How was the institution of slavery established in the American colonies? How did the American Revolution impact slavery?
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HIST100_BritishNorthAmerica.pptx
British North America
History 100
Francisco J. Najera
Patterns of European Colonization in the New World (1492-1754)
Continuity & Change in Colonial America
1607: Settlement of Jamestown
1619: VA House of Burgesses; 1st African American in VA
1620: Mayflower Compact
1636: Founding of Harvard University
1639: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
1647: Massachusetts Education Law
1649: Maryland Act of Toleration
1651: First Navigation Act
1676: Bacon’s Rebellion
1681: William Penn founds Pennsylvania
Continuity & Change in Colonial America
1705: Virginia enacts slavery legislation
1733: Molasses Act
1735: Zenger Trial
1754: Beginning of French & Indian War
1756-1763: British national debt doubles
1763: Treaty of Paris ends French & Indian War
Continuity & Change in Revolutionary America
1764: Sugar Act & Currency Act
1765: Stamp Act; Quartering Act; Stamp Act
Congress meets; boycotts; Sons of Liberty riots
1766: Stamp Act repealed; Declaratory Act passed
1767: Townshend Duties
1770: Boston Massacre; Townshend Act repealed but
tea tax stays
1773: Boston Tea Party
1774: Coercive Acts; First Continental Congress
1775: Lexington and Concord; Second Continental
Congress meets
Continuity & Change in Revolutionary America
1776: Declaration of Independence by Second
Continental Congress
1777: Battle of Saratoga; Articles of Confederation
1778: Alliance with France
1781: Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown; states
ratify Articles of Confederation
1783: Treaty of Paris ends the war
Beginnings
The English Establish a Foothold at Jamestown, 1606-1610
Evolution of the Virginia Colony, 1611-1624
Virginia’s Early Relations with Native Americans
Virginia Colony
Why was England interested in Virginia?
claims of land of abundance
Problems
Roanoke, 1587
solutions for settlement
joint stock company
Virginia company
Start of Jamestown, 1607
Development of Virginia
a. Explain Virginia’s development; include the Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation, relationships with Native Americans such as Powhatan, development of the House of Burgesses, Bacon’s Rebellion, and the development of slavery.
Virginia Company
Founded in 1606 as a joint-stock company
Why?
Profit
Seal of the Virginia Company. From http://www.preservationvirginia.org/rediscovery/page.php?page_id=22
Joint-stock company: trading venture that sold shares to divide cost and profits
Land ownership
Trade monopoly
Monopoly: control over all or almost all trade or production of a good
Virginia Company
Given a charter by King James I
Purpose:
1. Establish a new colony
2. Be self-governing
3. Provide supplies, settlers. Et cetera
charter: formal document granting right of self-rule
DID YOU KNOW: England’s need for timber and rising unemployment encouraged many to travel to the new colony.
Virginia Company
April 1607 – ships land at mouth of Chesapeake Bay
Jamestown
1610: A Big Year
“Starving Time”
90% of residents died during winter of 1609-10
Colony was almost abandoned
Rescued by ships from Bermuda
Tobacco
John Rolfe began planting tobacco
First exported in 1612
DID YOU KNOW: Rolfe began planting Nicotiana rustica, a form of tobacco that has between 18-20% more nicotine than the more common Nicotiana tabacum
Tobacco Cultivation
Tobacco had been introduced to Europe by Columbus
Was very popular
Provided a cash crop for the colony
Cash crop: farm product grown to be sold & traded
Relationship w/ Native Americans
Major neighbors = Powhatan
Relationship was tense at first
Fighting was off-and-on
Fort was built to protect the colony
Fort at Jamestown (1609), Drawing by Pedro de Zuniga, a Spanish ambassador and spy. From http://www.preservationvirginia.org/rediscovery/page.php?page_id=24
Algonquin Indians in the Tidewater region of Virginia
The Powhatan Confederacy
Empire had been formed by Chief Wahunsenacawh by 1607
Lived in a village on the James River
≈ 14,000 under his control
Lived in wooden longhouses
Agricultural
moved during Spring (gather shellfish) and Fall (hunt)
“Powhatan”
Relationship w/ Native Americans
April 1613 – Pocahontas captured
Favorite daughter of Powhatan
Hostage for 1 year
Married John Rolfe
= 4 years of peace
Pocahontas and John Rolfe traveled to England in 1616 to attempt to gain more investors for the colony. She became sick and died in early 1617.
After 1617:
Continued warfare
Powhatan had been permanently weakened
Development of House of Burgesses
First Representative Assembly in America
Met July 30, 1619 in the church at Jamestown
Purpose:
Make laws for the colony
Could be vetoed by the governor and/or company directors in London
First instance of limited self-government in America
Development of Slavery
First slaves in colony: April 19, 1619
Sold from a Dutch warship
Treated as indentured servants
Indentured servants
Would work for free for a set period of time (4-7 years)
Not paid, but would receive some $ at end of time
Freed at end of contract
Who came to Virginia as an indentured servant?
Usually, young men and women in their late teens and 20’s
Lack of opportunity at home
Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)
Issues in Virginia:
Class conflict
Hatred of natives
Thirst for land / glory / gold
Led by Nathaniel Bacon
Asked Gov. William Berkeley for permission to attack a group of natives
Berkeley refused, Bacon attacked anyway
Indentured servants/slaves had been treated poorly
From past attacks
Natives controlled much land that could be exploited
Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)
Gov. Berkeley ordered Bacon to stop attacking the natives
He refused, marched on Jamestown and burned it to the ground on Sept. 19,1676
“Bacon’s Castle”
The home of Arthur Allen (a member of the House of Burgesses)
Seized by Bacon’s followers and fortified
English had taken over slave trade
No economic benefit to indentured servants
Easier to control
Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)
Nathaniel Bacon died of dysentery on October 26, 1676
Rebellion disappeared shortly after
Significance:
Move away from indentured servants towards slaves
1,100 troops from England arrived at about the same time…
Why?
Now, Race-based servitude
Leads
To
Development of Slavery
Due to:
British slave trade monopoly
$ $ $
Bacon’s Rebellion
How was the labor problem in Virginia solved?
"top heavy society": few people that knew how to farm or work
"starving time": nobody works nobody eats, little to no women
tobacco: saves Jamestown
head right system: encouraging settlement by promising land
indentured servants: men or young children who work off their passage pay, would run away a lot, resistant to doing what they were told, free labor 5-7 years, land promised not always given
House of Burgesses: form of government controlled by the elite, laws made harmed indentured servant
Backlash between "small men" and big planters/land owners
Bacons Rebellion, 1676: conflict with native Americans, Nathaniel Bacon, wealthy planter, government of Virginia is too lenient on natives, attack friendly Indian village and kill 14 native American's so governor has Bacon arrested but is pretty lenient and gives pardon to decrease tensions, small planters align with him against large planters and native American's, run governor out of Virginia, burns up parts of Jamestown, attack large land owners
October 1676 Bacon dies, rebellion dies with him
Chattel slavery: slavery for life, developed after Bacons rebellion, slaves seen as property, No rights, Africans, children born into slavery
Development of the Southern Colonies
Carolina
Charter issued in 1663
In return for political support
Capital at Charles Town = Charleston, SC
Eventually separated into North Carolina and South Carolina
Became royal colonies in 1729
Founded for profit
Royal Colony: Colony governed directly by the king & Parliament.
Georgia
Founded 1733
Purpose:
Buffer colony between Spanish Florida and Carolina
Refuge for criminals, poor
Goal of King
Goal of Founders
CAROLINA
FLORIDA
Georgia
Goal:
Colony with no large landowners, rum, slaves
“and the example of a whole Colony, who shall behave in a just, moral, and religious manner, will contribute greatly towards the conversion of the Indians”
- Some Account of the Designs of the Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America
Settlement of New England
The settlement of New England; include religious reasons, relations with Native Americans (e.g., King Phillip’s War), the establishment of town meetings and development of a legislature, religious tensions that led to the founding of Rhode Island, the half-way covenant, Salem Witch Trials, and the loss of the Massachusetts charter and the transition to a royal colony.
New England Colonies
Massachusetts Bay (1620)
New Hampshire (1629)
Rhode Island & Providence Plantations (1636)
Connecticut (1640)
Religious Reasons for Settlement
Pilgrims founded Plymouth Colony (1620)
Religious separatists
Sought freedom to practice their brand of Christianity
Mayflower, Squanto, Plymouth Rock, etc.
Puritans quickly followed
Wanted to “purify” Church of England
i.e. get rid of all Catholic-like observances
Difference: Pilgrims wanted to leave Church of England
Religious Reasons for Settlement
Puritan Rule
Used government to enforce religious beliefs
Must be a church member to participate in gov’t
Caused division:
Anne Hutchison & Roger Williams – Rhode Island
Thomas Hooker – Connecticut
Relations with Native Americans
Began peacefully, but tensions began to mount
Why?
More settlers = more territory
More territory = more pressure on Native Americans
Disease
Conversion to Christianity
King Philip’s War
Tensions increase
Murder of a Native American convert to Christianity by the Wampanoag tribe.
Why?
Response:
Warned Massachusetts Bay of attack
Natives attack frontier towns
King Philip’s War
Results:
Native Americans defeated
All of New England open for English colonization
The beginning of the development of a greater American identity. The trials and tribulations suffered by the colonists gave them a group identity separate and distinct from subjects of the English Crown
Establishment of Town Meetings
Developed out of Puritan church meetings
Direct democracy
Development of Legislatures
Gradually developed out of town meeting structures
Colonies were basically self-governing
England was occupied
Colonies elected their own leaders
Generally ignored laws from England they didn’t like (i.e. Navigation Acts)
Religious Tensions
Roger Williams banished from Mass. Bay (1636)
Why?
Sheltered by Native Americans, founded new colony of “Providence Plantations”
1636
Founding of Rhode Island
Preached separation of church and state and better treatment of Native Americans
Religious Tensions
Anne Hutchinson banished from Mass. Bay (1637)
Why?
Established Portsmouth, RI
1638
Founding of Rhode Island
Theological differences (Works v. Grace) Status of women
Founding of Rhode Island
1644 – granted charter
Notable for:
Religious tolerance
Good relations w/ Native Americans
Progressive laws (Slavery, debtors prisons, etc.
Founding of Connecticut
Thomas Hooker
Took 100 settlers and founded Hartford
Left Mass. Bay over voting rights dispute
Fundamental Order of Connecticut
January 24th, 1639
First written Constitution in America
Believed that all free men should be able to vote, not just church members
Half-Way Covenant
Issues within Massachusetts Bay
Church membership declining
Solution:
Half-Way Covenant
Result:
Puritans maintain political control
Salem Witch Trials
June-September 1692
20 killed on charges of witchcraft
Hundreds of others arrested
Accusations made because of property disputes, religious disagreements
DID YOU KNOW: 19 of the 20 were hung, while one man was crushed to death under rocks for refusing to go to trial for witchcraft.
Massachusetts’ Transition to Royal Colony
Dominion of New England (1686-1689)
Union of Mass. Bay, Plymouth, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Haven, New York, New Jersey
Sir Edmund Andros
Promoted Church of England/ (religious freedom)
Banned town meetings
Revoked some land grants
Raised taxes
Massachusetts’ Transition to Royal Colony
Reaction to Andros
Andros appointed by King James II
Glorious Revolution (1689)
End of the Dominion of New England
Massachusetts becomes a royal colony
Union of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Maine
Legislatures are reappointed/written constitutions honored again
Development of Mid-Atlantic Colonies
c. Explain the development of the mid-Atlantic colonies; include the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam and subsequent English takeover, and the settlement of Pennsylvania.
Dutch Settlement of New Amsterdam
Claimed:
Henry Hudson - 1609
Dutch West India Company Founded (1621):
Forts at Manhattan Island and Long Island, Fort Orange (Albany) & Fort Nassau on Delaware R.
Peter Minuit (1626-1633)
Director-General of New Netherland
Bought Manhattan Is. from natives for $24.00
Peter Stuyvesant (1647-1664)
Director-General of New Netherland
Conquered New Sweden (Delaware)
Defeated by the British
Dutch Settlement of New Amsterdam
English Takeover of New Amsterdam
1664 –
Four English warships sailing for the Duke of York enter into New Amsterdam and demanded it accept English rule.
Duke of York gets his authority from King James II
New York becomes a royal colony
Settlement of Pennsylvania
Colony granted by King Charles II to William Penn as repayment for a debt
1681
Purpose: safe haven for Quakers
Philadelphia – planned city, made on a grid, center of trade, second-largest English-speaking city of the Empire
The “Holy Experiment”
The French in Canada
d. Explain the reasons for French settlement of Quebec.
Quebec
Founded 1608
By Samuel de Champlain
Main purpose of French colonization:
Controlling the fur trade
Fishing/Whaling
How?
Control Mississippi River, Canada
Differences: less people, more emphasis of relationship w/ Native Americans
Samuel de Champlain
Quebec
Problems:
Low population
Why?
1700s
Mercantilism and Not Free Trade
Protectionist Legislation Over the Colonies, Tax by Regulating Trade
The Navigation Acts (1651, 1660, 1663)
The Wool Act (1699)
The Hat Act (1732)
The Molasses Act (1733)
The Iron Act (1750)
Prohibitions Against Issuing Paper Money
Prohibitions Against Smuggling and Trade
Restricting Power of the Colonial Officials
Issuing Search Warrants and Establishing Customs Officials
The Whole British Empire before the American Revolution:
The Structure of British Government (~1700s)
Constitutional Monarchy of Parliament (House of Lords, House of Commons) and a Sovereign (Privy Council, Board of Trade)
Colonial Legislatures and the Concept of Virtual Representation
Colonies cannot appoint governors or councilmen, try royal subjects, obtain a jury of peers, or vote on British laws
British Mercantilism and the Problem of Colonial Smuggling
Example of Molasses from Haiti for Rum Distilleries in the American Colonies
The French & Indian War or Seven Years’ War (before)
The French & Indian War or Seven Years’ War (after)
Significance? The Proclamation of 1763, Training for the Colonists, Loss of Indian & French Power, new British Debt
