history homework
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HI106Indiapowerpoint.pptxIndia
1
Subcontinent
Distinct landmass
Not big enough to be its own continent
2
Himalaya Mountains located in Nepal
Worlds tallest mountain
Mount Everest – 29, 028 feet above sea level
What is Buffalo?
Mountains form a border between Indian subcontinent and the rest of Asia
Affect the climate of India
3
Main Rivers
Ganges and the Indus
4
Monsoons
Strong winds that change
Based on season
Aryan Invasion
According to this account, India was invaded and conquered by nomadic light-skinned Indo-European tribes from Central Asia around 1500-100 BC, who overthrew an earlier and more advanced dark-skinned Dravidian civilization from which they took most of what later became Hindu culture.
Aryans
Earliest immigrants to India
Migrate for 3,000 years
Warriors and herders
Compete with natives for farmland
Advantage- horses
They bring the first horses to India
Modern Indians disagree with Aryan Invasion theory
It is generally accepted that modern man arose in East
From there, they spread to India about 90,000 years ago taking the southern route to Yemen, Sindh and the Indus region.
In India they multiplied and spread to other parts of Asia and Europe.
The research is reported in Stephen Oppenheimer, The Real Eve
Dr. Subhash Kak summarizes recent research as follows:
subsequent to the rise of modern mankind in Africa, man found a second home in India, which is the point of migration for the populations of Europe, North Africa, China and Japan.
The migrants in India slowly adapted to the wide climatic conditions in the sub-continent (from the tropical to the extreme cold of the Himalayan region) leading to the rise of the Caucasoid and the Mongoloid races.
Aryan Language
Sanskrit (an Indo-European Language)
A holy language spoken by the gods
Holy Books
The Vedas
Veda means knowledge
Rig Veda- 1st epic with hymns
Every member of each caste is written in the Rig Veda to be a manifestation or derivative of the universe symbolized by the embodied human spirit
The Brahmin was his mouth, Of both his arms was the (Kshatriya) made. His thighs became the Vaishya, From his feet the Sudhra was produced.
Under the Sudra are the Untouchables
Caste System-
Caste system can be like
a human body
Head- priests or Brahmans
Arms- warriors or Kshatriyas
Legs- farmers and merchants
or the Vaisyas
Feet- common people or Sudras
Under the Feet – the untouchables
or Conquered Indians
Label the castes
Caste System
An unchanging group in society
People do not move from one caste to another
The caste system helped to avoid outright slavery according to the Aryans
Untouchables
do all the unpleasant work such as garbage collection, handling the dead, cleaning stalls. They generally work during the night. They are seen as unclean, others do not want to set eyes on them. They were forbidden to enter temples or schools.
Ways to avoid this situation would be
to convert to Islam, Buddhism, or
Christianity.
Hinduism
Polytheistic
Worship of 3 main gods
Brahma – the creator
Vishnu- the preserver
Shiva – the destroyer
Below these are many gods
Hindus believe that animals have souls
and that cows are sacred.
Most Hindus are vegetarian.
Angor Watt – Cambodia dedicated to Hindu god Vishnu
Diwali
Diwali is an ancient Hindu festival celebrated in autumn or spring every year.
Arguably the most important festival in Hinduism,
it is an official holiday in Fiji, Guyana, India, Malaysia, Mauritius, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago.
The festival spiritually signifies the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, good over evil, and hope over despair.
Its celebration includes millions of lights shining on housetops, outside doors and windows, around temples and other buildings in the communities and countries where it is observed.
The festival preparations and rituals typically extend over a five-day period, but the main festival night of Diwali coincides with the darkest, new moon night of the Hindu Lunisolar month Kartika.
Diwali
Reincarnation
People live many lives until
reach spiritual perfection.
A soul can live on and
be re-born.
If one obeys the teachings of the
Vedas, they can be re-born into
A higher caste, but one can also
Return to a lower caste. The goal is to reach spiritual perfection or Nirvana, which means ending in Sanskrit.
The Way to Nirvana, a Thangka painting from Dharmapala Thangka Centre
Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama
The Buddha or Enlightened one
His life story
is in
blackboard
25
Chinese Buddha Statues
The Swastika in Asian Art
Swastika was widely used in ancient times as a symbol of prosperity and good fortune.
One of the oldest known Swastikas was painted on a Paleolithic cave at least 10,000 years ago.
The Swastika was widely utilized in ancient Mesopotamia coinage and appeared in early Christian and Byzantium art.
In China, about 2000 years ago, when Buddhism was brought to China it became a Chinese character in Mandarin Chinese.
In North America, the Swastika was a symbol used by the Navajos.
The Swastika still continues today to be an extensively used sign in Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism. The Swastika is often tattooed on monks in Tibet.
The Dalai Lama's throne is always decorated with four Swastikas. In India people mark their cows, fields, homes, shrines with the Swastika, a sign of good luck and fertility to symbolize night, magic, purity, and the destructive goddess Kali.
In Buddhism, a Swastika represents resignation. It is usually found in the images of Buddha on his chest, palms, soles of feet. It is called the WAN symbol in Chinese and MAN in Japanese. The word Swastika is derived from the Sanskrit and means, "conducive to well- being".
The Swastika represents the Heart of the Buddha, resignation of spirit, all happiness that humanity desires, mind, and infinity.
Blue Swastika stands for infinite celestial virtues.
Red Swastika stands for infinite sacred virtues of the Heart of Buddha.
Yellow Swastika stands for infinite prosperity.
Green Swastika stands for infinite virtues of agriculture.
Spring temple Buddha in China Buddhist Golden temple in Nepal
JAINISM
established by Mahavira about 500 B. C.
He belonged to the warrior caste and was called ‘Jina’ meaning the big winner and from this name was derived the name of the religion.
Jainism developed as a push back against Brahmanism
In Jainism there is a belief in reincarnation which eventually leads to liberation.
Jainism has non-violence is its main core.
Jains believe that every thing has life - this also includes stones, sand, and trees.
Mahavira’s beliefs that every thing has life and non-violence caused his self- starvation to death.
Mushaira's followers
are vegetarians.
religious Jains will do everything possible to prevent hurting any being. They won’t walk in fields where there are insects to prevent the possibility of stepping on them.
They also cover their mouth to prevent the possibility of swallowing small invisible microbes.
They mostly do not work in professions where there is a possibility of killing any living being like in agriculture instead they take jobs in banking and business.
Jains
Sikhism
Origin & History of Sikhism –
has no connection of any sort with either Hinduism or Islam.
Founded by the great saint Guru Nanak Dev Ji -born in 1469.
Guru Nanak spread a simple message of we are all one, created by the One Creator of all Creation. This was at a time when India was being torn apart by castes, sectarianism, religious factions, and fanaticism.
He aligned with no religion, and respected all religions. He expressed the reality that there is one God and many paths, and the Name of God is Truth, "Sat Nam".
The followers were called Sikhs who were taught to bow to none except the almighty and their Gurus.
Gurus were believed to be basking in the glory of direct consciousness of God, and are capable of leading their followers from darkness to light.
Sikhs
Maurya Dynasty
India had been divided into city-states
Many had great wealth
Suffered from invasions
India will be united by Chandragupta Maurya
Established the Maurya dynasty
Chandragupta and his son are cruel rulers
The grandson is also cruel at first, but after his ruthless conquering, the blood on his hands bothers him and he turns to the teachings of Buddha.
Maurya Dynasty
Asoka was this ruler.
He is the reason Buddhism became so established and mainstream.
Asoka became known as the greatest and noblest ruler in India.
With his death
Empire breaks
Apart for 500
years
Gupta Empire
India is re-united
There will be peace and economic growth for 200 years
Golden Age- building of palaces, temples, monuments, free hospitals, and good roads.
There is time for art, learning,
And scientific and medical
advancements
Gupta’s Golden Age
Science
Understood the rotation of the earth on its axis
Could predict eclipses
Math
Had a concept of zero
Decimal system
Computed ”pi” more accurately than Greeks
Medicine
Setting of bones
Plastic surgery
Inoculations
Literary works
Sinbad the Sailor
Kama-Sutra- The laws of love
Society under the Guptas
Husbands and fathers were dominant
Marriages were arranged
Emphasis was put on loving relationships
India’s Economy during the Gupta Empire
Makers of cotton and cashmere
Traded in silks, dyes, drugs, gold and ivory
From the Middle East they got pottery, wines and metals
They traded extensively by land and sea and they dominated the Indian Ocean
They were so successful with trading and building because they understood the importance of diplomacy and ambassadors. If one is always fighting, there are no resources for anything else.
India
Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal is a white marble mausoleum located on the southern bank of the Yamuna River in the Indian city of Agra. It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan to house the tomb of his favorite wife of three, Mumtaz Mahal.
India today
Poverty
Illiteracy
Bollywood
Violence towards women
India
officially the Republic of India
It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world.
India is known as the third poorest country in the world and based on statistics has the most poverty-stricken regions on the planet. In 2010, over 32% of Indians are below the poverty line.
It is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system.
Neighbors: Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Bangladesh.
In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
