history question
dannyyang
HI106Egyptphoenicialydiajews.pptxEgypt
Isis and Osiris - gods brother and sister/ husband and wife
Son – Horus
Osiris brother is Seth or Set
Set kills Osiris/ Cuts up his body
Isis finds all the pieces and reassembles him
Osiris moves to the underworld with the god of the underworld Anubis
Egypt – many gods - polytheistic
Nile
The giver of life
Used for crops
Fresh water source
Transportation
trade
Rosetta Stone
Was an Egyptian decree in 3 languages
Hieroglyphs
Demotic
Greek
- this language allowed for translation of the hieroglyphics
Demotic script
During the 26th Dynasty it became the preferred script at court, however during the 4th century it was gradually replaced by a the Greek alphabet.
The Demotic script was used for writing business, legal, scientific, literary and religious documents. It was written almost exclusively from right to left in horizontal lines and mainly in ink on papyrus. Demotic inscriptions on wood and stone are also known.
Social Classes in Egypt
Pharaoh-royal family
Leading families, priests
Merchants, skilled workers, scribes
Unskilled, farmers
Slaves
(scribes –
people who can read and write)
Life in Egypt
Pharaoh – is a god
Rulers pass down power through the family line and create dynasties
Skilled workers for pyramids and writing
Laborers for big building projects – dams, pyramids, obelisks, temples
Farmers, also labor when they have time
Slaves – may do some labor on pyramids, but they were built by skilled workers for the most part
Egyptian Afterlife
Trial must be endured to reach paradise
Body must also be preserved so your life force or Ka can go on
Need body for the afterlife!!
They see the afterlife as positive
Egyptian Afterlife
Book of the Dead- prepares one for the afterlife. It provides advice and incantations to get the deceased through the trials of the underworld and into paradise.
Mummification
Preserve body for afterworld
Canopic jars
Royal tombs- need to take your possessions with you
Death, Judgement and Eternity
Death
Ka-or life force leaves the body first, Ba- or soul follows after burial. The falcon headed god, Horus, leads Ba, through the doorways of fire and cobras into the hall of judgment
Judgment
The jackal headed god, Anubis, weighs the deceased heart, the site of the conscience, against the feather of ma’at, which refers to things as they should be.
Osiris, king of the underworld and other gods watch as judges. If the heart is too heavy or too light, a monster that is part lion, part crocodile, and part hippopotamus devours it, dooming the deceased to a perpetual coma.
Eternity
If the heart balances, the winged Ba and the Ka reunite to form Akh, or spirit, which emerges in the bright realm ruled by Osiris. The Akh can now re-enter the living world and enjoy its pleasures, including love and attention of servants.
Mummification for regular people
Canopic Jars hold internal organs 4 jars – the 4 sons of Horus – job is to protect the organs Baboon Head – Hapy – protects lungs Human Head – Imsety – protects liver Jackal Head – Duamutef – protects stomach and upper intestines Falcon Head – Qebehsenuef – protects lower intestines
Temples
First Burial Tombs - Mastaba
Made from mud brick
Step pyramid
Djoser – first pharaoh to use stone Also a step pyramid
Red Pyramid and Bent Pyramid Snefru
Pyramids at Giza - Kufu perfect and smooth sided Elaborate substructures under all pyramids
Obelisks
Hatshepsut
Only female pharaoh
Used obelisks to promote
herself as the rightful ruler
King Tut or Tutankhamun
Rules from age 9-18
Dies from a chariot accident
Tomb found undisturbed in 1922 by Howard Carter
He was buried in the Valley of the Kings in an underground tomb which replaced pyramids.
This was done in the hopes of preventing tomb robbing.
King Tut’s Tomb
Valley of the Kings
Valley of the Kings
Compare Egypt and Mesopotamia Both cultures had - noble class, social classes, monuments, afterlife, change comes from outside forces
Egypt
Stable
Decorative art
Strong central authority
Status of women is higher
Positive afterlife
No female infanticide
Mesopotamia
Less stable
Art-less monumental structures
Wide ranging trade contacts
Attention to merchant class and commercial law
Female infanticide
Negative afterlife
Heritage of the River Valleys
Wheel
Alphabets
Writing tools
Square roots
Tame horses
Calendars
Monarchies
Bureaucracies
Divisions of time
Slavery
WILL BE ON THE TEST!!!!!!
Diaspora
the movement, migration, or scattering of people away from an established or ancestral homeland ...
Phoenicia present day Lebanon and Syria
Phoenicians
Fringe group – has influence on areas through trade, they preferred opening new markets and ports rather than subduing frontiers. They remained free of Assyrian control by giving Assyrian Kings expensive luxuries.
(Called the Chanani, then called the Canaanites in the bible).
They are known today by the name the Greeks gave them – Phoenicians or Purple People
They were called this because of an expensive purple dye they made.
Phoenicia
Maritime culture
Ship builders – had access to a forest of massive cedars. Also traded the wood.
Excellent sailors
Good metal skills- tools, weapons, jewelry
Produce glass
Purple dye from sea mollusks – connected with Royalty
Alphabet-
22 letters
Distinct sounds
(allowed educated people to communicate with one another and reduced the need for professional scribes).
Phoenician Alphabet
Lydians
1st to introduce coined money
Changes barter system
Barter – exchange of a good for a good a good for a service, a service for a service
Jews (originally the Hebrews, also known as the Israelites)
Area south of Lebanon around 1200-1000 BCE
Develops into kingdom in Jerusalem under David around 1000-960 BCE
David was succeeded by Solomon
Kingdom fragments after Solomon
Forming Israel in the North and
Judah in the South.
Reign of David and Solomon
Educated people focused on one God – YHWH (Yahweh) over other regional deities
This was referred to as henotheism – which means recognition of the power of 1 god over other spirits and deities that still exist.
Gradually they moved to monotheism.
Monotheism
The acceptance of only 1 God to the exclusion of all others.
The transition to monotheism was helped by prophets who threatened divine annihilation for groups that opposed the idea of 1 temple, 1 god, and 1 moral system.
Transition was completed by 600’s BCE
Jews
Were distinct in their belief in 1 God – monotheism
They believed God guided their destinies and the basis of this guidance was the Hebrew Bible or the Torah.
The Torah became the contract between the Jews and their one God. It regulated all aspects of their lives.
Torah was written by Moses. Torah is the 1st 5 books of the Bible
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Deuteronomy
Numbers
Jewish people saw themselves as God’s chosen people
Converting non-Jews was not important
Jews concept of God – less humanlike, more abstract
God was linked to ethical behavior
Religion for the Jews was a way of life, not just rituals or ceremonies
