history question
dannyyang
HI106Prehistory___Early_Man.pptxPrehistory – Early Man
Understanding Date Classifications
B.C. - Before Christ
B.C.E. – Before Common Era
Numbers go in reverse – larger # to smaller # - to zero
A.D. – Anno Domini – In the year of our Lord
Develops during Roman era to offset Pagan traditions
C.E. –Common Era
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Archeologists use artifacts and fossils to understand early societies that did not write
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Hominids are the first upright beings (walk on 2 feet)
Hominids, were found in Africa
Locations of early hominids
Hominids come from the great ape population separated into 3 groups
1- present day gorillas
1-chimpanzees
1- modern humans, after a long and complicated evolutionary process
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LUCY
a full female skeleton of a early hominid being
that could stand up and had opposable thumbs
(Age about 3 million yrs.)
Height about 3feet
Walked upright
Ape size brain
Jaw and teeth human like
Arms were long, they hung to the midpoint between hips and knees
What are the advantages of walking upright?
Homo Hablis
First True Humans
Use stone tools – have skills
Taller – larger brains
Increased use of hands
Longer arms than modern humans
2 million B.C
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Homo Erectus
The upright man
First to create and use fire (500,000-250,000 yrs ago)
Cooked Food – (gives more energy than raw food and the cooked food gives the brain more energy needed for growth).
Traveled over land bridge from Africa throughout Eurasia and Americas (earliest to migrate for extended periods)
Primitive Hunters
Family Dynamics
May have used a language
1 million to 375,000 B.C.
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Migrations in and out of Africa
For 120,000 years people migrated throughout Africa, about 80,000 – 50,000 years ago people began to migrate out of Africa
Land Bridge Migration
Homo Sapiens
Known as Neanderthals
Very muscular
Used hand axes
Hunters and gathers
Lived in warm caves and painted them
Buried their dead
375,000 -40,000 years ago.
Migrate out of Africa around
100,000 and 50,000 years ago
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Altamira Cave - Spain
Cave paintings show that people had a cultural awareness. It is symbolic expression that transmits group identity just as using feathers or painting ones face does.
Caves in Africa show people in the Sahara about 100,000 years ago swimming and animals grazing.
Modern Homo Sapiens
Called Cro-Magnons
Bodies like modern humans
Used more advanced tools – sickles, stone axes, bows and arrows
Created stone houses
First to become herders and farmers
Worked together on large scale hunts
In 1997 a modern Homo Sapiens skull was
found in Africa and has been dated as
160,000 years old.
20,000 – 3000 B.C. (ice age ends 10,000 B.C.E.)
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Drawbacks of Species
Unusually aggressive
Human babies are dependent for a long time
Back problems
Awareness of one’s mortality- humans know they will die
Distinctive Features
Opposable thumbs
Regular sex- high sex drive
Omnivores
Distinctive brain
Ability for elaborate speech
Needs of man
Food
Shelter
Clothing
Community
Skills
Companionship
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Nomadic Life
People move
For food
What does migration do for those migrating and for the areas they go to?
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Development of Agriculture
Results from the ending of the Ice Age
About 10,000 years ago
Warmer climates –
results in population increases, which spur search for more reliable sources of food
Planting/harvesting
Big game animals (Mastodons) retreat so need to hunt smaller animals.
domesticate new animals – sheep, pigs, goats, cattle – use for meat, skins, and diary
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Middle East
Where farming initially developed
The Fertile Crescent – from present day Turkey to Iraq and Israel
Spread of Agriculture
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Agricultural Life
Farming allows people to settle down
Create villages
Domesticate – to control plants and animals or control your food sources
Around 9000 B.C.E. new domesticated animals- pigs, sheep, goats, cattle
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Domestication or control of food sources
Creates a division of labor between
food producing groups and non food producing groups
Allows for specialization – art, religions, carpentry
With Division of Labor comes Social Classes
What could be the advantages of staying in 1 place?
More permanent houses of stone, mud brick, timber frameworks, some with windows and painted walls
Wells could be built
Irrigation systems developed
Help in chores and defense
Disadvantages-
Deforestation, erosion, flooding
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Catal Huyuk- example of agricultural town
Town – 7000-5500 BCE
Farming
Trading
Skills develop
Start to rule over other communities
Some families specialize in politics
Military forces are organized
Some towns become small cities
Ruled by kings- divine status
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Agricultural Societies
Some practice slash and burn and do continue to move
Burn trees
Farm intensively for several years until soil is depleted
Agricultural Societies
1. A kind of week – interruption in it with a religious significance
2. Weeks ended or began on market days
3. Rituals around planting and harvesting
4. Importance of science and math
5. Patriarchal system – dominance of men over women
6. Women are seen as property
7. Women’s sexual faithfulness is of high importance (WHY??)
8. Encourage high birth rates (WHY ??)
9. Men grew the staple crop
10. Have greater liability of disease (WHY ??)
11. Have greater inequality (WHY??)
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Advanced civilizations
Writing
ability to pass on and share information
Technology
new tools – plows, hoes
Irrigation – move water for farming/drinking
grow more crops,
people live farther from water
Boats and carts
travel faster and easier
Creates exchange of ideas
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7 features of a Civilization
1. advanced cities – many people – centers of trade
2. specialized workers
3. government
4. organized religion
5. an economy
6. record keeping – writing
7. advanced technology – tools and problem solving
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