HISTORIC FIGURES

Disclaimer: These paragraphs were taken directly from websites and blended with other

stuff…so there are not proper citations. We do not claim these descriptions as original

work. So verify, verify, verify!

ANCIENT HISTORY

Aristotle Aristotle was born in Macedonia in 384 B.C.E. In 366, he moved to Athens and entered the

Academy to study under Plato. Plato regarded Aristotle as a brilliant student and nicknamed him

“the Mind.” In approximately 344, Philip of Macedonia appointed Aristotle to tutor his son,

Alexander. This is the same Alexander who would go on to conquer Greece, Persia, and become

known as Alexander the Great. With Alexander’s help, Aristotle founded the Lyceum in Athens,

which served as both as a school and research institution. The Lyceum was a student-run school

in which the students performed all of the administrative duties. Students also conducted

research in the first known zoo and botanical garden.

Aristotle’s influence on world cannot be underestimated. His sharp mind took on all manner of

topics including the natural and medical sciences, the humanities, political philosophy,

metaphysics, and the practice of education. Notably, Aristotle wrote at length about leisure, its

nature, and uses within society. Aristotle’s discussion of leisure often serves as the basis of what

many leisure scholars call the classical ideal of leisure.

Aristotle discusses leisure as one of the most virtuous activities that an individual can engage in.

Obviously, when Aristotle speaks of leisure, he is often speaking of a different concept than we

associate with the term leisure in contemporary society. What then are the similarities between

leisure as Aristotle understood it and the term leisure that we use today? Are his ideas about

leisure still relevant in contemporary society?

Emperor Tiberius

Tiberius Claudius Nero was the Roman Emperor from 14AD to 37. Tiberius was the son

of Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla. In the leisure field, he is best known for providing

an array of entertainment opportunities to the Roman people. Not only did Emperor Tiberius

stage events at the famed Roman Coliseum, but also at the Roman Forum. Tiberius was famous

for staging lavish events centered around physical activity (gladiatorial contest), as well as the

arts (theater performances).

Socrates

A classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy.

He is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers, especially the

writings of his students Plato and Xenophon and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes.

Socrates believed the best way for people to live was to focus on the pursuit of virtue rather than

the pursuit, for instance, of material wealth. He always invited others to try to concentrate more

on friendships and a sense of true community, for Socrates felt this was the best way for people

to grow together as a populace. His actions lived up to this: in the end, Socrates accepted his

death sentence when most thought he would simply leave Athens, as he felt he could not run

away from or go against the will of his community; as mentioned above, his reputation for valor

on the battlefield was without reproach. The idea that there are certain virtues formed a common

thread in Socrates' teachings. These virtues represented the most important qualities for a person

to have, foremost of which were the philosophical or intellectual virtues. Socrates stressed that

"the unexamined life is not worth living [and] ethical virtue is the only thing that matters”.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates#Virtue

Plato Plato was born in Athens, Greece in the year 427 B.C.E. He was raised in an aristocratic

household and groomed for a life in public service. As a young man, Plato became a student of

Socrates. Socrates’ passionate pursuit of wisdom left an indelible impression on Plato. He

abandoned his family’s political ambitions and devoted his life to the study and practice of

philosophy.

As a young man, Plato traveled extensively throughout the Mediterranean world. He studied

natural philosophy (science), mathematics, religion, and political philosophy among other

subjects. In 387, Plato returned to Athens where he founded the Academy, which is thought to

be the original template for the modern university. In addition to philosophy, students at the

Academy studied science, art, and religion. The goal of Plato’s Academy was to educate the

future leaders of Athens.

Plato’s arguments about a number of philosophical and political issues are given in his book, The

Republic. In it, Plato describes his vision for a just and harmonious society and the role that

leisure ought to play in such a society. His treatment of leisure influenced his pupil, Aristotle,

who discussed leisure in more depth.

Epicurious Epicurus was one of the major philosophers in the Hellenistic period, the three centuries

following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE. Epicurious is a member of the

Aristotelian line of philosophers made significant contributions to the fields of metaphysics,

epistemology, and ethics. Most pertinent to the study of leisure is Epicurious’s assertion that

ethics ought to be based on the pursuit of pleasure, otherwise known as hedonism. His

philosophical preference for hedonism is often misinterpreted and may still have considerable

application to contemporary life.

DARK, MIDDLE AGES, RENAISSANCE

John Locke John Locke was an English philosopher and physician and regarded as one of the most

influential of Enlightenment thinkers. He is also known as the "Father of Classical Liberalism".

Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Sir Francis

Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work greatly affected the

development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings

influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as

the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are

reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence.

Locke defines the self as "that conscious thinking thing, (whatever substance, made up of

whether spiritual, or material, simple, or compounded, it matters not) which is sensible, or

conscious of pleasure and pain, capable of happiness or misery, and so is concerned for itself, as

far as that consciousness extends". He does not, however, ignore "substance", writing that "the

body too goes to the making the man

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke

Benedictine Order Roman Catholic religious order of independent monastic communities that observe the Rule of

Saint Benedict. Each community (monastery, priory or abbey) within the order maintains its

own autonomy, while the order itself represents their mutual interests. The terms "Order of Saint

Benedict" and "Benedictine Order" are, however, also used to refer to Benedictine

communities in total, sometimes giving the incorrect impression that there exists

a motherhouse with jurisdiction over them.

The Benedictine monk should have three notable traits in his character. He should be genuine

and authentic in his search for God. He should have a love of the Eucharist and the Liturgy of the

Hours. And he should be obedient and able to fit into the daily round of community life

Sources: http://www.sbabbey.com/vocations.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict

Edward Hulme Frederick Edward Hulme (1841–1909) was known as a teacher and an amateur botanist. He was

the Professor of Freehand and Geometrical Drawing at King's College London from 1886. His

most famous work was Familiar Wild Flowers which was issued in nine volumes.

Hulme was an amateur botanist, antiquarian and natural historian and in 1869 he was elected a

Fellow of the Linnean Society. He was drawing master at Marlborough until 1883.

He was the Professor of Freehand and Geometrical Drawing at King's College London from

1886. Drawing was not part of the standard curriculum at Kings, but as was common in many

colleges, students could enroll for an additional course in drawing with Hulme. In the preceding

year he had become a lecturer to the Agricultural Association.

Botany seems not to be his only interest as he also published a book on Cryptography

(Cryptography, the History, Principles, and Practice of Cipher-Writing) - a brief history and an

explanation of various techniques of cryptography to his day (end of 19th century).

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Edward_Hulme

Pieter Breughel Pieter Bruegel (also Brueghel) the Elder (Dutch: [ˈpitər ˈbrøːɣəl]; c. 1525 – 9 September 1569)

was a Flemish Renaissance painter and printmaker known for his landscapes and peasant scenes

(so called genre painting). He is sometimes referred to as the "Peasant Bruegel". From 1559, he

dropped the "h" from his name and signed his paintings as Bruegel.

He received the nickname "Peasant Bruegel" or "Bruegel the Peasant" for his practice of dressing

up like a peasant in order to socialize at weddings and other celebrations, thereby gaining

inspiration and authentic details for his genre paintings. He died in Brussels on 9 September

1569 and was buried in the Kapellekerk.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder

Michel de Montaigne Michel de Montaigne was one of the most influential philosophers of the French Renaissance,

known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre. He became famous for his effortless ability

to merge serious intellectual exercises with casual anecdotes and autobiography—and his

massive volume Essais (translated literally as "Attempts" or "Trials") contains, to this day, some

of the most influential essays ever written.

Though not a scientist, Montaigne made observations on topics in psychology. In his

essays, he developed and explained his observations of these topics. His thoughts and ideas

covered topics such as thought, motivation, fear, happiness, child education, experience, and

human action. Montaigne’s ideas have had an impact on psychology and are a part of

psychology’s rich history.

Experience was also a key element to learning for Montaigne. Tutors needed to teach

students through experience rather than through the mere memorization of knowledge often

practiced in book learning. He argued that students would become passive adults; blindly

obeying and lacking the ability to think on their own. Nothing of importance would be retained

and no abilities would be learned. He believed that learning through experience was superior to

learning through the use of books. For this reason he encouraged tutors to educate their students

through practice, travel, and human interaction. In doing so, he argued that students would

become active learners, who could claim knowledge for themselves.

Montaigne’s views on child education continue to have an influence in the present.

Variations of Montaigne’s ideas on education are incorporated into modern learning in some

ways. He argued against the popular way of teaching in his day, encouraging individualized

learning. He believed in the importance of experience over book learning and memorization.

Ultimately, Montaigne postulated that the point of education was to teach a student how to have

a successful life by practicing an active and socially interactive lifestyle

Source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne#Montaigne.27s_influence_on_psychology

PROTESTANT REFORMATION

Phillippe Pinel Born in Languedoc, France. A French physician, Phillippe Pinel is a highly regarded

contributor to the field of psychiatry. He received degrees from the faculty of medicine in

Toulouse and Montpellier. In 1778, he relocated to Paris, yet was unable to practice medicine

due to the restrictions of the medical community. He spent fifteen years working as a writer,

translator, and editor. During this time, he began an intensive study of mental illness due to his

friend’s mental health issues and suicide. He found a job at a well-known private sanatorium for

individuals with mental illnesses. While there, he gathered observations on insanity and began

formulating his views on mental illnesses. He had great concerns about the maltreatment of

individuals with mental illnesses. After the French Revolution, Pinel took over the Bicêtre

insane asylum and became a strong advocate for humane treatment of individuals with mental

illness and lower socioeconomic status. His “moral treatment” approach included the use of

purposeful recreation, sunny rooms for patients, exercise on the grounds, and work experiences.

Carter, M.J., Van Andel, G.E., & Robb, G.M. (2003). Therapeutic recreation: A

practical approach (3rd edition). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Pinel

Martin Luther Martin Luther was a German friar, Catholic priest, professor of theology and seminal figure of

the 16th-century movement in Christianity known later as the Protestant Reformation. Initially

an Augustinian friar, Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman

Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin

could be purchased with money. He confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel, a Dominican

friar, with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand

of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521

resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.

Martin Luther is one of the most influential and controversial figures in the Reformation

movement. His actions fractured the Roman Catholic Church into new sects of Christianity and

set in motion reform within the Church. A prominent theologian, his desire for people to feel

closer to God led him to translate the Bible into the language of the people, radically changing

the relationship between church leaders and their followers.

Source: http://www.biography.com/people/martin-luther-9389283#legacy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther#cite_note-Plass-2

John Calvin Born in France in 1509, theologian/ecclesiastical statesman John Calvin was Martin Luther's

successor as the preeminent Protestant theologian. Calvin made a powerful impact on the

fundamental doctrines of Protestantism, and is widely credited as the most important figure in

the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. As Martin Luther's successor as the preeminent Protestant theologian, Calvin was known for an intellectual, unemotional approach to

faith that provided Protestantism's theological underpinnings.

Calvin thought that agriculture and the traditional crafts were normal human activities. With

regard to trade and the financial world he was more liberal than Luther, but both were strictly

opposed to usury. However, Calvin allowed the charging of modest interest rates on loans. Like

the other Reformers Calvin understood work as a means through which the believers expressed

their gratitude to God for their redemption in Christ and as a service to their neighbors.

Everybody was obliged to work; loafing and begging were rejected. The idea that economic

success was a visible sign of God's grace played only a minor role in Calvin's thinking.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin

COLONIAL PERIOD

Benjamin Rush Born in the Byberry Township near Philadelphia. Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of

Independence and a close friend of Presidents Jefferson, Franklin, and Adams. He studied

medicine as an apprentice to John Redman, the most prominent physician in Philadelphia. He

attended lectures at the medical school at the College of Philadelphia, yet completed his medical

education in Europe at Edinburgh, London, and Paris. In 1769, he returned to America and

accepted the professorship of chemistry at the medical school of the College of Philadelphia. He

became first superintendent of the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia, as well as the most

famous American physician and medical teacher of his generation. His Medical Inquiries and

Observations, Upon the Diseases of the Mind, 1812, a standard reference for seventy years,

earned him the title of "the father of American psychiatry."

As a pioneer in the study and treatment of mental illness, Rush insisted that the insane had a right

to be treated with respect. He protested the inhumane treatment of the insane at Pennsylvania

Hospital. When he received an inadequate response to his complaints from the hospital's Board

of Managers, Rush took his case to the public at large. In 1792 he was successful in getting state

funding for a ward for the insane. He is credited with recognizing the therapeutic values of

recreation activities for people with psychiatric illnesses.

Carter, M.J., Van Andel, G.E., & Robb, G.M. (2003). Therapeutic recreation: A

practical approach (3rd edition). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.

http://www.benjaminrush.com/

William Tuke Born in York, England into a leading York Society of Friends (Quaker) family. William Tuke

was an English merchant and philanthropist that became successful in his family’s tea and coffee

merchant business at an early age. He also devoted much of his time to the pursuit of

philanthropy. In 1796, he founded the York Retreat for individuals with mental illness. This

influential institution promoted the intelligent and humane care of the insane and refused to use

excessive restraints that were common during this time. This became a model program for other

private hospitals. This program and others used activities, such as gardening, needle-craft, chess,

walking, talking with others, social gatherings, and reading. The success of the York Retreat led

to more stringent legislation protecting the interests of individuals with mental illnesses. His

son, grandson, and two great-grandsons also became involved in the York Retreat and

philanthropic work, thus contributing further to the humane treatment of individuals with mental

illnesses.

Carter, M.J., Van Andel, G.E., & Robb, G.M. (2003). Therapeutic recreation: A

practical approach (3rd edition). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/tuke_william.shtml

Bridget Bishop Bridget Bishop was the first person to be executed during the Salem witchcraft trials. In Salem

folklore, she is portrayed as a feisty, fun-loving, lusty, innkeeper who can't seem to keep herself

out of trouble. She may have been accused because she owned one or more taverns, played

shuffleboard, dressed in very provocative clothing, and was outspoken. Recently, historians have

painted a somewhat different picture, owing to the confusion with Sarah Bishop who also

appears in the court records of the witch trials. Indisputably, the Bridget Bishop who was tried

and hanged possessed a quick wit and independent spirit that could not be crushed by the court

of Oyer and Terminer.

Junipero Serra Serra, who established nine of California’s 21 Spanish missions, is both a revered and a

controversial figure in the state’s history. He is lauded for his saintly virtues, which included

piety and a fierce determination to bring Christianity to the natives of California.

But he has also been denounced by some American Indians because Spanish rule destroyed the

Indian culture in California. They say the missions under his control were agents of Spanish

imperialism, and that he mistreated native people. Junipero Serra was born on the Spanish island

of Mallorca in 1713 as Miquel Josep Serra Ferrer. He joined the Franciscan order as a young

man and took the name “Junipero” in honor of St. Juniper, a companion of St. Francis of Assisi.

MODERN ERA: 19th Century

John Muir Born in Dunbar, Scotland in 1838. His family immigrated to Wisconsin in 1849 and he spent

most of his time working, rather than attending school. Muir was very interested in learning and

although he attended the University of Wisconsin, he never completed a college degree. He was

an environmentalist, naturalist, traveler, writer, inventor, and scientist. Following an injury that

caused him to temporarily lose his vision, he began wondering, hiking, and exploring nature.

After long travels across the United States in search of ‘any place that is wild,’ he found

Yosemite Valley in California. He stayed in Yosemite for years and devoted his life to studying

and protecting its natural habitat. He is probably best remembered as one of the greatest

champions of Yosemite’s natural wonders.

Muir contributed to wilderness preservation by championing the idea that wilderness had

spiritual as well as economic value. He also advocated for the preservation of natural areas for

reasons of mental health. He stated, “Come to the woods, for here is rest. There is no repose like

that of the green deep woods. Here grow the wallflower and the violet. The squirrel will come

and sit upon your knee, the log cock will wake you in the morning. Sleep in forgetfulness of all

ill. Of all the upness accessible to mortals, there is no upness comparable to the mountains." His

works include The Mountains of California, Our National Parks, My First Summer in the Sierra,

Steep Trails, Stickeen, and others. In 1976, the California Historical Society voted Muir as ‘The

Greatest Californian.”

Florence Nightingale Born in Florence, Italy. Educated by her wealthy father in Greek, Latin, French, German, Italian,

history, philosophy, and math, Florence Nightingale decided she wanted to become a nurse at the

age of twenty-five. Her parents were opposed to this, as they associated nursing with working

class women. Regardless, she still has a strong desire to be in the medical field. She was

fortunate to meet Elizabeth Blackwell, the first women to become a doctor in the United States,

who encouraged her to keep pursuing her dreams. In 1851, Nightingale’s father gave her

permission to train as a nurse. She went to Kaiserwerth, Germany where she studied to become

a nurse at the Institute of Protestant Deaconesses. She then became resident lady superintendent

of a hospital for women with mental illnesses in London. During the Crimean War in 1953, a

large number of soldiers began suffering from cholera and malaria. After some resistance,

Nightingale volunteered her services to help and she and a team of thirty-eight nurses went to

Turkey to assist the soldiers. She soon became appalled at the circumstances and living

conditions for the injured and ill soldiers. Again, she received lack of support and resistance, yet

Nightingale did not give up and eventually became responsible for reorganizing the barracks

hospital and dramatically improved the sanitation issues. She created classrooms, reading

rooms, and recreation huts for soldiers. She encouraged the use of music and pets in treatment,

and also advocated the importance of objects and colors in treatment settings. In 1856, she

returned to England as a highly regarded national heroine. She is recognized as the pioneer of

modern nursing. Her work eventually resulted in the formation of the Army Medical College.

Carter, M.J., Van Andel, G.E., & Robb, G.M. (2003). Therapeutic recreation: A

practical approach (3rd edition). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REnightingale.htm

Thorsten Veblen Veblen was born to immigrant parents in the town of Cato, Wisconsin in 1857. After receiving

his PhD from Yale in 1884, Veblen went on to teach at the University of Chicago, Stanford,

University, and the New School for Social Research in New York.

Veblen wrote on an abundance of topics, among them leisure and the leisure class. He wrote at

length about what he considered to be a parasitic relationship between the leisure class, those

who owned businesses and capital, and the industrious class, those individuals who produced

goods. Veblen introduced the concept of ‘conspicuous consumption’ into academic and popular

discourse, and his work continues to influence contemporary leisure scholars.

Frederick Law Olmsted Born in Hartford, Connecticut in 1822. As a landscape architect, Olmsted was appointed the

superintendent of Central Park during its design stage in 1857. With his partner, Calvert Vaux,

he designed the 843-acre park and oversaw its development. The National Park Service has

called Olmsted, “the founder of American landscape architecture and the nation’s foremost park

maker.” In 1861, Olmsted obtained a leave of absence from his duties at Central Park so that he

could serve as the Executive Secretary of United States Sanitary Commission, an early version of

the Red Cross.

Later, he and Vaux developed major parks in Brooklyn, Buffalo, and Louisville. In 1883,

Olmsted started his own firm and continued developing parks. Some of his well-known parks

include, Boston’s ‘Emerald Necklace’ of green spaces. He also helped redesign the U.S. Capitol

grounds in 1870 and the 1893 World’s Fair in Chicago. One of his last grand developments was

120,000 acre Biltmore Estate near Asheville, North Carolina. In 1895, his health declined and

he turned his firm over to his son. Unfortunately, soon after his retirement he became senile and

had to be confined to the McLean Hospital in Waverly, MA. Ironically, Olmsted had designed

the grounds of the institution.

Bertrand Russell Bertrand Russell was born into the political aristocracy of Victorian England in 1872. He was

raised by his grandmother and educated by private tutors and governesses. As a young man,

Russell attended Trinity College in Cambridge and graduated with honors in philosophy. He

went on to study social democracy in Germany and mathematics in Italy. Throughout his career,

Bertrand Russell served several academic appointments at Trinity College, Harvard University,

Peking University, and the City College of New York. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for

literature in 1950.

Bertrand Russell is widely recognized as one of the most influential analytic philosophers of the

twentieth century. While his contributions in the areas of logic, mathematics, and analytic

philosophy were extremely important, Russell is often better known for his scholarship on topics

such as politics, religion, and even leisure. Throughout his life, Russell sparked controversy for

his protests against war, most notably the Vietnam War, and against the proliferation of nuclear

weapons.

Henry David Thoreau Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817 in Concord, Massachusetts. He lived most of his in Concord,

including the two years he spent at Walden Pond, which is about a fifteen minutes walk from

Concord.

Thoreau graduated from Harvard University in 1837 and held various positions over the years

from school teacher to land surveyor to factory worker. He is most famous for the book Walden

or Life in the Woods, which describes the two years he spent living simply on Walden Pond.

Thoreau is also well known for his essay entitled “Civil Disobedience,” which was purportedly

composed during a night spent in jail for not having paid his poll taxes. Thoreau is often

considered the first American environmentalist, and he wrote extensively about humanity’s

relationship with the natural world. Additionally, several of his essays focus on leisure,

especially as related to the use of one’s time.

Luther Gulick Luther Gulick was born December 4, 1865 in Honolulu, Hawaii. He grew up to become a

physician and one of the founding members of the Playground Association of America, an

organization which would become the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA). In

1887, Gulick began the first summer program for the training of gymnasium instructors. He also

went on to direct all of the physical education programs for all of the YMCAs in the United

States and Canada, and was the founder of the Camp Fire Girls of America.

Gulick saw recreation as a means for combating various social ills, ranging from poverty to

illness to crime. In his mind, recreation was not trivial, but served important developmental and

social purposes. While Gulick felt that recreation for adults served to restore their ability to be

productive members of society, he felt that recreation and play for children served to foster their

growth and development.

Joseph Lee Lee was born into a prominent family in Boston, Massachusetts in 1862. He graduated from

Harvard Law School in 1887, but never practiced law. Instead, Lee went on to become what we

would consider today to be a social worker and social reformer. Disturbed by the sight of young

boys being hauled off to jail for playing in the streets, Lee created the first playground in Boston

on an abandoned lot. He went on to design playgrounds throughout Boston that served as

models for the development of urban playgrounds across the country.

Throughout his life, Lee continued to extol the benefits of recreation and play. He went on to

design training programs for recreation leaders as well as recreation programs for US military

personnel. Along with Luther Gulick and Jane Addams, Lee founded the Playground

Association of America. Due to his pioneering work in the field of recreation and leisure

services, Joseph Lee is often affectionately referred to as the “grandfather of play.”

Jane Addams Jane Addams founded the world famous social settlement Hull-House on Chicago's Near West

Side in 1889. From Hull House, where she lived and worked until her death in 1935, Jane

Addams built her reputation as the country's most prominent woman through her writing, her

settlement work, and her international efforts for world peace.

Around Hull-House, which was located at the corner of Polk and Halsted Streets, immigrants to

Chicago crowded into a residential and industrial neighborhood. Italians, Russian and Polish

Jews, Irish, Germans, Greeks and Bohemians predominated. Jane Addams and the other

residents of the settlement provided services for the neighborhood, such as kindergarten and

daycare facilities for children of working mothers, an employment bureau, an art gallery,

libraries, and music and art classes. By 1900 Hull House activities had broadened to include the

Jane Club (a cooperative residence for working women), the first Little Theater in America, a

Labor Museum and a meeting place for trade union groups.

Jane Addams wrote prolifically on topics related to Hull-House activities, producing eleven

books and numerous articles, as well as maintaining an active speaking schedule nationwide and

throughout the world. She also played an important role in many local and national

organizations. As a result of her work, she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.

http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/ja_bio.html

Josef Pieper Josef Pieper was born in the small, isolated village of Elte, Germany in 1904. He was raised to

appreciate the value of an education as his father was the only teacher in the village school. As a

young man, Pieper attended the Gymnasium Paulinum, one of the oldest schools in Germany.

He went on to the University of Munster and studied philosophy, law, and sociology. As a

young scholar, Pieper sought to bring Greek philosophy and the work Thomas Aquinas to bear

on modern sociological problems. His ability to pursue his scholarship was stifled in 1934 when

the Nazi Regime came to power and prohibited the publication of any religious materials.

Pieper’s scholarly career paused until the conclusion of World War II and the dissolution of the

Nazi Regime.

In the postwar era, Pieper went on to write Leisure: The Basis of Culture, which many consider

to be his greatest work. In it, he argues that all of the great institutions of culture, such as

religion, philosophy, government, and the arts, developed as a result of leisure. Pieper goes on to

describe what he sees as the degradation of leisure in contemporary culture. He suggests that

unless we learn to cultivate and appreciate leisure, we will destroy our culture and ourselves.

Jacob Riis Born in Ribe, Denmark in 1849. Riis emigrated to New York as a young man and began

working for the New York Tribune in 1877. He worked as a pioneer investigative journalist and

a police reporter. In the 1880’s, Riis began focusing his work on the immigrant reform

movement in New York. His book, How the Other Half Lives, pioneered photojournalism and

contributed to the reform that brought about better living conditions for immigrants. His good

friend, Theodore Roosevelt held Riis in very high esteem and offered him positions of power and

influence in his administration. Riis blended reform, reporting, and photography to continue

helping immigrants in New York.

Jacob Riis was instrumental in New York City’s 1.8 million dollar purchase of a little more than

two and a half acres in a tenement, which would eventually become Seward Park. This park

included play apparatus, a wading pool, a gymnasium with changing rooms, game areas, and

seats for spectators. In 1906, the Playground Association of America was established in

Washington, D.C. and Riis was named honorary vice president. Jacob Riis Park on the Rockway

Peninsula, part of the Gateway National Recreation Area in New York, is named for him.

Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt (TR) was born on October 27, 1858 in New York City. In a move that

shocked family and friends, TR chose to pursue politics after graduating from Harvard

University in 1880. In addition to an ambitious political career, Roosevelt was also a published

author. He maintained two cattle ranches in what was then called the Dakota Territory, and

much of his writing was inspired by his exploits in the ‘Wild West.’

Roosevelt’s political career steadily tracked upwards until he was elected Vice President of the

United States on the presidential ticket of William McKinley. On September 6, 1901, President

McKinley was assassinated and Roosevelt became the 26th and youngest president of the United

States. In 1905, he was elected to serve a second full term as president. His accomplishments as

president place him in the company of this country’s greatest leaders. In 1905, Roosevelt was

the first American awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to end the Russo-Japanese War.

He was the first president to fly in an airplane, to own a car, and to host an African-American at

the White House. He established the Panama Canal, founded the United States Forest Service,

and by presidential order established 18 national monuments and 51 national bird sanctuaries.

Roosevelt’s political and literary careers reflect enduring passion for wild places. His passions

included hiking, horseback riding, hunting, rowing, and football. More so than any other

American president, Roosevelt is associated with an appreciation and preservation of the United

States’ natural heritage.

MODERN ERA

Edward Abbey Edward Abbey was born in the town of Indiana, Pennsylvania on January 29, 1927. Abbey grew

up in the nearby town of Home, Pennsylvania where his parents owned a small farm. After a

short stint in the military and a couple years at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Abbey

headed out West and was introduced to the object of his life’s passion: the desert. After moving

out West, Abbey enrolled in and received graduate and post-graduate degrees from the

University of New Mexico. He spent the duration of his life working as a part-time ranger and

writing about the West. By the time of his death in 1989, Abbey had penned twenty-one books

and essays about his adventures in the western United States.

Abbey’s most famous works include Desert Solitaire, Down the River, and The Monkey Wrench

Gang. As a collection, Edward Abbey’s work argues for the importance of wild places, our

relationship to them, and the adventures that can take place in these places. Despite a career as a

part-time employee of various public land management agencies, Abbey carried on a running

critique of the government’s management of our country’s natural resources. He was emphatic

that development, both public and private, was destroying the West’s wild places. Abbey’s

passion for the natural wonders of the West spawned a resurgence in the environmental

movement that persists to this day.

Jack Kerouac Jack Kerouac was born to French Canadian parents in Lowell, Massachusetts on March 12,

1922. He grew-up amid the poverty of the Great Depression and suffered the loss of his older

brother when Jack was only four years old. From an early age, Kerouac showed a proclivity for

the printed word and read everything he could get his hands on. His bookishness was tempered

by an athletic talent that earned him a football scholarship to Columbia University in New York.

Kerouac spent some time in England during World War II as a result of service in the Navy and

the Merchant Marines. Upon returning the New York and Columbia, he met and befriended a

group of writers and poets, who had a profound influence on Kerouac’s career as a writer. Allen

Ginsberg, Lucien Carr, William S. Burroughs, and Neal Cassidy, along with Kerouac, formed

the nucleus of what would later be called the Beat Generation. Kerouac’s adventures with this

group served as the basis of his most famous works including On The Road, The Dharma Bums,

and Big Sur.

Kerouac characterized the Beat Generation as being weary of, or literally beaten down by, the

harsh realities of a world that had witnessed two world wars and a major economic depression.

In response, Kerouac’s work describes a rebellion against the consumerism and suburbanism of

the 1950s. The spontaneity, hedonism, and adventures of Kerouac’s characters served as a

precursor to the counter-culture movement of the 1960s and 1970s.

Staffan Linder Linder (1931-2000) was a Swedish economist who held positions at both Columbia and Yale

University.

Linder’s contribution to leisure studies came from his book entitled The Harried Leisure Class.

In it, he discusses the influence of consumption and production on the modern experience of

leisure. Linder challenged traditional economic theories that often ignored the influence of time

on economic transactions. His ideas led to the concepts of time deepening and time scarcity and

presaged the work of later scholars such as Juliet Schor and Benjamin Hunnicutt.

CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY

Herbert Brantley Dr. Herbert Brantley, Professor Emeritus, Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management,

Clemson, was that department's first Head, serving for 21 years. His scholarly interests focus

upon the ethics of resource allocation and environmental management. Dr. Brantley has served

as President of NRPA and SPRE, Chair of the NRPA-AALR Council on Accreditation, and is

also a member of AAPRA. He has served as member of the Health Education Authority of the

South Carolina Commission on Higher Education, member of the South Carolina Commission

for Parks, Recreation and Tourism, and member and Chairman of the Pendleton District

Historical and Recreation Commission. He founded the PRTM department at Clemson

University.

William Hammitt Dr. William Hammitt's principal research interests are recreation behavior and preferences of

visitors to wildland environments. Specialty areas include the environmental psychology of

privacy-solitude, place bonding, and visual preferences within wildland settings and places. He is

senior author of the textbook, Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management (2 ed.), and co-

author of Research Methods for Leisure, Recreation and Tourism. Bill has authored or co-

authored over 150 research articles, and has served as an associate editor for Leisure Sciences,

Journal of Leisure Research, and the Journal of Interpretation Research. Teaching recreation

resource management and graduate research are special interests, resulting in two Senior

Fulbright Fellowships being awarded. Dr. Hammitt was a past President of the Academy of

Leisure Sciences and a recipient of the National Parks and Recreation Association's Theodore

and Franklin Roosevelt Research Excellence Award. He was on the faculty at the University of

Tennessee for twelve years before going to Clemson University.

Ken Burns Kenneth Lauren "Ken" Burns (born July 29, 1953) is an American director and producer of

documentary films, known for his style of using archival footage and photographs. His most

widely known documentaries are The Civil War (1990), Baseball (1994), Jazz (2001), The War

(2007), The National Parks: America's Best Idea (2009), Prohibition (2011), The Central Park

Five (2012), and The Roosevelts (2014). Burns' documentaries have been nominated for two

Academy Awards and have won Emmy Awards, among other honors.

Shelton Johnson Shelton Johnson (b. 1958 Detroit, Michigan) is a ranger with the National Park Service, assigned

to Yosemite National Park as of 2010. As of that year, he had worked in Yosemite for 17 years

of his 24 year career. He began his career in Yellowstone National Park in 1987.[1] He appeared

in the Ken Burns documentary film The National Parks: America's Best Idea broadcast on PBS

starting September 17, 2009, and was called the "unexpected star" of the mini-series.[2] Johnson

attended a preview of the film at the White House that day, where he discussed the documentary

with President Barack Obama.

Larry Allen Dr. Lawrence Allen's primary research interests focus on the development of community tourism

and recreation services and their impacts on the social, cultural, and economic well-being of

communities. He has been involved with an ongoing effort to document these impacts in well

over 150 communities during the last 15 years. This effort has provided valuable information in

understanding tourism and recreation impacts, especially in rural areas and small communities.

Most recently Dr. Allen has been involved with the development of guidelines and management

principles for nature-based tourism enterprises and the development of a benefits-based leisure

service delivery system. Additional interests include the study of management principles in

recreation and tourism and the application of leisure services as a social and community

development medium. Prior to joining Clemson, Dr. Allen was Head of the Department of

Leisure Studies, University of Illinois and previous to that, Chair, Recreation and Leisure Studies

Department, Temple University. He was the President of the Academy of Leisure Sciences for

1994-95. He also served as Co-Editor of the Journal of Park and Recreation Administration and

was a member of the Board of Directors of the Society of Park and Recreation Educators.

Fran McGuire Dr. Francis A. McGuire is a professor in the Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism

Management at Clemson University. He is also the Clemson University Centennial Professor for

1994 through 1996 as well as a Fellow in the Strom Thurmond Institute. He earned a bachelor's

degree at Cornell University, a master of science degree in park and recreation administration at

Penn State and a doctorate in leisure studies from the University of Illinois. He has had

manuscripts appear in a variety of publications including The Gerontologist, The International

Journal of Aging and Human Development, Journal of Leisure Research, Leisure Sciences,

Activity, Adaptation and Aging, and The Therapeutic Recreation Journal. He has presented

papers and workshops at over 50 national, regional, state and local conferences on topics ranging

from intergenerational programs, patterns of outdoor recreation participation by older

individuals, the role of humor in long term care facilities, and constraints to leisure involvement

in retirement. Grants have included three from the AARP/Andrus Foundation, one to study the

use of National Parks by older individuals, one to examine the efficacy of humor in improving

the quality of life for residents of long term care facilities, and an on-going project to join older

volunteers with at-risk youth in an entrepreneurial setting. In partnership with representatives

from the Strom Thurmond Institute, the South Carolina Division on Aging, the South Carolina

Department of Education, and the South Carolina United Way, he recently received a grant to

develop a program matching older individuals and at-risk youth in a community service program.

This project will begin in five South Carolina communities during 1995. He recently co-authored

a book on the therapeutic benefits of humor published by the Haworth Press as well as a soon to

be released book on leisure in later life. McGuire has also been directly involved in service to

older individuals through his participation in a variety of are-retirement programs, Clemson

University's College Week for Senior Citizens, and Elderhostel. His active passion for teaching

has inspired hundreds of doctoral students to value teaching as a primary responsibility.

Robert Becker Dr. Robert Becker joined Clemson as Director, Regional Resources Development Institute, in

1981. Since that time he has been involved in resource management and impact assessment

issues, and social and community impact assessment projects in the Mississippi River Basin and

the Southeast. He is currently involved in rural development and rural tourism programs in South

Carolina and has served as a resource person with the Commission for the Future of South

Carolina. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the South Carolina Downtown

Development Association, Co-Founder of the South Carolina Foundation for Rural

Revitalization, and a Fellow of the Strom Thurmond Institute for Government and Public Affairs

at Clemson. He is now retired.

Myron Floyd Dr. Myron Floyd is the department head for PRTM at NC State University. He holds a

bachelor’s degree in recreation and park administration and a master’s degree in recreation and

tourism management from Clemson University and a Ph.D. in recreation and resources

development with a specialization in natural resource sociology from Texas A&M University.

He is a fellow of the Academy of Leisure Sciences. In 2008, he received the National Recreation

and Park Association’s highest research honor, the Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt Award.

Over the last two decades, Floyd’s research has focused on racial and ethnic inequality in the

provision of parks, open space and public recreation services.

He has served as principal investigator or co-investigator on numerous large

multidisciplinary research projects funded by governmental and non-governmental

organizations, including the USDA Forest Service, USDI Park Service, Fish and Wildlife

Service and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Floyd is a frequent speaker on the topic of parks and health at national and international

conferences and symposia. He is co-author of Race, Ethnicity, and Leisure: Perspectives on

Research, Theory and Practice from Human Kinetics, as well as 65 peer-reviewed journal

articles, 22 peer-reviewed monographs and proceedings papers, 15 book chapters and more than

100 presentation papers and abstracts.

He has served on the advisory board of the National Policy and Legal Network to Prevent

Childhood Obesity and the science committee of the National Park Service’s Healthy Parks

Healthy People Initiative. Floyd was appointed to the Forestry Research Advisory Council in

February by U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack.

Kim Shinew Dr. Kim Shinew received her MS degree from the University of Utah and her Ph.D. from

Clemson University. She is currently a professor in the Department of Recreation, Sport and

Tourism at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She serves as the current Editor of

the Journal of Leisure Research. Her research efforts focus on studying marginalized

populations, and her work is affiliated with the Diversity Lab in her department. Most of her

research has focused on the leisure behavior of racial and ethnic minorities, particularly African

Americans and Latino(a)s. More specifically, she seeks to delineate the complex relationships

between race/ethnicity and leisure behavior and services. Her research also examines issues

affecting the leisure behavior and services of women. In her research, she strives to highlight the

constraints and other factors that can make leisure and leisure services problematic for

marginalized populations, and the parallel issues that can affect these groups. Her research has

been funded by the National Recreation and Park Association, the USDA Forest Service, and the

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. She is the author or co-author of more than 50 peer-reviewed

publications.

Bryan McCormick Dr. Bryan McCormick holds BS and MS degrees from the Pennsylvania State University and a

Ph.D. from Clemson University. He is currently professor and chair at Indiana University and

has been on the faculty at Indiana University since 1995. He also served on the faculty at East

Carolina University. He has served on the boards of directors of the Recreation Therapists of

Indiana (RTI) and the American Therapeutic Recreation Association (ATRA). He is also a past

president of the American Therapeutic Recreation Association. He has been awarded the David

R. Austin Member of the Year Award (RTI), the Scholarly Achievement Award (ATRA), and

Centennial Leader Award (East Carolina University). Dr. McCormick's work focuses on the

social and community functioning of adults with severe mental illness. In 2010 he was the

recipient of a Fulbright Scholarship to conduct research and lectures in psychiatric services at the

University of Kragujevac, Serbia. He is the author or co-author of almost 50 peer-reviewed

publications and 11 book chapters

John Hemingway Hemingway is currently an associate professor in the Department of Recreation, Park, and

Tourism Administration at Western Illinois University. Prior to WIU, he held academic

appointments at UNC-Chapel Hill, Washington State University, St. Cloud State University, and

Old Dominion University.

Hemingway has written extensively on the political aspects of leisure and democratic citizenship.

Some of his early work addresses the Aristotelian ideal of leisure and its application to

contemporary society. His latest scholarship has examined the concept of social capital and its

relationship to leisure.

Karla Henderson Formerly the chairperson of the Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies at the University

of North Carolina at Chapel-Hill, Henderson retired in 2014 a professor in the Parks, Recreation,

and Tourism Management Program at North Carolina State University in Raleigh. She has

served as the president of the Society of Parks and Recreation Educators (SPRE) and the

president of the Academy of Leisure Sciences. She has received the NRPA Roosevelt Research

Award, the JB Nash Scholar Award, and the Julian Smith Award.

Dr. Henderson’s work has focused on a breadth of topics, but has often dealt with issues of

gender and diversity as they relate to recreation and leisure. Additionally, her scholarship has

explored constraints to leisure as well as the summer camp industry.

Benjamin Hunnicutt Hunnicutt is currently co-director for the Society to Reduce Human Labor. He has previously

served as the Chair of the Department of Leisure Studies at the University of Iowa.

Hunnicutt’s scholarship has dealt primarily with the interrelated history of work and leisure. His

book, Work Without End, garnered national attention in academia and the popular media.

Hunnicutt’s work critiques what he calls the ‘cult of work’ and the trivialization leisure.

John Kelly Kelly is professor emeritus of Leisure Studies at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

where he was a member of the Leisure Behavior Research Laboratory. He is a recipient of the

NRPA Roosevelt Research Award, the National Literary Award, and the ALR Nash Scholar

Award. Kelly’s scholarship took a sociological approach to the study of leisure. At various

points in his career, he investigated the topics of work, leisure, family, and community. Kelly

also explored the concept of freedom as it relates to leisure in his book, Freedom to Be.

Douglas Kleiber Dr. Kleiber is currently a professor at the University of Georgia. Prior to the University Georgia,

Dr. Kleiber was a member and later director of the Leisure Behavior Research Laboratory at the

University of Illinois. His academic training is as a developmental and educational psychologist.

Dr. Kleiber has written extensively about the psychology of leisure and has received the Allen V.

Sapora Award for his scholarship. He was a visiting scholar at Clemson University.

Kleiber’s work has examined the developmental and motivational aspects of leisure and sport

involvement. His scholarship has spanned the spectrum of developmental stages from childhood

to adolescence to adulthood to retirement.

Leo McAvoy Dr. McAvoy's primary line of research is in outdoor recreation and education, specifically

studying the personal and social benefits of participation in environmentally related activities and

the management of human behavior in outdoor recreation settings. This applied research has

been supported by federal, state, and local agencies and published in a variety of scholarly and

professional journals. He is co-author of Stewards of Access: Custodians of Choice, a statement

of philosophy and ethics in the use of the natural environment. Professional service has included

serving as Associate Editor for Leisure Sciences, as Co-Chair of the Leisure Research

Symposium, and as a research and training consultant on a number of projects for public and

private outdoor recreation and outdoor education agencies.

Robert Putnam Robert Putnam is the Malkin Professor of Public Policy at the Kennedy School of Government at

Harvard University. He is also a founding member of the Saguaro Seminar, which studies civic

engagement in America. Putnam has written extensively about the concepts of social capital and

civic engagement in the United States and Italy. Some of his work specifically examines the

potential for leisure activities to foster civic engagement within contemporary communities.

Juliet Schor Juliet Schor is currently a professor of sociology at Boston College and a founding member of

the Center for the New American Dream. Prior to her current appointment, she was a professor

of economics at Harvard University for 17 years. She has been a recipient of a Guggenheim

fellowship to study consumer spending and has served as a consultant to the World Institute for

Development Economics Research and the United Nations Development Program.

Schor’s numerous books and articles examine the interplay between consumer culture,

work, and leisure in contemporary society. Her scholarship attempts to understand leisure

through the lenses of sociology and economics.

Susan Shaw Shaw is currently a professor and department chair in the Leisure Studies Department at

University of Waterloo in Canada. She is a past recipient of the Sapora Research Award and the

NRPA Roosevelt Award for excellence in research.

Shaw’s research interests include examining the intersections of time, stress, leisure, and

gender. Her previous research has also examined the experience of leisure within families,

adolescences, and immigrant populations.

Betty Van Der Smissen Dr. van der Smissen, a member of the bar, is author of a 3-volume reference book (1990 with

1995 supplement), Legal Liability and Risk Management for Public and Private Entities. In

addition to teaching and researching in the law, she has compiled research and scholarly

materials on recreation, as reflected in a series of 12 publications while Professor at Penn State,

three from symposia she directed: Evaluation Strategies: Assessing Outdoor Program Outcomes;

Indicators of Change in the Recreation Environment; and Research: Camping and

Environmental Education. She was one of the founders of the Journal of Leisure Research. For a

number of years, Dr. van der Smissen also compiled and published Theses and Dissertations in

Recreation and Parks, and Research in Camping, Interpretive Services and Environmental

Education. She is the principal editor of The Management of Park and Recreation Agencies, a

1999 833-page reference manual based on CAPRA standards for agencies, as well as author of

16 chapters in various books. She has been active in the development and implementation of

accreditation standards, particularly for academic curricula, camping, adventure programs, and

public park and recreation agencies. A former President of the American Camping Association,

Trustee of NRPA, and member of the academic Council on Accreditation, she was AALR's first

Nash Scholar Lecture Award recipient and also received AAHPERD's R. Tait McKenzie Award

and SPRE's Distinguished Fellow Award. A member of the agency Commission on

Accreditation, she served as its first chair in 1993-94. She is a member of, and has served on, the

Board of Directors of the American Academy for Park and Recreation Administration.

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi Hungarian born, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi is one of the leading psychological researchers alive

today and cofounder of the positive psychology movement. Having received a bachelor’s and

doctoral degree in psychology from the University of Chicago, Dr. Csikszentmihalyi also served

as the Chair of the Department of Psychology at Chicago for many years. During his tenure at

the University of Chicago, Csikszentmihalyi proposed the concept of flow, which has spawned a

revolution in psychological research.

Flow is otherwise known as optimal experience and describes a psychological state in

which an individual is fully engaged and absorbed in the present moment. Such experiences can

occur in the context of an activity in which an individual’s skills reach a level of parity with an

external challenge. Flow experiences are characterized by losing track of time, an absorption

into the present moment, and even a loss of sense of self. Dr. Csikszentmihalyi has authored

many books dealing with the ‘science of flow,’ including Flow: The Psychology of Optimal

Experience, Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention, and Finding Flow:

The Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life. Related to his studies of flow, Dr.

Csikszentmihalyi is director of the Quality of Life Research Center at Claremont Graduate

University in Claremont, California.

Csikszentmihalyi’s work and the concept of flow have been applied to a multitude of

topics including athletics, leisure, the development of rewarding careers, and the cultivation of

creativity.

Sebastian de Grazia De Grazia has taught political science and philosophy at the University of Chicago, Princeton

University, and the University of Florence. He was awarded a Pulitzer Prize in 1990 for his

biographical work, Machiavelli in Hell.

De Grazia’s book Of Time, Work, and Leisure is one of the seminal works in the leisure studies

field. In it, he discusses the development of the ideal of leisure as understood by Greek and

Roman cultures. Using the classical ideal of leisure, de Grazia critiques contemporary culture’s

use, or misuse, of leisure.

Dan Dustin Dustin is currently a professor and program coordinator for the Park and Recreation Program at

Florida International University in Miami, Florida. He is a past president of the Society of Park

and Recreation Educators and a past president of the Academy of Leisure Sciences. Dustin’s

scholarly interests focus on the intersection between recreation, leisure, and the environment. By

extension, he has often written about ethical issues that arise as a result of certain forms of

leisure and their impact on the natural environment.

Chris Rojek Rojek is currently a Professor of Sociology and Culture at Nottingham Trent University in the

United Kingdom. He received his PhD from the University of Glasgow in Scotland, but has

lectured extensively throughout western Europe, North America, and New Zealand.

Rojek is the author of several books about leisure and culture. His current interests concern

leisure, Postmodernity, and the mass media. Past research of his has examined the influence of

capitalist ideologies on the concept and experience of leisure in contemporary culture.

Corey Johnson Youngest member of the Academy of Leisure Sciences and Professor at the University of

Georgia. Dr. Johnson’s primary line of qualitative inquiry investigates underserved populations in the

cultural contexts of leisure. Leisure contexts—constructed along lines of gender, sexuality, race, and

class often reveal the effects of marginalization and the power of resistance, fueling a justification for

the existence of alternative leisure settings. A secondary line of qualitative inquiry for Dr. Johnson

focuses on how young people use television, film, video games, social networking sites, etc., to make

meaning of their social identities. In addition to the topical focus of his research, Dr. Johnson has been

instrumental in critiquing the traditions of post-positivist science’s privilege and has adopted and

advocated for methodologies such as ethnography, collective memory work, and other forms of

creative analytic practice that engage the “crisis of representation” to illuminate the subjectivity,

authority, authorship, and power that exists in the representational form.

Sharon Washington From 2008 through 2013, Dr. Washington served as the Executive Director of the National

Writing Project, a professional learning network of nearly 200 university-based local sites

focused on improving the instruction of writing at all levels. During those years the National

Writing Project raised more than $105 million through federal, foundation, corporate and

individual donors.

Sharon's career has included the following leadership positions: Provost and Professor of

Education at Spelman College in Atlanta; Special Assistant to the President for Diversity

Initiatives at Bennett College for Women in Greensboro, North Carolina; and Interim Director of

Faculty Equity Programs at the University of California Office of the President in

Oakland, California.

Throughout her career, Dr. Washington has demonstrated a strong commitment to the

importance of high-quality instruction for all students and teacher professional development of

teachers across the K-16 spectrum. She gave the keynote address at the Leisure Studies Social

Justice Conference at the University of Utah.

Fran Mainella Frances P. Mainella (born 1947) was the 16th Director of the National Park Service of the United

States and first woman to hold that position. She was appointed by President George W. Bush

and confirmed by the U.S. Senate in 2001. She announced her retirement in July 2006 and

resigned effective October 15, 2006. Mary A. Bomar, was sworn-in as the 17th Director on

October 17, 2006.[1] She was in charge of the NPS when it allowed Redskin's Owner Dan

Snyder to illegally remove 130 trees from his property, and while the park ranger who blew the

whistle on this activity was persecuted at length. She subsequently gave contradictory accounts

of this to federal investigators. [2]

She currently is a visiting scholar at Clemson University where she is Co-Chair of the US

Play Coalition - a partnership to promote the value of play throughout life. Additionally, she

serves as Chair of the Public Lands Advisory Council to the National Environmental Education

Foundation, a member of Newsweek Magazine’s Environmental Advisory Board, a Fellow of

the American Academy for Park and Recreation Administration, a member of the Board of

Directors for the Children and Nature Network, a member of the Board of Directors for the

National Park Trust, Chair of the National Recreation and Park Foundation, and a national

speaker on Nature Deficit Disorder, Play and Parks and Recreation.

She was born in Willimantic, Connecticut and received a bachelor's degree from the

University of Connecticut and a master's degree from Central Connecticut State College. In 2002

she received an Honorary Doctorate in Public Service from Central Connecticut State University.

Prior to her position at the National Park Service, Fran served twelve years as Director of

Florida’s State Parks, which were awarded the Gold Medal Award, recognizing Florida as the

best state park system in the country.[1]

In 1998 she received the Pugsley Medal “ for outstanding leadership in enhancing the

Florida State Park system”[2] In addition Clemson University, and the Hartzog Fund named an

award after her in 2003 in recognition of her service. The Fran P. Mainella Award is subtitled the

"Outstanding Woman in Park Resources Award.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_P._Mainella

George B. Hartzog, Jr George B. Hartzog, Jr. (March 17, 1920 – June 27, 2008) was an American attorney and Director

of the National Park Service. Admitted to the bar in South Carolina in 1942, he became an

attorney for the General Land Office (now the Bureau of Land Management) in the Department

of the Interior in 1945, and six months later transferred to the National Park Service.

He moved to field assignments at Great Smoky Mountains and Rocky Mountain National Parks,

and then made his name advancing the Gateway Arch project as superintendent of Jefferson

National Expansion Memorial from 1959 to 1962. After briefly leaving the service he returned as

associate director in 1963 with the promise of succeeding Conrad Wirth in January 1964. As

Director, he served as Stewart Udall’s right arm in achieving a remarkably productive legislative

program that included 62 new parks, the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, and the

Bible amendment to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act that led to establishment of the

Alaska parks. During his nine-year tenure, he enlarged the service's role in urban recreation,

historic preservation, interpretation, and environmental education.

Hartzog was dismissed in December 1972 after he pioneered the Washington Monument

Syndrome political tactic. He practiced law in Washington, D.C. until his death on June 27,

2008. Clemson University is home to all of his papers and PRTM hosts an annual lecture series

in his honor.