Course paper revision and report
tkilh1
Henry127578.pdf
Running head: ETHICAL HACKING ROUGH DRAFT 1
Ethical Hacking Rough Draft
Trevor Henry
Liberty University
August 9, 2020
Commented [ER2]: The running head is now uniform across all pages of a submission. It should be formatted as follows: Flush left with all-capital lettering followed by a right
aligned page number. All information should fit on a single
line. The running head should be at maximum 50 characters
or spaces long. There is no different heading for the first
page, and the label “running head is not utilized on any page.
An example of this can be in your APA Publication Manual
pages 50-60. The Online Writing Center has a sample paper
that you can refer to:
https://dcfwfuaf91uza.cloudfront.net/online/wp-
content/uploads/APA-7th-Sample-Paper-Graduate.pdf
Commented [ER3]: Unless your professor specified otherwise, do not include a course name or number, date, professor’s name, or student ID on your title page. According to APA formatting, the title page contains the following information in this given order: Paper Title
Blank double-spaced line
Student Name
Affiliation of each author: Example: School of Business,
Liberty University
Center this information in the top half of the title page.
Liberty University has designated the Times New Roman
12-point font for academic submissions. For more
information on this and an example title page, you can see
your APA Publication Manual pages 30-32 or
https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-
content/uploads/sites/28/2020/04/Sample-Paper-APA-7th-
professional-version-FINAL-03022020.pdf
Commented [ER4]: “On the first line of the first page of the text, write the title of the paper in title case, bold, and centered.” (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020, p. 39). “In title case, [the first word of the title or heading and subtitle or subheading plus all] major words are capitalized.…Nouns, verbs…adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and all words of four letters or more are considered major words” (APA, 2020, p. 167).
ETHICAL HACKING ROUGH DRAFT 2
Ethical Hacking Rough Draft
Introduction
'Ethics' is a term that involves several things that include, among other things, morals,
respect, and truth towards others. In ethical hacking, the principles involved comprise all of
these, including confidentiality, which is an additional factor of focus. Trainees studying ethical
hacking as well as trained professionals are, as such, expected to guarantee the observance of
these principles to ascertain that they do not engage in harm causing activities to others using
computer networks or the internet. There has been a rise in hacks to corporations such as JP
Morgan and Equifax in the past decade, and these have raised concerns concerning the moralities
of ethical hacking that involves trainees of ethical hacking and whether they could be the faces
behind these cyberattacks, which could also mean they are responsible for carrying out global
hacks. If trainees of ethical hacking are involved, then the ethical hacking principles should be
re-checked.
Tools of hacking
Ethical hacking intends to intrude on a computer system to find if there are any
vulnerable points, which in turn helps the target strengthen them to thwart future attempts. On
the other hand, a criminal hacker intrudes these systems intending to alter them for personal gain
or pleasure (Wulf, 2003). This often leaves the target in a vulnerable position of having their
information leaked or lost. A, for ethical hackers to be able to penetrate a computer system
successfully, they must utilize the tools and hacking paths that are used by criminal hackers.
Commented [ER5]: The heading “Introduction” is not needed for APA formatted papers. The introduction is assumed to follow the reiterated title. For more information on this, you can see page 47 within your APA Publication Manual.
Commented [ER6]: The standard quotation marking should be utilized around direct quotations. The single quotation markings are for quotations within direct quotations. Example: “In the beginning…” (New International Version, 1978/2000, Genesis 1:1) or Genesis 1:3 shared, “and God said, ‘Let there be light,’ and there was light” (New International Version, 1978/2000).
Commented [ER7]: When a direct quote is used, be sure to indicate either the page or paragraph number from where the direct quote was taken. Examples: (Last name, year of publication, p. #) or (Last name, year of publication, para. #). For more information on this, you can see your APA Publication Manual pages 271-272.
Commented [ER8]: This phrase is a bit repetitive as it mentions things twice. Consider reworking it to improve the
flow of information. Apply throughout!
Commented [ER9]: A single space should be included after most punctuation markings, such as periods, question marks, colons, semicolons, and commas. Some stipulations apply to this rule, including professor’s guidelines for ...
Commented [ER10]: Great comma usage!
Commented [ER11]: The ordering of information here is a bit hard to follow. Consider reworking it in a step-by-step manner. First, find the subject and verb of your idea. Then, ...
Commented [ER12]: Extra explanatory words and phrases should be separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. For example: When I walk outside, usually in ...
Commented [ER13]: You have utilized two forms of the same word, which is a form of repetitition that can detract
from the flow of information. Consider reworking this aspect
to avoid repetitive writing.
Commented [ER14]: Coordinating conjunctions (example: and, but, or, nor, so, yet) require a comma to join two
independent clauses. Example: I want to go home, but John
wants to go out. For more information on this, you can see ...
Commented [ER15]: There is no need to add extra blank lines prior to or after headings. For more information on this, you can see your APA Publication Manual page 45. ...
Commented [ER16]: The first heading found in your paper, placed after the reiterated title and introductory
section, should always be a level one heading.
...
Commented [ER17]: I am not sure what this is sharing.
ETHICAL HACKING ROUGH DRAFT 3
When ethical hackers penetrate past the security of a computer system, they are later able
to compare and adjust the privacy controls affected based on the successful outcome. This way,
they can minimize the risks involved, and assist the company managers with identifying the
weaknesses and strengths of their system as they help them understand the measures that should
be taken. As such, penetration tests are an essential way of finding out how vulnerable a
company is to attacks, and finding these helps the companies with minimizing the risks.
Penetration tests often take up to five days, where ethical hackers observe to see what occurs if
these are ignored and can advise their managers accordingly (Jamil & Khan, 2011).
The purpose of training and education on ethical hacking is to make competitive ethical
hackers in this volatile world of advancing technology (Pike, 2013). As such, the concern that
course leaders face is that of whether they are doing good of helping students improve on their
intrusion skills (Jamil & Khan, 2011). Another concern they face is whether the students they
teach have the right intentions, an element that is not easy to predict. However, they choose to
focus on teaching about the ethics of hacking, which involves helping their learners understand
the importance of penetrating a system and the value of discovering the knowledge used in
committing these crimes (Palmer, 2001). On the other hand, there is a need for the trainees to
acquire useful skills because the lack of this poses a high risk and threat to a company. Even so,
they are concerned that with such skills, the threat of having such people is high when they are
not offered competitive salaries. In such events, the chances of their intentions could change,
and they could turn into a protentional enemy. As such, Jamil & Khan (2011) argue the need for
them to be given good salaries based on their skills and capabilities.
Ethics of teaching attacker tools
Commented [ER18]: Is this comma joining two independent clauses? For a clause to be independent it should have a subject, a verb, and express a complete thought. If these clauses are not both independent clauses, then a comma should not be used to join them together. Example of two independent clauses joined by a comma and conjunction: Her name is Jessica, and she likes to eat fish. For more information on this, you can see the APA Publication Manual page 155 or the following link: http://www.liberty.edu/media/1171/Comma_usage_compl exity.doc Apply throughout!
Commented [ER19]: Great format!
Commented [ER20]: I am not sure what this means.
Commented [ER21]: When listing authors within the body of your sentence, the ampersand (&) should be spelled out as the word “and.” Example: Mahler and Smith (2008) found… Apply throughout!
Commented [ER22]: Use past tense verbs when referring to research that has already been completed. Research that
has been published has already been completed. More
information on this can be found on pages 117-118 of your
APA Publication Manual. For example: Mahler (2008)
shared…
Apply throughout!
Commented [ER23]: Is this the best level for this heading? Headings should be used to help the reader follow the flow
of information within your paper. Main ideas are typically
set as level one headings, while subsets of these ideas are the
level two headings. You can think of the headings as
envelopes. Your submission, as a whole, is a large envelope.
The level one headings, your main points, are smaller
envelopes within the large envelope (your paper). Each
subsequent level of headings is placed inside the heading
above it.
Level one headings are centered, boldfaced, and includes
title case lettering. “In title case, [the first word of the title or
heading and subtitle or subheading plus all] major words are
capitalized.…Nouns, verbs…adjectives, adverbs, pronouns,
and all words of four letters or more are considered major
words” (APA, 2020, p. 167). The section’s contents begin as
a new paragraph. For more information on this, you can look
inside the front cover and pages 47-49 of your APA
Publication Manual.
Level two headings: ensure that your level two heading is
flush left and boldfaced with title-case lettering. “In title
case, [the first word of the title or heading and subtitle or
subheading plus all] major words are capitalized.…Nouns,
verbs…adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and all words of four
letters or more are considered major words” (APA, 2020, p.
167). The section’s contents begin as a new paragraph. For
more information on this, you can look inside the front cover
and pages 47-49 of your APA Publication Manual.
Apply throughout!
ETHICAL HACKING ROUGH DRAFT 4
Ethics in ethical hacking means that the students are taught the carefulness of attacker
tools. There are concerns that some schools teach dangerous hacking skills that leave the
learners without discernment concerning the right tools of attack. Currently, Wulf (2003)
observes that universities are now offering hacking skills that were traditionally learned from
criminal hackers. This means that people with wrong intentions can easily access this knowledge
to pursue unlawful activities. This is leading society to turn the blame on institutions and forcing
them to take liability for their unethical hacking by their students. To curb this menace, schools
are finding it useful to reinforce a student code that creates a sense of caution in their hacking
activities.
Students signing to acknowledge their legal liability during their hacking endeavors help
them understand the gravity of the matter. Wulf (2003) claims that providing trainees of ethical
hacking with precautions helps them to understand the meaning of ethical hacking, thus helps
them draw a line between what is legal from what is unlawful. AS such, they carry their
activities with the full knowledge of what could happen if they go against the laid down policies.
Teaching ethical hacking to trainees is, in one way, handing them a loaded gun (Wulf,
2003). It means that they are skilled enough to carry out both ethical and unethical hacking
based on what motivates them. The case of Randal Schwartz is an excellent example of a lawsuit
regarding how an ethical hacker could turn into an unlawful hacker based on motivation. An
Intel employee, Schwartz, discovered his peers' weak password and used it to create a password
cracking program, which his company found unethical because they had not appointed him for
this security role.
Understanding the intentions of the hacker
Commented [ER24]: Great use of spacing between sentences!
Commented [ER25]: Typo?
ETHICAL HACKING ROUGH DRAFT 5
Most ethical hackers work to help a company reinforce its system's security. However, a
criminal hacker is led by motivation, which is fueled by the ease of access to confidential and
crucial information. Fraud, for example, often happens when a hacker can easily access financial
information and passwords, which he can manipulate to interfere with payments or other
sensitive financial details, which he uses for his financial gain. Jamil & Khan (2011) note that
most of these hacks are carried out by a disgruntled employee who asks but never gets pay rises.
A KPMG report records that 42% of UK frauds are executed or aided by an insider (Jamil &
Khan, 2011).
Ethical hacking in risk management
To counter unauthorized hacking, there is a need for companies to reinforce firm security.
Basically, hiring an ethical hacker means being trustful that their intentions will remain true, and
as such, there is the general worry that goes along with hiring computer experts for this purpose
(Saleem, 2006). For companies to be coordinated with ethical hacking, there is need that they
include it in their organizational planning
.
Conclusion
Having examined the topic of ethical hacking as a profession, it is notable that ethical
principles are necessary in addressing trainee hacking activities. as such, schools should begin to
include them in their training of computer attack tools, evaluation of these tools as well as hacker
paths as they also probe the intents of ethical hackers. The fact is trust issues will never cease.
However, ethical hacking remains a truly relevant course in every company's risk management
process.
Commented [ER26]: Great apostrohpe usage!
Commented [ER27]: “If you abbreviate a term, use the abbreviation at least three times in the paper” (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020, p. 170).
The abbreviated term should be written out completely, and
it should be followed immediately by the abbreviation in
parentheses. An example of this would be as follows: as soon
as possible (ASAP). Future uses of abbreviated term do not
need explanation; the abbreviation should just be used. For
further information about this, you can see the APA
Publication Manual page 173.
Apply throughout!
Commented [ER28]: All sentences should conclude with the appropriate end of sentence punctuation.
Commented [ER29]: Great format of this level one heading!
Commented [ER30]: Typically, the first word of all sentences should be capitalized, unless the word is a proper
noun that is always presented with a lowercased letter
(example: iPod). For further information about this, you can
see the APA Publication Manual pages 165-166 or the
following link:
http://www.liberty.edu/media/1171/Capitalization.doc
ETHICAL HACKING ROUGH DRAFT 6
References Commented [ER31]: The heading, References, should be “capitalized, bold, and centered” on the first line of your
references page (American Psychological Association
[APA], 2020, p. 40).
ETHICAL HACKING ROUGH DRAFT 7
Jamil, D. A. N. I. S. H., & Khan, M. N. A. (2011). Is ethical hacking ethical. International
journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 3(5), 3758-3763.
Palmer, C. C. (2001). Ethical hacking. IBM Systems Journal, 40(3), 769-780.
Pike, R. E. (2013). The "ethics" of teaching ethical hacking. Journal of International Technology
and Information Management, 22(4), 4.
Saleem, S. A. (2006, September). Ethical hacking as a risk management technique. In
Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Information security curriculum
development (pp. 201-203).
Wulf, T. (2003). Teaching ethics in undergraduate network security courses: the cautionary tale
of Randal Schwartz. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 19(1), 90-93.
Commented [ER32]: An APA journal article reference should include the following information:
Author, F. M. (year). Article title. Journal Title, volume
number(issue number), page numbers. Doi: # or Retrieved
from URL.
For more information on this, you can see your APA
Publication Manual pages 316-321.
Examples:
Wu, H. (2012). Constructing a strategy map for banking
institutions with key performance indicators of the balanced
scorecard. Evaluation and Program Planning, 35, 303-320.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2011.11.009
Martin, R. L. (2014). The big lie of strategic planning.
Harvard Business Review, 92(1-2), 78-84.
https://hbr.org/2014/01/the-big-lie-of-strategic-planning.
Commented [ER33]: The APA method of listing authors on the references page is as follows: Last name, First initial. Middle initial. Example: Mahler, E. A. Make sure that you include a space after the period following the first initial. The author’s level of education is not included on the references page. For more information on this, you can see pages 286-287 of your APA Publication Manual.
Commented [ER34]: Make sure you capitalize all major words within the journal’s title. Do not capitalize short prepositions and articles, unless they begin the title. For more information see https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success- center/apa-guide/
Commented [ER35]: Capitalize the first word of the article’s title, subtitle, and any proper nouns within the
article’s title. For more information on this, you can see your
APA Publication Manual page 291.
Commented [ER36]: I really enjoyed reading your paper. Overall, your paper was organized and easy to follow. In
general, your content is clear. Thank you for using the OWC.
Some things to look for as you edit your paper include the
following: comma usage and verb tense choice. As a
reminder, any comment that contains the phrase “apply
throughout” means that there were other instances of that
issue in the paper.
If you feel that you need more help on this paper, do not
hesitate to request a live session. Please feel free to fill out a
survey to let us know about your experience. God bless!
