

When changing or correcting the schedule due to unforeseen delays, such as the scenario in this exercise, you should also place a note in the notes field of the affected task(s) stating why the task has been changed. These become helpful when looking for explanations regarding why the project is not performing to the baseline.

Skill Summary

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MS project tutorial/Project2013_Lesson10.pptx

Project Reporting

Lesson 10

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Microsoft Project 2013

Objectives

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Software Orientation

The new Report Ribbon makes locating and selecting a report easier than ever before. With predefined dashboard reports, the user can show an overview of the project, project burn- down, cost overview, work overview and many more.

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Software Orientation

The Project Overview Dashboard provides the basic information need to present project performance to date, which tasks are late, which milestones are coming dues and an overall percent complete.

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Activate and Print a Dashboard Report

Using a Dashboard report you can quickly see all of the major information about your project then print the information on paper.

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Step by Step: Select and Print a Dashboard Report

GET READY. Before you begin these steps, launch Microsoft Project 2013.

1. OPEN the Don Funk Music Video 10M project schedule.

2. SAVE the file as Don Funk Music Video 10.

3. On the ribbon, click the Project tab. In the Status group click the calendar icon in the Status Date field. Microsoft Project displays the Status Date dialog box.

4. In the Select Date: field type or select 6/10/16. Your screen should look like the figure at right.

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Step by Step: Select and Print a Dashboard Report

5. Click OK or press Enter to close the Status Date dialog box. You set the Status Date to tell Microsoft Project you want information as of this date.

6. On the ribbon, click the Report tab and then select the Dashboards button. From the dropdown menu that appears, select Project Overview. Your screen should look similar to the figure above.

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Step by Step: Select and Print a Dashboard Report

7. On the ribbon, click the File tab and then select Print from the navigation bar on the left side of the screen. Your screen should look similar to the figure at right. You may notice that some of the report is cut |off at the right side of the print pre- view area.

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Take Note: You may or may not see the Print Preview screens in color, depending upon the printer and print drivers you have installed.

Step by Step: Select and Print a Dashboard Report

8. At the lower right of the Settings section, click the Page Setup hyperlink. Microsoft Project displays the Page Setup dialog box.

9. On the Page tab, in the Scaling section, click Fit to: and choose 1 against the pages wide by and tall boxes. Your dialog box should look like the figure at right.

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Step by Step: Select and Print a Dashboard Report

10. Now select the Margins tab. Set all margins to 0.5 inches. Click the OK to close the dialog box. Your screen should now look like the figure below.

11. SAVE the project schedule.

PAUSE. LEAVE Project open to use in the next exercise.

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Step by Step: Select and Print a Dashboard Report

A report is anything the project manager uses to transmit information about the project. Most all reports are done in writing, using both words and graphics. Some reports are made available through dashboards.

A dashboard is a generic term used to mean an easy to read, single page interface (usually centrally located–such as a SharePoint web page) that senior management can quickly view to obtain a high-level view of current project status.

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Customize and Print a Report

Using the new options of the reports feature in Microsoft Project 2013 allows you to fully customize the information you wish to include in the report.

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Step by Step: Create, Customize and Print a Report

GET READY. USE the project schedule you created in the previous exercise.

1. Click the Report tab. On the ribbon, click the New Report button.

2. On the drop- down menu that appears, click Table.

3. In the Report Name box that appears, name the new report Remaining Work Report and then click OK. Your screen should look like the figure above.

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Step by Step: Create, Customize and Print a Report

4. At the top of the field list at the right of the screen, click Resources.

5. Using the scroll box at the right of the field list box, navigate down until the Work fields are visible and then select the expand button next to Work.

6. Select the check box next to Remaining Work.

7. In the Filter box, select Resources: Work.

8. In the Sort by box, select Name.

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Step by Step: Create, Customize and Print a Report

9. Auto fit the name and Remaining Work columns (make them wider so all information fits on one line) and then center the entire table on the screen under the report name.

10. Click the File tab and then select Print. You will note that the report may not be centered on the page. This is because the previous report was on Landscape orientation.

11. In the settings section, change the orientation to Portrait.

12. Click the return arrow at the top.

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Take Note: At this point, you can print the information by clicking the Print button (the print preview is adequate for purposes of this lesson). When printing in Microsoft Project 2013, there are additional options in the Print dialog box (the Print command is accessed from the File tab). For example, you can print specific date or page ranges.

Step by Step: Create, Customize and Print a Report

13. Click the minus sign on the zoom slider at the lower right portion of the screen two or three times. Manually move the table and the report name box to the center of the page. You will note page breaks are indicated by the dashed lines.

Step by Step: Create, Customize and Print a Report

14. Click the File tab and then select Print. You will note that the report is now centered on the page.

15. SAVE the project schedule.

PAUSE. LEAVE Project open to use in the next exercise.

Printing information from a project schedule to share with stakeholders is a common activity for project managers.

Stakeholders are the people or organizations that might be affected by project activities and can range from resources working on the project to customers receiving the project deliverables.

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Reporting Project Status

Microsoft Project provides many different ways to report a project’s status in terms of budget or variance.

A key part of a project manager’s job is knowing which stakeholders need to see which details in which format.

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Step by Step: Report Project Variance with a “Stoplight” View

USE the project schedule you created in the previous exercise.

1. Click the View tab, then in the Task views group, select Other Views then select More Views. In the list select Task Sheet and then click Apply. Microsoft Project displays the Task Sheet view.

2. Select the Tables button and then click Cost.

3. Click on the Project tab, and then click the Custom Fields button. The Custom Fields dialog box appears.

4. Under the Field label at the top of the dialog box, make sure that Task is selected. In the Type box, select Number from the dropdown list.

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Step by Step: Report Project Variance with a “Stoplight” View

5. In the Field list, select Overbudget (Number3).

6. Under the Custom attributes label, click the Formula button. The Formula dialog box is displayed. The formula shown in this dialog box has been pre-entered for accuracy and to save time. Your screen should look similar to the figure below.

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Step by Step: Report Project Variance with a “Stoplight” View

The formula evaluates each task’s cost variance.

If the task is above 20 percent above baseline, the formula assigns the number 30 to the task; if it is between 20 percent and 10 and percent, a 20; and if below 10 percent, a 10. If the task does not fit within those criteria, such as the case with a milestone task which should have no costs, the formula returns a zero value.

Note: For the purposes of this project, a variance of 20 percent above baseline has been decided on by the project manager and sponsor as the maximum tolerance level.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Report Project Variance with a “Stoplight” View

7. Click Cancel to close the Formula dialog box.

8. In the Custom Fields dialog box, under the Values to display label, click the Graphical Indicators button. The Graphical Indicators dialog box appears. This dialog box enables you to specify a unique graphical indicator to display, depending on the value of a field for each task. In this usage, the values returned from the formula in the figure on slide 20 are used to assign the graphical indicator. To save time, the indicators have already been selected.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Report Project Variance with a “Stoplight” View

9. Click the first cell under the Image column heading, and then click the downarrow. Here you can see the many graphical indicators you can associate with the values of fields.

10. Click Cancel twice to close the Graphical Indicators dialog box, and then click Cancel again to close the Custom Fields dialog box.

11. Right-click the Fixed Cost column heading. Select Insert Column from the list.

12. From the keyboard, start typing the word “Over”.

Notice how Project narrows the list down as you type. You can also navigate using the scroll bar to Overbudget (Number3).

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Report Project Variance with a “Stoplight” View

Microsoft Project displays the Overbudget column in the Cost table. Your screen should look similar to the figure below.

Step by Step: Report Project Variance with a “Stoplight” View

The custom field Overbudget (Number3) displays a graphical indicator that represents one of three different levels of cost variance.

The graphical indicators will change, according to the ranges specified in the formula, as each task’s cost variance changes. This is a useful format for identifying tasks whose cost variance is higher than you would like (as indicated by the red and yellow indicators).

This makes it easy for any stakeholder to quickly scan the task list and locate tasks that need further attention.

13. SAVE the project schedule.

PAUSE. LEAVE Project open to use in the next exercise.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Report Project Variance with a “Stoplight” View

In this exercise, you used a custom field with a custom formula to create a custom stoplight report.

As a project manager, you will find many ways to present the current status of your project. Bear in mind the audience of the report. For example, you will want to present high level information to upper management. Conversely, you will want to give detailed information to the project team.

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Cross Ref: You will learn more about saving Microsoft Project data in other formats in lesson 12.

Using Visual Reports

The Visual Reports feature of Microsoft Project 2013 combines the power of Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Visio with the data of your project to create high impact, visually centered reports.

You can use a preformatted report, edit a report or create a new report that includes a specific set of fields from Microsoft Project.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Create a Visual Report

USE the project schedule you created in the previous exercise.

1. On the ribbon, click the Report tab, and then select the Visual Reports button. The Visual Reports–Create Report dialog box appears. Your screen should look like the figure at right.

2. Click the Task Usage tab, and then click Cash Flow Report.

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Step by Step: Create a Visual Report

3. In the Select level of usage data to include in the report: box, select Months.

4. Click the View button. The Visual Report engine gathers data from your project file and builds an Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) cube. The application Microsoft Excel opens and the report is presented in Chart form from a preformatted report template. Your screen should look similar to the figure above.

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Step by Step: Create a Visual Report

5. At the bottom of the Excel window, select the Task Usage sheet tab.

6. In the PivotTable Field List box, navigate to the Time field. Place your cursor on Monthly Calendar and drag it to the Rows box. Your screen should look similar to the figure at right.

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Step by Step: Create a Visual Report

7. In the PivotTable area, click the expand button next to the year 2016, to reveal all the available time data. Your screen should look similar to the figure at right.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Create a Visual Report

8. Click the Chart1 sheet tab at the bottom of the screen. Your screen should look similar to the figure at right.

9. Save the Excel visual report as Don Funk Cash Flow in your My Documents folder or another folder directed by your instructor.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Create a Visual Report

10. CLOSE Microsoft Excel.

11. CLOSE the Visual Reports Dialog box.

12. SAVE the project schedule.

PAUSE. LEAVE Project open to use in the next exercise.

In this exercise, you created a new visual report.

A visual report is a specific type of report that utilizes the combines the power of either Microsoft Excel or Microsoft Visio and the data which you have created in your project file.

The data is translated into pivot tables and graphs. You must have Microsoft Excel 2007 or newer to view the Excel reports with the Visual Reports feature.

You must have Microsoft Visio 2007 Professional or higher installed on your system to view the Visio reports. If this is not installed, the Visio reports will not be listed in the dialog box.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Customizing and Printing a View

Using a view, you can see your project schedule information on screen.

You can change what you see by customizing the view.

You can also apply these customized views to print the information on paper.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Customize and Print a Gantt Chart View

USE the project schedule you created in the previous exercise.

1. Click the View tab, then select the Gantt Chart button.

2. Click the File tab and then click Print. Microsoft Project displays print options on the left side and the Gantt Chart view in the right side, which is the Print Preview window. Your screen should look like the figure above.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Customize and Print a Gantt Chart View

3. On the Print Preview toolbar, click the Page Right and/or Page Down button to display different pages.

4. On the Print Preview toolbar, click the Multiple Pages button. Most of the pages of the Gantt Chart appears in the Print Preview window. When the multiple pages Print Preview is active the printed output is displayed on separate sheets. You navigate using the scroll control at the bottom of the Print Preview pane. The Page Right, Page Left, Page Up, and Page Down buttons are inactive. The paper size displayed is determined by your printer settings. Your screen should look similar to the figure on the next slide.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Customize and Print a Gantt Chart View

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Customize and Print a Gantt Chart View

The left side of the Print Preview Toolbar status bar should read “3 rows 3 columns.” In the Print Preview window, this means there are three rows of pages by three columns of pages, for a total of nine pages. The status bar can help you quickly determine the total number of pages your printed view will be.

5. On the Print Preview toolbar, click the One Page button. The first page of the Gantt Chart is displayed.

6. Click the Page Setup hyperlink. The Page Setup dialog box appears. This is the same dialog box that would appear if you selected the Page Setup option on the File tab.

7. Click the Header tab. You want to add the company name to the header that prints on each page.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Customize and Print a Gantt Chart View

8. There are three Alignment tabs in the center section of the Header tab box. Select Center if it is not already selected. In the General box, click Company Name and then click the Add button next to the General box. Microsoft Project places the following code into the header: &[Company]. The software also displays a preview in the Preview window of the Page Setup dialog box.

9. Click the Legend tab. You want to change some of the content of the Gantt Chart view’s legend.

10. There are three Alignment tabs in the center of the Legend tab box. Click the Left tab. Currently, Microsoft Project is formatted to print the project title and current date on the left side of the legend. You also want to print the start date and duration on the right side of the legend.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Customize and Print a Gantt Chart View

12. Click the Right Alignment tab. Click the Right Alignment box, press Enter, and then type Start: followed by a space.

13. In the General box, select Project Start Date from the dropdown list. Click the Add button next to the General box. Microsoft Project adds the label and code for the project start date to the legend.

14. Press Enter to add a second line to the legend and then type Duration: followed by a space.

15. In the Project Fields box, select Scheduled Duration from the dropdown list. Click the Add button next to the Project Fields box. Microsoft Project adds the label and code for project duration to the legend.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Customize and Print a Gantt Chart View

16. In the Width box, type or use the scroll buttons to enter 3. This increases the width of the box that appears on the left side of the legend. Your screen should look similar to the figure above.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Customize and Print a Gantt Chart View

17. Click OK to close the Page Setup dialog box. Microsoft Project applies the custom changes to the legend.

18. Move your mouse cursor to the lower left corner of the page preview (your cursor appears as a magnifying glass). Click the lower left corner of the page. Microsoft Project zooms in to show the legend. Your screen should look similar to the figure on the next slide.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Take Note: At this point, you can print the project schedule by clicking the Print button (the print preview is adequate for purposes of this lesson). When printing in Microsoft Project 2013, there are additional options in the Print dialog box (the Print command is accessed from the File tab). For example, you can print specific date or page ranges.

Step by Step: Customize and Print a Gantt Chart View

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Customize and Print a Gantt Chart View

The data you added to the legend will print on every page of the printed output.

19. Click the Task tab to return to the Gantt Chart view. Take note that although you did not print, your changes to the header and the legend will be saved when you save the project file.

20. SAVE the project schedule.

PAUSE. If you are continuing to the next lesson, keep Project open. If you are not continuing to additional lessons, CLOSE Project.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Customize and Print a Gantt Chart View

In a view, you can enter, read, edit, and print information. In a report, you can only print the information, you cannot change the data. Printing a view allows you to provide, on paper, almost everything you see on your screen. You can print any view you see in Microsoft Project, with just a few exceptions.

You cannot print form views (for instance, Task Form) or certain diagrams, such as the Relationship Diagram.

If you have two views displayed in a combination view (one view in the top pane and the other view in the bottom pane), only the view in the active pane will print.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Cross Ref: For a review of the types of views, including form views, refer back to Lesson 8.

Step by Step: Customize and Print a Gantt Chart View

In this lesson, you applied some custom formulas and graphical indicators to make it simple to review the status of tasks using the Task Sheet view.

Communicating the project status to stakeholders is one of the most important functions of a project manager and one that may occupy a significant portion of your working time.

It is imperative that the project manager know who needs to know the project status and why, as well as in what format and level of detail these people need the information.

The time to find the answers to these questions is in the initial planning stages of the project.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Customize and Print a Gantt Chart View

Once work on the project has commenced, your primary communication task will be reporting project status. This can take several forms:

Status reports describe where the project is in terms of scope, cost, and schedule. These are often referred to as the triple constraint, which is a popular model of project management.

Progress reports that provide the specific accomplishments of the project team.

Forecasts that predict future project performance.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Customize and Print a Gantt Chart View

Standard report formats may already exist if your organization is highly focused on projects and project management. If your organization does not have standard reports, you may be able to introduce project status formats that are based on clear communication and project management principles. You may be able to report project status using some of the following:

Printing the Project Overview dashboard report.

Copying Microsoft Project data to other applications. For example, you could copy the Calendar view to Microsoft Office Word or Microsoft Office PowerPoint.

Saving Microsoft Project data in other formats, such as Excel, HTML or GIF.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Customize and Print a Gantt Chart View

It is important to keep in mind that the part of the project schedule you see on your screen is only a small part of the total project. For example, to print a six-month project with 75 tasks may require more than a dozen letter-sized pages.

In general, Gantt Charts and Network Diagrams can use significant amounts of paper on large projects.

Some experienced project managers who regularly use Microsoft Project print their projects on poster-sized paper using plotters (a type of printer that draws pictures or graphs using attached pens) or other specialized printing equipment.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Step by Step: Customize and Print a Gantt Chart View

Projects with several hundred tasks or long time frames will not print legibly on letter or legal-sized paper.

To reduce the number of required pages, you can print just summary tasks or filtered data.

If you are interested in a specific timeframe, you can print just that portion of the timescale, which is the band across the top of the Gantt Chart grid that denotes units of time.

A filter could be applied to display only the information that is of interest to a specific audience. In any case, it is a good idea to preview the views you want to print.

By using the Page Setup dialog box along with the Print Preview window, you can control many features of the view to be printed. For example, you can set the number of pages on which the view will be printed, apply headers and footers, and determine content that appears in the legend of the Gantt Chart and some other views.

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

Take Note: When printing in views that contain a timescale, such as the Gantt Chart view, you can change the number of pages required by adjusting the timescale before printing. To adjust the timescale so that it shows the largest time span in the smallest number of pages, click the View tab, then in the Zoom group, click Entire Project.

Skill Summary

Microsoft Official Academic Course, Microsoft Project 2013

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Reading Assignment/Chapter17.ppt

Chapter 17

Risk Management

Basic Concept

Risk management focuses on:

Known unknowns

Proactive management

The alternative to proactive management is reactive management, also called crisis management. This requires significantly more resources and takes longer for problems to surface.

RISK MANAGEMENT

RISK MANAGEMENT FOCUSES ON THE FUTURE

RISK AND INFORMATION ARE INVERSELY RELATED

RISK MANAGEMENT (CONT.)

HISTORICALLY, WE FOCUSED OUR ATTENTIONS ON SCHEDULE AND COST RISK MANAGEMENT.

TODAY, OUR PRIMARY EMPHASIS IS ON TECHNOLOGICAL RISK MANAGEMENT:

CAN WE DESIGN IT AND BUILD IT?

WHAT IS THE RISK OF OBSOLESCENCE?

Definition Of Risk

Risk = f(Likelihood, Impact)

Likelihood is the probability of occurrence
Impact is the amount at stake

event

Tolerance For Risk

Risk avoider
Risk neutral
Risk lover

Decision-Making Categories

Complete uncertainty
Relative uncertainty (partial information)
Complete certainty

Maximin Approach

Maximax Approach

Minimax regret Approach

Insufficient Reason Approach

Developing and Using Payoff Tables

Establishing the procedure to follow

Construct the

Payoff table

Decision-making

under certainty

Decision-making

under complete

uncertainty

Decision-making

under risk

Expected Monetary Value (EMV) Approach

Expected Opportunity Loss (EOL) Approach

Expected Value of Perfect Information (EVPI) Approach

FIVE STEPS TO DEVELOP PAYOFF TABLE

List all the alternatives.
List the future consequences of each alternative.
Identify the payoffs associated with each combination.
Assess the degree of certainty that these combinations will materialize
Decide on a decision criterion.

Risk Management Processes

Risk planning
Risk assessment

Risk identification

Risk analysis/quantification

Risk handling
Risk monitoring

Developing Contingency Plans

Types Of Risks (General)

Business risks
Insurable (pure) risk

Direct property damage

Indirect consequential loss

Legal liability

Personnel

Types Of Risk (PMI Method)

External – unpredictable
External – predictable
Internal – non-technical
Internal – technical
Legal

Risk Types at Boeing

Financial risks

Market risks

Technical risks

Production risks

Risk Quantification

STAGE I

STAGE II

GUID-

ANCE

WARHEAD

COST

MANU.

TEST

DESIGN

HIGH

MEDIUM

LOW

LEGEND

PROGRAM

SUMMARY

Risk Handling

Assumption (retention)
Avoidance
Control (mitigation)
Transfer

Risk Problem-Solving

Idea Generation:
Brainstorming

Special Topics In Risk Management

Future Risks

Customer’s
Knowledge

Experienced

Inexperienced

Simple

Complex

Contract Type

Future Risks

Customer’s
Knowledge

Experienced

Inexperienced

Simple

Complex

Contract Type

INCREASING RISKS

How Much Risk Is Acceptable?

High tolerance for risk

Medium tolerance for risk

Low tolerance for risk

Degrees of Downstream Risk

R&D

Manufacturing

Marketing

Time

Low Risk

Degrees of Downstream Risk

R&D

Manufacturing

Marketing

Information Exchange

Time

Moderate Risk

Degrees of Downstream Risk

R&D

Manufacturing

Marketing

Time

High Risk

Prioritization of Risks

Schedule

Cost

Technical
Performance
or Quality

First (Highest)
Priority

Second
Priority

Third
Priority

Risk Controls

Schedule Length

Risk Controls

Appropriate

Too
Long

Low

High

Too Many
Risk Management
Filters and
Gates

No
Risk Plan

Risk Control Measures

Intensity of Controls

Risk Intensity

Standard
Controls

High

Low

Extreme

Range of Controls

Project Procedural
Documentation

Guidelines

High

Low

Tolerance for Risk

Which Method to Use?

Rigid
Policies/

Procedures

Assumption

Reduction

Transfer

Avoidance

The Risk-Reward Matrix

Low

High

Reward

Medium

Risk

High

Low

Medium

Quality of

Resources Needed

Low

Medium

High

Specification Limit
On Characteristic B

Interacting Risks

Product Feature A

Product Feature B

Desirable

Undesirable

Desirable

Poor Risk Management

Risk Planning

Technical
Inability

Customer Expectations

Actual Performance

Performance

Time

Reading Assignment/Chapter20.PPT

Chapter 20

Quality Management

Quality Drivers

Higher performance requirements

Faster product development

Higher technology levels

Materials and processes pushed to the limit

Lower contractor profit margins

Fewer defects/rejects

Market Expectations

Salability: the balance between quality and costs

Produceability: the ability to produce the product with available technology and workers, and at an acceptable cost

Social acceptability: the degree of conflict between the product or process and the values of society (i.e., safety, environment)

Operability: the degree to which a product can be operated safely

Market Expectations (Continued)

Availability: the probability that the product, when used under given conditions, will perform satisfactorily when called upon

Reliability: the probability of the product performing without failure under given conditions and for a set period of time

Maintainability: the ability of the product to be retained in or restored to a performance level when prescribed maintenance is performed

Strategic Quality Management

Quality is defined by the customer.

Quality is linked with profitability on both the market and cost sides.

Quality has become a competitive weapon.

Quality is now an integral part of the strategic planning process.

Quality requires an organization-wide commitment.

ACT

CHECK

PLAN

Immediate

Remedies

Future Actions

Objectives
Methods

Against Objectives
How Methods are

Train
Execute

The Deming Cycle For Continuous Improvement
(Also Known as The Shewhart Cycle)

Executed

Degrees of Quality

Structural (length, frequency)

Sensory (taste, beauty, appeal)

Time-oriented (reliability, maintainability)

Commercial (warrantee)

Ethical (courtesy, honesty)

Quality Expectations

Quality policy

Quality objectives

Quality assurance

Quality control

Quality audit

Quality program plan

Quality Policy

Be a statement of principles, stating what, not how

Promote consistency throughout the organization and across projects

Provide and explanation to outsiders of how the organization views quality

Provide specific guidelines for important quality matters

Provide provisions for changing/updating the policy

Quality Objectives

Be obtainable

Define specific goals

Be understandable

State specific deadlines

Quality Assurance

Identify objectives and standards

Be multifunctional and prevention oriented

Plan for collection and use data in a cycle of continuous improvement

Plan for the establishment and maintenance of performance measures

Include quality audits

Quality Control

Select what to control

Set standards that provide the basis for decisions regarding possible corrective action

Establish the measurement methods used

Compare the actual results to the quality standards

Act to bring nonconforming processes and material back to the standard based on the information collected

Quality Control (Continued)

Monitor and calibrate measuring devices

Include detailed documentation for all processes

Quality Audit

The planned quality for the project will be met.

The products are safe and fit for use.

All pertinent laws and regulations are followed.

Data collection and distribution systems are accurate and adequate.

Proper corrective action is taken when required.

Improvement opportunities are identified.

Quality Plan

Identify all of the organization’s external and internal customers

Cause the design of a process that produces the features desired by the customer

Bring in suppliers early in the process

Cause the organization to be responsive to changing customer needs

Prove that the process is working and that quality goals are being met

Prevention: cost associated

with design and planning

of a quality control (QC)

program

Appraisal: costs involved

in the direct appraisal of

quality both in the plant

and in the field

Internal failure: costs

directly related to the

occurrence of defective

production within the plant

External failure: costs

associated with the failure

of a product or service in

the field

QC administration and

systems planning

Quality training

Quality planning (QC

engineering work)

Incoming, in-process,

final inspection, and

test planning

Special processes

planning

Quality data analysis

and feedback

Procurement planning

Vendor surveys, audit

and surveillance

planning

Reliability studies

Design and development

of quality measurement

and control equipment

Qualification of material

Testing

Inspection

Quality audits

Incoming test and

inspection and laboratory

acceptance

Checking labor

Laboratory or other

measurement service

Setup for test and

inspection

Test and inspection

material

Outside endorsements

Maintenance and

calibration

Product engineering

review and shipping

release

Field Testing

Scrap, at full shop cost

Rework, at full shop cost

Scrap and rework, fault of

vendor

Material procurement

Factory contact

engineering

QC investigations (of

failures)

Material review activity

Repair and troubleshooting

Complaints and loss of

customer good will

Warranty cost

Field maintenance and

product service

Returned material

processing and repair

Replacement inventories

Strained distributor

relations

Cost of Quality (COQ)
Definitions & Examples

Check Sheets

Agree on what is being observed
Decide on time period
Design form
Collect data

Problem

Month

Total

||||

TOTAL

Cause-And-Effect Analysis

METHOD

LOCATION

PEOPLE

MATERIAL

TESTING

CAUSE

EFFECT

MACHINE

PROBLEM

Cause-And-Effect Analysis (With “Bones” Inserted)

MACHINE

PROBLEM

SPEED TOO SLOW

SPEED TOO FAST

LOOSE

FITTINGS

WORN

CUTTER

EXCESSIVE

GEAR WEAR

Histogram

FREQUENCY

From Histogram To Pareto

FREQUENCY

Histogram

Pareto (Chosen Few)

Pareto Analysis

BEFORE

AFTER

FREQUENCY

Scatter Diagram

TEST SCORES, %

YEARS OF EXPERIENCE

Scatter Plot Correlation

NO CORRELATION

CURVILINEAR CORRELATION

POSITIVE CORRELATION

NEGATIVE CORRELATION

Scatter Charts That Correlate Well Are Also Referred To As Trend Charts.

The Bell-Shaped Curve

-1

-2

-3

68 %

95 %

99.73 %

RANGE

AREA

68 %

95 %

99.73 %

Control Chart

UPPER SPECIFICATION LIMIT

LOWER SPECIFICATION LIMIT

UPPER CONTROL LIMIT

LOWER CONTROL LIMIT

CENTER LINE OF PROCESS

-3

Normal Distribution Attributes

SPECIFICATIONRANGE (+/-	PERCENT WITHIN RANGE	DEFECTS PER BILLION PARTS
1	68.27	317,300,000
2	95.45	45,400,000
3	99.73	2,700,000
4	99.9937	63,000
5	99.999943	57
6	99.9999998	2

Common Cause Variability

Common cause variability or variation: This source of random variation is always present in any process. It is that part of the variability inherent in the process itself. The cause of this variation can be corrected only by a management decision to change the basic process.

Common Cause Variability
(Continued)

Special cause variability or variation: This variation can be controlled at the local or operational level. Special causes are indicated by a point on the control chart that is beyond the control limit or by a persistent trend approaching the control limit.

Process Capability

USL - LSL

Capability Index

CL – NEAREST SPEC LIMIT

Sampling Plans

Single sampling: This is the acceptance or rejection of a lot based upon one sampling run.

Double sampling: A small sample size is tested. If the results are not conclusive, then a second sample is tested.

Multiple sampling: This process requires the sampling of several small lots.

Sampling Risks

Producer’s risk: This is called the  (alpha) risk or type I error. This is the risk to the producer that a good lot will be rejected.

Consumer’s risk: This is called the  (beta) risk or type II error. This is the consumer’s risk of accepting a bad lot.

Quality Circle Elements

They give a team effort.

They are completely voluntary.

Employees are trained in group dynamics, motivation, communications, and problem solving.

Members rely upon each other for help.

Management support is active but as needed.

Creativity is encouraged.

Management listens to recommendations.

Quality Benefits

Improved quality of products and services

Better organizational communications

Improved worker performance

Improved morale

Cost of Waste

Rejects of completed work

Design flaws

Work in progress

Improperly instructed manpower

Excess or noncontributing management (who still charge time to the project)

Improperly assigned manpower

Improper utilization of facilities

Excessive expenses that do not necessarily contribute to the project (i.e., unnecessary meetings, travel, lodgings, etc.)