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HealthInsuranceCoverageintheUnitedStates2015.pdf
Issued September 2016 P60-257(RV)
By Jessica C. Barnett and Marina S. Vornovitsky
Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 Current Population Reports
Jessica C. Barnett and Marina S. Vornovitsky, Chief of the Health and Disability Statistics Branch, prepared this report. Jennifer Cheeseman Day, Assistant Division Chief for Employment Characteristics in the Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division, provided overall direction.
David L. Watt and Susan S. Gajewski, Demographic Surveys Division, and Tim J. Marshall and Lisa Cheok, Associate Directorate Demographic Programs, processed the Current Population Survey 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplement file. Kirk E. Davis, Raymond Dowdy, Shawna Evers, Ryan C. Fung, Chandararith R. Phe, and Tiffani Whaley programmed and produced the detailed and publication tables under the direction of Hung X. Pham, Chief of the Tabulation and Applications Branch.
Victoria Velkoff, acting Chief of the American Community Survey Office, and Deborah M. Stempowski, former Chief of the American Community Survey Office, provided overall direction for the implementation of the 2015 American Community Survey. Jennifer W. Reichert, Judy G. Belton, Nicole Butler, Donna M. Daily, and Dameka M. Reese of the American Community Survey Office oversaw the data collection, including content, group quarters, and self- response. Kenneth B. Dawson, Gail M. Denby, and Arumugam Sutha of the Decennial Information Technology Division directed the edit and processing tasks for the 2015 1-Year American Community Survey file.
Jamie Choi, under the supervision of David V. Hornick, both of the Demographic Statistical Methods Division, conducted the statistical review of all Current Population Survey data.
Sirius C. Fuller, under the supervision of Karen E. King, both of the Decennial Statistical Studies Division, conducted the statistical review of all American Community Survey data.
Lisa Clement, Survey Director of the Current Population Survey, provided overall direction for the survey implementation. Lisa Cheok and Aaron Cantu, Associate Directorate Demographic Programs, and Roberto Picha, Agatha Jung, and Johanna Rupp of the Information Technology Directorate prepared and programmed the computer-assisted interviewing instrument used to conduct the Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
Alexandra Cockerham and Linda Orsini prepared the maps under the direction of Kevin Hawley, Chief of the Cartographic Products and Services Branch, Geography Division.
Additional people within the U.S. Census Bureau also made significant contributions to the preparation of this report. Edward Berchick, Kelly Holder, Heide Jackson, Brett O’Hara, Sharon Stern, Amy Steinweg, Danielle Taylor, Susan Walsh, and Monica S. Wiedemann reviewed the contents.
Census Bureau field representatives and telephone interviewers collected the data. Without their dedication, the preparation of this report or any report from the Current Population Survey would be impossible.
Linda Chen, Christine Geter, Donna Gillis, and Anthony Richards of the Public Information Office provided publication management, graphics design and composition, and editorial review for print and electronic media. George E. Williams of the Census Bureau’s Administrative and Customer Services Division provided printing management.
Acknowledgments
U.S. Department of Commerce Penny Pritzker,
Secretary
Bruce H. Andrews, Deputy Secretary
Economics and Statistics Administration Justin Antonipillai,
Counselor, Designated Duties of Under Secretary for Economic Affairs
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU John H. Thompson,
Director
P60-257(RV)
Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 Issued September 2016
Suggested Citation Barnett, Jessica C. and Marina S. Vornovitsky,
Current Population Reports, P60-257(RV),
Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015,
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC,
2016.
Economics and Statistics Administration
Justin Antonipillai, Counselor, Designated Duties of Under Secretary for Economic Affairs
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU John H. Thompson, Director
Nancy A. Potok, Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer
Enrique Lamas, Associate Director for Demographic Programs
David G. Waddington, Acting Chief, Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division
ECONOMICS
AND STATISTICS
ADMINISTRATION
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 iii
Contents
TEXT TABLES
Table 1. Coverage Numbers and Rates by Type of Health Insurance: 2013 to 2015 .......................................................................... 4
Table 2. Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 2014 and 2015 ........................................................... 7
Table 3. Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage for Working-Age Adults 19 to 64 Years Old: 2014 and 2015 ....... 10
Table 4. Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage by Household Income and Income-to-Poverty Ratio: 2014 and 2015 ...................................................................... 13
Table 5. Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Demographic Characteristics: 2014 and 2015 ...................................................................... 16
TEXT
Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 Highlights ............................................................................................ 1 What Is Health Insurance Coverage? .................................................... 1 Health Insurance Coverage and the Affordable Care Act ...................... 2 Estimates of the Population Without Health Insurance Coverage .......... 3 Two Measures of Health Insurance Coverage ....................................... 5 Multiple Coverage Types ...................................................................... 6 Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics ........................ 6
Age ................................................................................................ 6 Marital Status ................................................................................. 9 Disability Status ............................................................................. 9 Work Experience ........................................................................... 11 Educational Attainment ................................................................ 11 Household Income ........................................................................ 11 Income-to-Poverty Ratios .............................................................. 12 Family Status ................................................................................ 15 Residence ..................................................................................... 15 Race and Hispanic Origin.............................................................. 15 Nativity ........................................................................................ 15 Children and Adults Without Health Insurance Coverage .............. 17
State Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage ................................... 18 More Information About Health Insurance Coverage .......................... 21
Additional Data and Contacts ....................................................... 21 State and Local Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage .............. 21
Comments ......................................................................................... 21 Sources of Estimates .......................................................................... 21
Statistical Accuracy....................................................................... 22
iv Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 U.S. Census Bureau
APPENDIX TABLES
Table A-1. Population Without Health Insurance Coverage by State: 2013 to 2015 ............................ 24
Table A-2. Number of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 2014 and 2015 ........... 26
Table A-3. Number of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage for Working-Age Adults, Aged 19 to 64: 2014 and 2015 .................................................................................... 27
Table A-4. Number of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage by Household Income and Income-to-Poverty Ratio: 2014 and 2015 ..................................................................... 28
Table A-5. Number of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Demographic Characteristics: 2014 and 2015 ................................................ 29
FIGURES
Figure 1. Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage and Change From 2013 to 2015 ............................................................................................................2
Figure 2. Uninsured Rate: 2008 to 2015 ..............................................................................................5
Figure 3. Percentage With One or Multiple Coverage Types: 2015 .......................................................6
Figure 4. Uninsured Rate by Single Year of Age: 2013 to 2015 ............................................................9
Figure 5. Uninsured Rate by Poverty Status and Medicaid Expansion of State for Adults Aged 19 to 64: 2013 to 2015 ........................................................................14
Figure 6. Children Under Age 19 and Adults Aged 19 to 64 Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics: 2015 ...................................................................17
Figure 7. Uninsured Rate by State: 2015 ............................................................................................19
Figure 8. Change in the Uninsured Rate by State: 2013 to 2015 ........................................................20
APPENDIXES
Appendix A. Additional Health Insurance Coverage Tables ............................................ 23
Appendix B. Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage ...................................................... 31 Quality of Health Insurance Coverage Estimates .......................................................................... 31
Appendix C. Replicate Weights ................................................................................................. 33
Appendix D. Additional Data and Contacts ........................................................................... 35 Customized Tables ..................................................................................................................... 35
The CPS Table Creator ........................................................................................................... 35 American FactFinder .............................................................................................................. 35 DataFerrett ............................................................................................................................ 35
Public Use Microdata ................................................................................................................... 35 CPS ASEC ............................................................................................................................... 35 ACS ....................................................................................................................................... 35
Topcoding .................................................................................................................................... 35
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 1
Introduction
Health insurance is a means for financing a person’s health care expenses. While the majority of people have private health insurance, primar- ily through an employer, many others obtain coverage through programs offered by the government. Other individuals do not have health insur- ance at all (see the text box “What Is Health Insurance Coverage?”).
Over time, changes in the rate of health insurance coverage and the distribution of coverage types may reflect economic trends, shifts in the demographic composition of the popu- lation, and policy changes that impact access to care. Several such policy changes occurred in 2014, when many provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) went
into effect (see the text box “Health Insurance Coverage and the Affordable Care Act”).
This report presents statistics on health insurance coverage in the United States in 2015, changes in health insurance coverage rates between 2014 and 2015, as well as changes in health insurance coverage rates between 2013 and 2015. The statistics in this report are based on information collected in two surveys conducted by the Census Bureau, the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) and the American Community Survey (ACS) (see the text box “Two Measures of Health Insurance Coverage”). Throughout the report, unless otherwise noted, estimates come from the CPS ASEC.
Highlights
• The uninsured rate decreased between 2014 and 2015 by 1.3 percentage points as measured by the CPS ASEC. In 2015, the per- centage of people without health insurance coverage for the entire calendar year was 9.1 percent, or 29.0 million, lower than the rate and number of uninsured in 2014 (10.4 percent or 33.0 million) (Figure 1 and Table 1).1, 2
• The percentage of people with health insurance coverage for all or part of 2015 was 90.9 percent, higher than the rate in 2014 (89.6 percent) (Table 1).
• In 2015, private health insurance coverage continued to be more prevalent than public coverage, at 67.2 percent and 37.1 percent, respectively. Of the subtypes of health insurance, employer-based insurance covered 55.7 percent of the population for some or all of the calendar year, followed by Medicaid (19.6 percent), Medicare (16.3 percent), direct-purchase (16.3 percent), and military cover- age (4.7 percent) (Table 1 and Figure 1).3
1 For a brief description of how the Census Bureau collects and reports on health insurance data, see the text box “What is Health Insurance Coverage?” For a discussion of the quality of the CPS ASEC health insurance coverage estimates, see Appendix B.
2 For information on recessions, see Appendix A, P60-256, Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015 at <www.census.gov /content/dam/Census/library/publications /2016/demo/p60-256.pdf>.
3 The percentage of people covered by Medicare in 2015 was not statistically different from the percentage of people covered by direct- purchase health insurance.
Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015
What Is Health Insurance Coverage?
Health insurance coverage in the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) refers to health insurance that covers basic health care needs. This definition excludes single service plans, such as accident, disability, dental, vision, or prescrip- tion medicine plans. For reporting purposes, the Census Bureau broadly classifies health insurance coverage as private insurance or government insurance. The CPS ASEC defines private health insurance as a plan pro- vided through an employer or a union and coverage purchased directly by an individual from an insurance company or through an exchange. Government health insurance includes federal programs, such as Medicare, Medicaid, the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), individual state health plans, TRICARE, CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military. In the CPS ASEC, people were considered insured if they were covered by any type of health insur- ance for part or all of the previous calendar year. They were considered uninsured if they were not covered by any type of health insurance for the entire year. Additionally, people were considered uninsured if they only had coverage through the Indian Health Service (IHS). For more informa- tion, see Appendix B, “Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage.”
2 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 U.S. Census Bureau
* Military health care includes TRICARE and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military.
Note: Between 2014 and 2015, there was no statistically significant change in the percentage of people covered by employment-based health insurance, Medicaid, or military health care. Between 2013 and 2015, there was not a statistically significant change in the percentage of people covered by employment-based health insurance or military health care. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the Current Population Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2014 to 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Figure 1. Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage and Change From 2013 to 2015
0 20 40 60 80 100
Military health care*
Medicaid
Medicare
Any government plan
Direct-purchase
Employment-based
Any private plan
With health insurance
Uninsured
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Percent in 2015 Percentage point change:
2014 to 2015
(Population as of March of the following year)
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Percentage point change: 2013 to 2015
Health Insurance Coverage and the Affordable Care Act
Since the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2010, several provisions of the ACA have gone into effect at different times. For example, in 2010, the Young Adult Provision enabled adults under age 26 to remain as dependents on their parents’ health insurance plans. Many more of the main provisions went into effect on January 1, 2014, including the expansion of Medicaid eligibility and the establishment of health insurance marketplaces (e.g., healthcare.gov).
As described in this report, decreases in the uninsured rates between 2013 and 2015 are consistent with what some provisions of the ACA intended. In 2014, people under age 65, particularly adults aged 19 to 64, may have become eligible for coverage options under the ACA. Based on family income, some people may have qualified for subsidies or tax credits to help pay for premiums associated with health insurance plans. In addition, the popula- tion with lower income may have become eligible for Medicaid coverage if they resided in one of the 27 states or the District of Columbia that expanded Medicaid eligibility.*
* By January 1, 2014, 24 states and the District of Columbia expanded Medicaid eligibility. By January 1, 2015, 3 additional states (Michigan, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania) expanded Medicaid eligibility. For a list of the states and their Medicaid expansion status as of January 1, 2015, see Table A-1: Population Without Health Insurance Coverage by State: 2013 to 2015.
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 3
• Increases in both private health insurance coverage and govern- ment coverage contributed to the overall increase in coverage between 2014 and 2015. The rate of private coverage increased by 1.2 percentage points to 67.2 percent in 2015 (up from 66.0 percent in 2014), and the govern- ment coverage rate increased by 0.6 percentage points to 37.1 percent (up from 36.5 percent in 2014) (Table 1 and Figure 1).4
• Between 2014 and 2015, the greatest change in coverage was the change in direct-purchase health insurance, which increased by 1.7 percentage points to cover 16.3 percent of people for some or all of 2015 (up from 14.6 percent in 2014) (Table 1 and Figure 1).
• For the second year in a row, the percentage of people with- out health insurance dropped for every single year of age under 65 (Figure 4).5
• In 2015, the percentage of uninsured children under age 19 was 5.3 percent (Table 2). This was a decrease from 6.2 percent in 2014.
• In 2015, the uninsured rate for children under age 19 in poverty, 7.5 percent, was higher than the uninsured rate for children not in poverty, 4.8 percent (Figure 6).
• In 2015, non-Hispanic Whites had the lowest uninsured rate among race and Hispanic origin groups, at 6.7 percent. The uninsured rates for Blacks and Asians were higher than for non-Hispanic Whites, at 11.1 percent and 7.5 percent, respectively. Hispanics
4 Between 2014 and 2015, the percentage point change for people covered by private health insurance was not statistically different from the percentage point change for people covered by government health insurance.
5 Estimates are from the 2013 to 2015 1-Year American Community Surveys.
had the highest uninsured rate in 2015, at 16.2 percent (Table 5).6
• Between 2014 and 2015, the overall rate of health insurance coverage increased for most race and Hispanic-origin groups.7 Hispanics had the largest increase (3.6 percentage points), followed by Asians (1.9 percentage points) and non-Hispanic Whites (0.9 per- centage points) (Table 5).8
• Between 2014 and 2015, the uninsured rate decreased in 47 states and the District of Columbia (Figure 8 and Table A-1). Three states (North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming) did not experience a statisti- cally significant change in their uninsured rate.9
6 Federal surveys give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are pos- sible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in- combination concept). The body of this report (text, figures, and tables) shows data using the first approach (race alone). Use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches.
In this report, the term “non-Hispanic White” refers to people who are not Hispanic and who reported White and no other race. The Census Bureau uses non-Hispanic Whites as the compari- son group for other race groups and Hispanics.
Since Hispanics may be any race, data in this report for Hispanics overlap with data for race groups. Being Hispanic was reported by 15.0 percent of White householders who reported only one race, 4.3 percent of Black householders who reported only one race, and 2.4 percent of Asian householders who reported only one race.
Data users should exercise caution when interpreting aggregate results for the Hispanic population or for race groups because these populations consist of many distinct groups that differ in socioeconomic characteristics, culture, and recent immigration status. For further infor- mation, see <www.census.gov/cps>.
7 Between 2014 and 2015, there was no statistically significant difference in the health insurance coverage rate for Blacks.
8 Between 2014 and 2015, the percentage point change in the health insurance coverage rate for non-Hispanic Whites was not statistically different from the percentage point change for Asians.
9 Estimates are from the 2014 and 2015 1-Year American Community Surveys.
Estimates of the Population Without Health Insurance Coverage
In 2015, 9.1 percent of people (or 29.0 million) were uninsured for the entire calendar year (Table 1). This was a decrease of 1.3 percentage points from 2014, when 10.4 percent (or 33.0 million) were uninsured for the entire calendar year.
This report classifies health insurance coverage into three different groups: private health insurance, government health insurance, and the uninsured. Private health insurance includes cov- erage provided through an employer or union and coverage purchased directly by an individual from an insurance company or through an exchange.10 Government health insur- ance coverage includes federal pro- grams, such as Medicare, Medicaid, the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), individual state health plans, TRICARE, CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military (VA Care). Individuals are considered to be uninsured if they do not have health insurance coverage for the entire calendar year. For more information, see the text box “What Is Health Insurance Coverage?”
In 2015, most people (90.9 percent) had health insurance coverage at some point during the calendar year, with more people having private health insurance (67.2 percent) than government coverage (37.1 percent). Of the subtypes of health insurance, employer-based insurance covered the most people (55.7 percent of the population), followed by Medicaid (19.6 percent), Medicare (16.3 per- cent), direct-purchase (16.3 percent),
10 Exchanges include coverage purchased through the federal Health Insurance Marketplace as well as other state-based marketplaces, and include both subsidized and unsubsidized plans.
4 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 U.S. Census Bureau
and military health care (4.7 percent) (Table 1).11
The percentage of people covered by any type of health insurance increased by 1.3 percentage points to 90.9 percent in 2015, up from 89.6 percent in 2014. Increases in both private health insurance coverage and government coverage contributed to the overall increase in coverage between 2014 and 2015. The rate of private coverage increased by 1.2 percentage points to 67.2 percent in 2015 (up from 66.0 percent in 2014), and the government coverage rate increased by 0.6 percentage points to
11 The percentage of individuals covered by Medicare is not statistically different from the percentage of individuals covered by direct- purchase health insurance.
37.1 percent (up from 36.5 percent in 2014).12, 13
While the overall rates of both private and government health insurance increased, coverage rates have not changed for every subtype of health insurance. Between 2014 and 2015, coverage rates increased for two types of coverage: direct-purchase health insurance and Medicare.14
12 The percentage point change between 2014 and 2015 for people covered by any type of health insurance was not statistically different from the percentage point change for people covered by private health insurance. The percent- age point change between 2014 and 2015 for people covered by private health insurance was not statistically different from the percentage point change for people covered by government health insurance.
13 Some people may have more than one coverage type during the calendar year.
14 The percentage of people covered by direct-purchase health insurance in 2015 was not statistically different from the percentage of people covered by Medicare.
The largest percentage-point change in coverage was for direct-purchase, which increased by 1.7 percent- age points to cover 16.3 percent of people for some or all of 2015 (up from 14.6 percent in 2014). Between 2014 and 2015, the Medicare cover- age rate increased by 0.3 percentage points for the population as a whole. However, this increase was due to an increase in the number of people aged 65 and over and not to changes in Medicare coverage rates within a particular age group. Coverage rates did not change for the other types of health insurance between 2014 and 2015, including employment- based insurance, Medicaid, and plans through the military.
Table 1. Coverage Numbers and Rates by Type of Health Insurance: 2013 to 2015 (Numbers in thousands, margins of error in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. Population as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www2.census.gov/programs -surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf )
Coverage type
2013 2014 2015
Change
2015 less 2014 2015 less 2013
Number MOE1
(±) Rate MOE1
(±) Number MOE1
(±) Rate MOE1
(±) Number MOE1
(±) Rate MOE1
(±) Number Rate Number Rate
Any health plan . . . . . . . . . . 271,606 636 86 .7 0 .2 283,200 568 89 .6 0 .2 289,903 650 90 .9 0 .2 *6,702 *1 .3 *18,297 *4 .3 Any private plan 2, 3 . . . . . . . 201,038 1,140 64 .1 0 .4 208,600 1,221 66 .0 0 .4 214,238 1,118 67 .2 0 .4 *5,639 *1 .2 *13,201 *3 .0 Employment-based 2 . . . . 174,418 1,160 55 .7 0 .4 175,027 1,188 55 .4 0 .4 177,540 1,229 55 .7 0 .4 *2,513 0 .3 *3,122 Z Direct-purchase 2 . . . . . . . 35,755 615 11 .4 0 .2 46,165 798 14 .6 0 .3 52,057 916 16 .3 0 .3 *5,891 *1 .7 *16,302 *4 .9 Any government plan2, 4 . . . 108,287 1,115 34 .6 0 .4 115,470 1,035 36 .5 0 .3 118,395 1,067 37 .1 0 .3 *2,924 *0 .6 *10,107 *2 .6 Medicare 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,020 377 15 .6 0 .1 50,546 339 16 .0 0 .1 51,865 308 16 .3 0 .1 *1,319 *0 .3 *2,845 *0 .6 Medicaid 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,919 969 17 .5 0 .3 61,650 931 19 .5 0 .3 62,384 917 19 .6 0 .3 734 0 .1 *7,465 *2 .0 Military health care 2, 5 . . . 14,016 595 4 .5 0 .2 14,143 568 4 .5 0 .2 14,849 626 4 .7 0 .2 706 0 .2 833 0 .2 Uninsured6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,795 614 13 .3 0 .2 32,968 561 10 .4 0 .2 28,966 634 9 .1 0 .2 *–4,002 *–1 .3 *–12,829 *–4 .3
* Changes between the estimates are statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level .
Z Represents or rounds to zero . 1 A margin of error (MOE) is a measure of an estimate’s variability . The larger the MOE in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate . This number, when added to and subtracted from
the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval . MOEs shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights . For more information, see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <www2 .census .gov/library/publications/2016/demo/p60-257sa .pdf> .
2 The estimates by type of coverage are not mutually exclusive; people can be covered by more than one type of health insurance during the year . 3 Private health insurance includes coverage provided through an employer or union, coverage purchased directly by an individual from an insurance company, or coverage through someone outside the
household . 4 Government health insurance coverage includes Medicaid, Medicare, TRICARE, CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), and care provided by the
Department of Veterans Affairs and the military . 5 Military health care includes TRICARE and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and
the military . 6 Individuals are considered to be uninsured if they do not have health insurance coverage for the entire calendar year .
Source: U .S . Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2014, 2015, and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements .
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 5
Two Measures of Health Insurance Coverage
This report includes two types of health insurance coverage mea- sures: health insurance coverage during the entire calendar year and health insurance coverage at the time of the interview.
The first measure, coverage at any time during the calendar year, is collected with the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC). The CPS is the longest- running survey conducted by the Census Bureau. The key purpose of the CPS ASEC is to provide timely and detailed estimates of eco- nomic well-being, of which health insurance coverage is an important part. The Census Bureau conducts the CPS ASEC annually between February and April, and the result- ing measure of health insurance coverage reflects an individual’s coverage during the entire previ- ous calendar year.
The second measure is the health insurance coverage status an individual reported at the time of the interview, which is collected in the American Community Survey (ACS). The ACS is an ongoing survey that collects comprehensive information on social, economic, and housing topics. Due to its large sample size, the ACS pro- vides estimates at many levels of geography. Estimates reflect an annual average of current health insurance coverage status.
As a result of the difference in the collection of health insurance coverage status, the CPS ASEC and the ACS measure different concepts. The CPS ASEC uninsured
rate represents the percentage of people who had no health insur- ance coverage at any time during the previous calendar year. The ACS uninsured rate is a measure of the percentage of people who were uninsured at the time of the interview.
Between 2008 and 2013, as mea- sured by the ACS, uninsured rates remained relatively stable, and decreased sharply by 2.8 percent- age points between 2013 and 2014 and by 2.3 percentage points
between 2014 and 2015, mark- ing the largest percentage-point declines over this period. Overall, the uninsured rate decreased by 5.1 percentage points between 2013 and 2015.
Between 2014 and 2015, the two measures of health insurance coverage both point to a decrease in uninsured rates (Figure 2). In 2015, the uninsured rate was 9.1 percent as measured by the CPS ASEC and 9.4 percent as measured by the ACS.
Figure 2. Uninsured Rate: 2008 to 2015
Percent
Uninsured at the time of the interview (American Community Survey)
Uninsured for the entire calendar year (Current Population Survey)
0
4
8
12
16
20152014201320122011201020092008
Note: For the American Community Survey, estimates are for the civilian noninstitutionalized population. For the Current Population Survey, estimates reflect the population as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the Current Population Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf>. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the American Community Survey, see <www2.census.gov /programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/accuracy/ACS_Accuracy_of_Data_2015.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2014, 2015, and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements and 2008 to 2015 1-Year American Community Surveys.
Note: For the American Community Survey, estimates are for the civilian noninstitutionalized population. For the Current Population Survey, estimates reflect the population as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the Current Population Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs /cpsmar16.pdf>. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the American Community Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/accuracy/ACS_Accuracy_of _Data_2015.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2014, 2015, and 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplements and 2008 to 2015 1-Year American Community Surveys.
6 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 U.S. Census Bureau
Multiple Coverage Types
While most people are covered by a single type of insurance, some people may have more than one type of coverage during the calendar year. That is, they may have multiple types of coverage at one time to supple- ment their primary insurance type, or switch coverage types over the course of the year. Of the population with health insurance coverage in 2015, 78.4 percent had one coverage type during the year and 21.6 percent had multiple coverage types over the course of the year (Figure 3).
Some types of health insurance were more likely to be held alone, while other types of health insur- ance coverage were more likely to be held in combination with another type of insurance at some point dur- ing the year. Among the groups with employment-based health insurance coverage or Medicaid coverage, most had only one plan type during 2015
(77.7 percent and 65.7 percent, respectively).
People covered by direct-purchase insurance, Medicare, or military health care were more likely to have had more than one coverage type during the year. In 2015, 58.1 percent of people with direct-purchase health insurance had some other type of health insurance, along with 60.6 percent of people with Medicare and 59.9 percent of people with military health care.15
15 The percentage of people covered by direct-purchase health insurance coverage and another plan type was not statistically differ- ent from the percentage of people covered by military health coverage and another plan type. The percentage of people covered by Medi- care and another plan type was not statisti- cally different from the percentage of people covered by military health coverage and another plan type.
Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics
Age
Age is strongly associated with the likelihood that a person has health insurance and the type of health insurance a person has. In 2015, adults aged 65 or over and children under 19 were more likely to have health insurance coverage (98.9 per- cent and 94.7 percent, respectively) compared with working-age adults aged 19 to 64 (87.4 percent) (Table 2).
Adults aged 65 and over had the highest rate of health insurance cover- age because most are eligible for Medicare. In 2015, 93.8 percent of older adults were covered by a gov- ernment plan and 52.1 percent were covered by a private plan, which may have supplemented their government coverage. The rate of health insurance coverage overall increased by 0.3 percentage points between 2014 and 2015 for the population aged 65 and
* Military health care includes TRICARE and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military.
Note: For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the Current Population Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
Figure 3. Percentage With One or Multiple Coverage Types: 2015
Percent within coverage type
One coverage type Multiple coverage types
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Military health care*
Medicaid
Medicare
Any government plan
Direct-purchase
Employment-based
Any private plan
Any health plan
(Population as of March of the following year)
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 7
Ta b le
2 .
P e rc
e n
ta g e o
f P e o p
le b
y T
y p
e o
f H
e a lt
h I
n s u
ra n
c e C
o v e ra
g e b
y A
g e : 2
0 1
4 a
n d
2 0
1 5
(N u m
b er
s in
t h o u sa
n d s,
m ar
g in
s o f
er ro
r in
p er
ce n ta
g e
p o in
ts .
Po p u la
ti o n a
s o f
M ar
ch o
f th
e fo
llo w
in g y
ea r. F
o r
in fo
rm at
io n o
n c
o n fi
d en
ti al
it y
p ro
te ct
io n ,
sa m
p lin
g e
rr o r,
n o n sa
m p lin
g e
rr o r, a
n d d
efi n it
io n s,
s ee
w w
w 2
.c en
su s.
g ov
/p ro
g ra
m s-
su rv
ey s/
cp s/
te ch
d oc
s/ cp
sm a r1
6 .p
d f
)
C ha
ra ct
er is
tic
To ta
l A
ny h
ea lth
in su
ra nc
e P
riv at
e he
al th
in su
ra nc
e3 G
ov er
nm en
t h ea
lth in
su ra
nc e4
U ni
ns ur
ed 5
20 14
20 15
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
N um
be r
N um
be r
P er
- ce
nt M
O E
2 (±
) P
er -
ce nt
M O
E 2
(± )
P er
- ce
nt M
O E
2 (±
) P
er -
ce nt
M O
E 2
(± )
P er
- ce
nt M
O E
2 (±
) P
er -
ce nt
M O
E 2
(± )
P er
- ce
nt M
O E
2 (±
) P
er -
ce nt
M O
E 2
(± )
T o
ta l .
. . . .
. . . .
31 6,
16 8
31 8,
86 8
89 .6
0 . 2
90 .9
0 . 2
*1 .3
66 .0
0 . 4
67 .2
0 . 4
*1 .2
36 .5
0 . 3
37 .1
0 . 3
*0 .6
10 .4
0 . 2
9 . 1
0 . 2
*– 1 .
3
A g
e U
nd er
a ge
6 5
. . . .
. . .
27 0,
17 4
27 1,
32 2
88 .0
0 . 2
89 .5
0 . 2
*1 .5
68 .2
0 . 4
69 .8
0 . 4
*1 .6
26 .8
0 . 4
27 .2
0 . 4
0 . 4
12 .0
0 . 2
10 .5
0 . 2
*– 1 .
5
U nd
er a
ge 1
8 . .
. . .
73 ,9
20 74
,0 62
94 .0
0 . 3
94 .8
0 . 3
*0 .8
60 .6
0 . 6
62 .3
0 . 6
*1 .6
43 .1
0 . 6
43 .0
0 . 7
–0 .1
6 . 0
0 . 3
5 . 2
0 . 3
*– 0 .
8
U nd
er a
ge 1
96 .
. . .
78 ,1
19 78
,1 82
93 .8
0 . 3
94 .7
0 . 3
*0 .9
61 .0
0 . 6
62 .6
0 . 6
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42 .6
0 . 6
42 .6
0 . 6
Z 6 .
2 0 .
3 5 .
3 0 .
3 *–
0 . 9
A
ge d
18 to
6 4 .
. . . .
19 6,
25 4
19 7,
26 0
85 .8
0 . 2
87 .5
0 . 3
*1 .7
71 .1
0 . 4
72 .7
0 . 4
*1 .6
20 .7
0 . 4
21 .3
0 . 3
*0 .6
14 .2
0 . 2
12 .5
0 . 3
*– 1 .
7
A ge
d 19
to 6
4 . . .
. . 19
2, 05
5 19
3, 14
0 85
.7 0 .
2 87
.4 0 .
3 *1
.7 71
.1 0 .
4 72
.7 0 .
4 *1
.6 20
.4 0 .
4 21
.0 0 .
3 *0
.6 14
.3 0 .
2 12
.6 0 .
3 *–
1 . 7
A
ge d
19 to
2 57 .
. . .
30 ,5
08 30
,4 75
82 .9
0 . 6
85 .5
0 . 6
*2 .6
67 .5
0 . 8
69 .9
0 . 9
*2 .4
22 .1
0 . 7
23 .0
0 . 7
1 . 0
17 .1
0 . 6
14 .5
0 . 6
*– 2 .
6
A ge
d 26
to 3
4 . . .
. . 38
,4 15
38 ,9
60 81
.8 0 .
5 83
.7 0 .
6 *1
.9 67
.2 0 .
7 69
.6 0 .
7 *2
.4 20
.3 0 .
6 20
.1 0 .
7 –0
.3 18
.2 0 .
5 16
.3 0 .
6 *–
1 . 9
A
ge d
35 to
4 4 .
. . . .
39 ,9
19 40
,0 05
84 .6
0 . 4
86 .3
0 . 5
*1 .7
71 .5
0 . 6
72 .7
0 . 6
*1 .2
18 .2
0 . 5
19 .3
0 . 6
*1 .2
15 .4
0 . 4
13 .7
0 . 5
*– 1 .
7
A ge
d 45
to 6
4 . . .
. . 83
,2 13
83 ,7
01 89
.0 0 .
3 90
.4 0 .
3 *1
.3 74
.1 0 .
5 75
.3 0 .
4 *1
.2 20
.9 0 .
5 21
.4 0 .
5 0 .
5 11
.0 0 .
3 9 .
6 0 .
3 *–
1 . 3
A ge
d 65
a nd
o ld
er .
. . 45
,9 94
47 ,5
47 98
.6 0 .
1 98
.9 0 .
1 *0
.3 52
.8 0 .
9 52
.1 0 .
8 –0
.7 93
.6 0 .
3 93
.8 0 .
3 0 .
2 1 .
4 0 .
1 1 .
1 0 .
1 *–
0 . 3
* C
ha ng
es b
et w
ee n
th e
es tim
at es
a re
s ta
tis tic
al ly
d iff
er en
t f ro
m z
er o
at th
e 90
p er
ce nt
c on
fid en
ce le
ve l .
Z R
ep re
se nt
s or
r ou
nd s
to z
er o .
1 D
et ai
ls m
ay n
ot s
um to
to ta
ls b
ec au
se o
f r ou
nd in
g . 2
A m
ar gi
n of
e rr
or (
M O
E )
is a
m ea
su re
o f a
n es
tim at
e’ s
va ria
bi lit
y . T
he la
rg er
th e
M O
E in
r el
at io
n to
th e
si ze
o f t
he e
st im
at e,
th e
le ss
r el
ia bl
e th
e es
tim at
e . T
hi s
nu m
be r,
w he
n ad
de d
to a
nd s
ub tr
ac te
d fr
om th
e es
tim at
e, fo
rm s
th e
90 p
er ce
nt c
on fi-
de nc
e in
te rv
al . M
O E
s sh
ow n
in th
is ta
bl e
ar e
ba se
d on
s ta
nd ar
d er
ro rs
c al
cu la
te d
us in
g re
pl ic
at e
w ei
gh ts
. F or
m or
e in
fo rm
at io
n, s
ee “
S ta
nd ar
d E
rr or
s an
d T
he ir
U se
” a t <
w w
w 2 .
ce ns
us .g
ov /li
br ar
y/ pu
bl ic
at io
ns /2
01 6/
de m
o/ p6
0- 25
7s a .
pd f>
. 3
P riv
at e
he al
th in
su ra
nc e
in cl
ud es
c ov
er ag
e pr
ov id
ed th
ro ug
h an
e m
pl oy
er o
r un
io n,
c ov
er ag
e pu
rc ha
se d
di re
ct ly
b y
an in
di vi
du al
fr om
a n
in su
ra nc
e co
m pa
ny , o
r co
ve ra
ge th
ro ug
h so
m eo
ne o
ut si
de th
e ho
us eh
ol d .
4
G ov
er nm
en t h
ea lth
in su
ra nc
e co
ve ra
ge in
cl ud
es M
ed ic
ai d,
M ed
ic ar
e, T
R IC
A R
E , C
H A
M P
V A
( C
iv ili
an H
ea lth
a nd
M ed
ic al
P ro
gr am
o f t
he D
ep ar
tm en
t o f V
et er
an s
A ffa
irs ),
a nd
c ar
e pr
ov id
ed b
y th
e D
ep ar
tm en
t o f V
et er
an s
A ffa
irs a
nd th
e m
ili ta
ry .
5 In
di vi
du al
s ar
e co
ns id
er ed
to b
e un
in su
re d
if th
ey d
o no
t h av
e he
al th
in su
ra nc
e co
ve ra
ge fo
r th
e en
tir e
ca le
nd ar
y ea
r . 6
C hi
ld re
n un
de r
th e
ag e
of 1
9 ar
e el
ig ib
le fo
r M
ed ic
ai d/
C H
IP .
7 T hi
s ag
e is
o f s
pe ci
al in
te re
st b
ec au
se o
f t he
A ffo
rd ab
le C
ar e
A ct
’s d
ep en
de nt
c ov
er ag
e pr
ov is
io n .
In di
vi du
al s
ag ed
1 9
to 2
5 m
ay b
e el
ig ib
le to
b e
a de
pe nd
en t o
n a
pa re
nt ’s
h ea
lth in
su ra
nc e
pl an
.
N ot
e: T
he e
st im
at es
b y
ty pe
o f c
ov er
ag e
ar e
no t m
ut ua
lly e
xc lu
si ve
; p eo
pl e
ca n
be c
ov er
ed b
y m
or e
th an
o ne
ty pe
o f h
ea lth
in su
ra nc
e du
rin g
th e
ye ar
.
S ou
rc e:
U .S
. C en
su s
B ur
ea u,
C ur
re nt
P op
ul at
io n
S ur
ve y,
2 01
5 an
d 20
16 A
nn ua
l S oc
ia l a
nd E
co no
m ic
S up
pl em
en ts
.
8 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 U.S. Census Bureau
older, while the rate of private cover- age, as well as the rate of government coverage, did not change.16
Children under age 19 were covered by health insurance at a higher rate than working-age adults and at a lower rate than older adults in 2015. One reason for this could be that children from lower income families may be eligible for programs such as Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP).17 In 2015, private health insurance was more prevalent than government coverage for children under age 19, at 62.6 per- cent and 42.6 percent, respectively. Some children were covered by both private and government coverage for part or all of the calendar year.
Between 2014 and 2015, the overall rate of health insurance coverage for children under 19 increased by 0.9 percentage points. The rate of private coverage increased by 1.6 percentage points; however, there was no statisti- cal difference in the rate of govern- ment coverage during this period.18
Compared with children and older adults, working-age adults (people aged 19 to 64) had the lowest rate of health insurance coverage in 2015, at 87.4 percent. Within that group, the
16 For adults aged 65 and older, the 0.3 per- centage point difference in the health insurance coverage rate between 2014 and 2015 was not statistically different from the percentage point difference in private health insurance cover- age rate and the percentage point difference in government coverage. The percentage point difference between 2014 and 2015 for private health insurance was not statistically different from the percentage point difference for govern- ment coverage for this age group.
17 The Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) is a government program that provides health insurance to children in families with incomes too high to qualify for Medicaid, but who are unable to afford private health insurance.
18 For children under 19, the percentage point increase between 2014 and 2015 in the overall health insurance rate was not statistically differ- ent from the percentage point increase in private health insurance.
population aged 26 to 34 was least likely to be insured, with a coverage rate of 83.7 percent.19 For younger adults aged 19 to 25, the health insurance rate of 85.5 percent was lower than that for children under age 19 but higher than that for adults aged 26 to 34. For the age groups between 26 and 64, the rate of health insurance coverage increased as age increased.
Compared with other age groups, working-age adults were the most likely to be covered by private health insurance, which provided coverage to 72.7 percent of the population aged 19 to 64 in 2015. They also had the lowest rate of coverage through the government, at 21.0 percent.
Between 2014 and 2015, the per- centage of adults aged 19 to 64 with health insurance coverage increased by 1.7 percentage points. The rates of private and government coverage increased for working-age adults by 1.6 percentage points and 0.6 per- centage points, respectively.20
The percentage of people without health insurance coverage dropped for every single age under 65 between 2014 and 2015, marking a second year of declines across all ages (Figure 4).21 Younger adults tended to experience a larger drop than older adults. For example, the uninsured rate declined by 5.6 percentage points
19 In 2015, the health insurance coverage rate for people aged 19 to 25 was not statistically different from the coverage rate for people aged 35 to 44.
20 Between 2014 and 2015, the percentage point difference in the overall health insurance rate for people aged 19 to 64 was not statisti- cally different from the percentage point differ- ence for private health insurance coverage rate for this age group.
21 These estimates and estimates in the remainder of this section come from the 2013 through 2015 1-Year American Community Surveys.
for 26-year-olds and 1.9 percentage points for 64-year-olds.
The uneven downward shift in uninsured rates reduced some of the age-specific rate disparities, resulting in slightly more uniform uninsured rates across ages. Adults aged 26 con- tinued to have the highest uninsured rate (at 19.5 percent in 2015) (Figure 4). Three notable sharp differences remained between single age years, specifically between 18- and 19-year- olds, between 25- and 26-year-olds, and between 64- and 65-year-olds. In 2015, the uninsured rate was about one-and-a-half times greater for 19-year-olds compared with 18-year- olds, almost one-and-a-quarter times greater for 26-year-olds compared with 25-year-olds, and the uninsured rate for 65-year-olds was about one- quarter of the rate of 64-year-olds.
Even within the broad age groups of children and working-age adults, uninsured rates for single years of age differed. In 2015, for children under age 19, the uninsured rate was greater with increasing age, with 3.4 percent for children under 1 year of age and 9.2 percent for 18-year-olds. Among young adults between the ages of 19 and 25, the uninsured rate was 14.1 percent for 19-year-olds and 17.0 percent for 25-year-olds. For adults between the ages of 26 and 64, the uninsured rate declined gener- ally across all ages from 19.5 percent for 26-year-olds to 6.9 percent for 64-year-olds. Among older adults aged 65 and over, the uninsured rate varied little by age.
Since 2013, all single-year ages under age 65 experienced a significant decrease in their uninsured rate, with the largest declines of about 10.0 per- centage points for each age between 21 and 28.
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 9
Marital Status
Many adults obtain health insurance coverage through their spouse. In 2015, married adults aged 19 to 64 years had the highest coverage rate, at 91.0 percent (Table 3). The cover- age rate was lowest for individuals who were separated, at 79.4 percent. The coverage rate was 83.2 percent for people who were never mar- ried. The coverage rates for people who were widowed or divorced were 85.8 percent and 85.1 percent, respectively.22
22 In 2015, the health insurance coverage rate for widowed individuals was not statistically different from the coverage rate for divorced individuals.
Between 2014 and 2015, most marital status groups experienced an increase in their coverage rate, except for people who were widowed. The coverage rate for the married popu- lation increased by 1.3 percentage points. People who were divorced and people who were never mar- ried experienced an increase of 2.2 percentage points and 2.3 percentage points, respectively, in their coverage rates.23 The coverage rate increased by 4.3 percentage points between
23 Between 2014 and 2015, the percentage point difference in the health insurance coverage rate for divorced individuals was not statistically different from the percentage point difference for married individuals and individuals who have never been married.
2014 and 2015 for individuals who were separated.24
Disability Status
In 2015, the health insurance cover- age rate for working-age adults with a disability was higher than for the
24 Between 2014 and 2015, the percentage point difference in the health insurance coverage rate for widowed people was not statistically different from the percentage point difference for people who were married, divorced, sepa- rated, or never married. The percentage point difference in the health insurance coverage rate between 2014 and 2015 for divorced people was not statistically different from the percentage point difference for people who were married, separated, or never married. The percentage point difference in the health insurance coverage rate between 2014 and 2015 for people who were separated was not statistically different from the percentage point difference for people who were never married.
Figure 4. Uninsured Rate by Single Year of Age: 2013 to 2015
Percent
(Civilian noninstitutionalized population) 2014 2015
Age
For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the American Community Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/accuracy/ACS_Accuracy_of_Data_2015.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013, 2014, and 2015 1-Year American Community Surveys.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
757065605550454035302520151050
2013
+
10 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 U.S. Census Bureau
Ta b le
3 .
P e rc
e n
ta g e o
f P e o p
le b
y T
y p
e o
f H
e a lt
h I
n s u
ra n
c e C
o v e ra
g e f
o r
W o rk
in g -A
g e A
d u
lt s 1
9 t
o 6
4 Y
e a rs
O ld
: 2
0 1
4 a
n d
2 0
1 5
(N u m
b er
s in
t h o u sa
n d s,
m ar
g in
s o f
er ro
r in
p er
ce n ta
g e
p o in
ts .
Po p u la
ti o n a
s o f
M ar
ch o
f th
e fo
llo w
in g y
ea r. F
o r
in fo
rm at
io n o
n c
o n fi
d en
ti al
it y
p ro
te ct
io n ,
sa m
p lin
g e
rr o r,
n o n sa
m p lin
g e
rr o r, a
n d d
efi n it
io n s,
s ee
w w
w 2
.c en
su s.
g ov
/p ro
g ra
m s-
su rv
ey s/
cp s/
te ch
d oc
s/ cp
sm a r1
6 .p
d f
)
C ha
ra ct
er is
tic
To ta
l A
ny h
ea lth
in su
ra nc
e P
riv at
e he
al th
in su
ra nc
e3 G
ov er
nm en
t h ea
lth in
su ra
nc e4
U ni
ns ur
ed 5
20 14
20 15
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
N um
be r
N um
be r
P er
- ce
nt M
O E
2 (±
) P
er -
ce nt
M O
E 2
(± )
P er
- ce
nt M
O E
2 (±
) P
er -
ce nt
M O
E 2
(± )
P er
- ce
nt M
O E
2 (±
) P
er -
ce nt
M O
E 2
(± )
P er
- ce
nt M
O E
2 (±
) P
er -
ce nt
M O
E 2
(± )
To ta
l . . .
. . . .
. . . .
31 6,
16 8
31 8,
86 8
89 .6
0 . 2
90 .9
0 . 2
*1 .3
66 .0
0 . 4
67 .2
0 . 4
*1 .2
36 .5
0 . 3
37 .1
0 . 3
*0 .6
10 .4
0 . 2
9 . 1
0 . 2
*– 1 .
3
To
ta l,
19 to
6 4
y ea
rs o
ld .
. . . .
. . 19
2, 05
5 19
3, 14
0 85
.7 0 .
2 87
.4 0 .
3 *1
.7 71
.1 0 .
4 72
.7 0 .
4 *1
.6 20
.4 0 .
4 21
.0 0 .
3 *0
.6 14
.3 0 .
2 12
.6 0 .
3 *–
1 . 7
M ar
it al
S ta
tu s
M ar
rie d6 .
. . . .
. . . .
. . .
10 1,
50 5
10 1,
27 7
89 .7
0 . 3
91 .0
0 . 3
*1 .3
78 .8
0 . 4
80 .0
0 . 5
*1 .2
17 .5
0 . 5
18 .0
0 . 4
0 . 5
10 .3
0 . 3
9 . 0
0 . 3
*– 1 .
3 W
id ow
ed .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 3,
37 7
3, 45
1 84
.4 1 .
7 85
.8 1 .
6 1 .
4 57
.4 2 .
4 59
.1 2 .
2 1 .
8 33
.3 2 .
1 33
.6 2 .
1 0 .
3 15
.6 1 .
7 14
.2 1 .
6 –1
.4 D
iv or
ce d
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
20 ,1
88 19
,8 17
82 .9
0 . 6
85 .1
0 . 7
*2 .2
62 .5
0 . 9
63 .9
0 . 9
*1 .4
25 .1
0 . 8
26 .0
0 . 9
0 . 9
17 .1
0 . 6
14 .9
0 . 7
*– 2 .
2 S
ep ar
at ed
. . .
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* C
ha ng
es b
et w
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th e
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a re
s ta
tis tic
al ly
d iff
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t f ro
m z
er o
at th
e 90
p er
ce nt
c on
fid en
ce le
ve l .
1
D et
ai ls
m ay
n ot
s um
to to
ta ls
b ec
au se
o f r
ou nd
in g .
2 A
m ar
gi n
of e
rr or
( M
O E
) is
a m
ea su
re o
f a n
es tim
at e’
s va
ria bi
lit y .
T he
la rg
er th
e M
O E
in r
el at
io n
to th
e si
ze o
f t he
e st
im at
e, th
e le
ss r
el ia
bl e
th e
es tim
at e .
T hi
s nu
m be
r, w
he n
ad de
d to
a nd
s ub
tr ac
te d
fr om
th e
es tim
at e,
fo rm
s th
e 90
p er
ce nt
c on
fid en
ce
in te
rv al
. M O
E s
sh ow
n in
th is
ta bl
e ar
e ba
se d
on s
ta nd
ar d
er ro
rs c
al cu
la te
d us
in g
re pl
ic at
e w
ei gh
ts . F
or m
or e
in fo
rm at
io n,
s ee
“ S
ta nd
ar d
E rr
or s
an d
T he
ir U
se ” a
t < w
w w
2 . ce
ns us
.g ov
/li br
ar y/
pu bl
ic at
io ns
/2 01
6/ de
m o/
p6 0-
25 7s
a . pd
f> .
3 P
riv at
e he
al th
in su
ra nc
e in
cl ud
es c
ov er
ag e
pr ov
id ed
th ro
ug h
an e
m pl
oy er
o r
un io
n, c
ov er
ag e
pu rc
ha se
d di
re ct
ly b
y an
in di
vi du
al fr
om a
n in
su ra
nc e
co m
pa ny
, o r
co ve
ra ge
th ro
ug h
so m
eo ne
o ut
si de
th e
ho us
eh ol
d . 4
G ov
er nm
en t h
ea lth
in su
ra nc
e co
ve ra
ge in
cl ud
es M
ed ic
ai d,
M ed
ic ar
e, T
R IC
A R
E , C
H A
M P
V A
( C
iv ili
an H
ea lth
a nd
M ed
ic al
P ro
gr am
o f t
he D
ep ar
tm en
t o f V
et er
an s
A ffa
irs ),
a nd
c ar
e pr
ov id
ed b
y th
e D
ep ar
tm en
t o f V
et er
an s
A ffa
irs a
nd th
e m
ili ta
ry .
5 In
di vi
du al
s ar
e co
ns id
er ed
to b
e un
in su
re d
if th
ey d
o no
t h av
e he
al th
in su
ra nc
e co
ve ra
ge fo
r th
e en
tir e
ca le
nd ar
y ea
r . 6 T
he c
om bi
ne d
ca te
go ry
“ m
ar rie
d” in
cl ud
es th
re e
in di
vi du
al c
at eg
or ie
s: “
m ar
rie d,
c iv
ili an
s po
us e
pr es
en t,”
“ m
ar rie
d, A
rm ed
F or
ce s
sp ou
se p
re se
nt ,”
an d
“m ar
rie d,
s po
us e
ab se
nt .”
7 T he
s um
o f t
ho se
w ith
a nd
w ith
ou t a
d is
ab ili
ty d
oe s
no t e
qu al
th e
to ta
l b ec
au se
d is
ab ili
ty s
ta tu
s is
n ot
d efi
ne d
fo r
in di
vi du
al s
in th
e A
rm ed
F or
ce s .
N ot
e: T
he e
st im
at es
b y
ty pe
o f c
ov er
ag e
ar e
no t m
ut ua
lly e
xc lu
si ve
; p eo
pl e
ca n
be c
ov er
ed b
y m
or e
th an
o ne
ty pe
o f h
ea lth
in su
ra nc
e du
rin g
th e
ye ar
. S
ou rc
e: U
.S . C
en su
s B
ur ea
u, C
ur re
nt P
op ul
at io
n S
ur ve
y, 2
01 5
an d
20 16
A nn
ua l S
oc ia
l a nd
E co
no m
ic S
up pl
em en
ts .
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 11
population with no disability. In 2015, 90.1 percent of adults aged 19 to 64 with a disability had health insurance, compared with 87.1 percent of adults without a disability (Table 3).
Among adults aged 19 to 64, private coverage was less prevalent among adults with a disability compared with adults with no disability. In 2015, 43.4 percent of working-age adults with a disability had private cover- age (an increase of 2.2 percentage points from 2014) and 58.3 percent had government coverage.25 Among adults aged 19 to 64 with no disabil- ity, 75.5 percent had private coverage (an increase of 1.5 percentage points from 2014) and 17.4 had government coverage (an increase of 0.7 percent- age points from 2014).26
Between 2014 and 2015, both the population with a disability and the population with no disability expe- rienced a statistically significant increase in their coverage rates. The coverage rate increased by 1.1 percentage points to 90.1 percent in 2015 for adults with a disability. For working-age adults without a disabil- ity, the insured rate increased by 1.8 percentage points to 87.1 percent in 2015.27
Work Experience
For many adults, their health insur- ance coverage is related to their work status, such as working full time and year round, working less than full
25 Between 2014 and 2015, there was no statistical difference in the government health insurance coverage rate for people with a disability.
26 The percentage point difference in the private health insurance coverage rate between 2014 and 2015 for people without a disability was not statistically different from the percent- age point difference in the private health insur- ance coverage rate for people with a disability. For people without a disability, the percentage point difference in the government coverage rate between 2014 and 2015 was not statistically different from the percentage point difference for the private health insurance coverage rate.
27 Between 2014 and 2015, the percentage point difference in the health insurance coverage rate for people with a disability was not statisti- cally different from the percentage point differ- ence for people without a disability.
time and year round, or not working at all during the calendar year.28 Of people aged 19 to 64 who worked at some point during the year, 88.4 percent had health insurance cover- age for all or part of 2015 (Table 3). In 2015, full-time, year-round work- ers were more likely to be covered by health insurance (90.1 percent) than the population who worked less than full time, year round (84.2 percent) or nonworkers (84.2 percent).
In 2015, 84.5 percent of full-time, year-round workers had private insur- ance coverage, compared with 69.0 percent of people who worked less than full time, year round and 48.6 percent of nonworkers.
Nonworkers were more than three times as likely to have government health insurance (44.9 percent) than people who worked (13.8 percent) in 2015. The percentage of people who worked full time, year round covered by government health insurance was 10.5 percent, while the percentage of people who worked less than full time, year round covered by govern- ment health insurance was higher, at 21.7 percent.
Between 2014 and 2015, all work experience groups experienced an increase in the percentage of people with health insurance coverage, though the size of the change varied by work status. The largest coverage rate increase for the working popula- tion was for those who worked less than full time, year round. Of this group, 84.2 percent were covered by health insurance in 2015, an increase of 2.3 percentage points from the level in 2014. The percentage point increase for the population who
28 A full-time, year-round worker is a person who worked 35 or more hours per week (full- time) and 50 or more weeks during the previous calendar year (year-round). For school personnel, summer vacation is counted as weeks worked if they are scheduled to return to their job in the fall.
worked full time, year round was smaller, at 1.3 percentage points.29
Educational Attainment
People with higher levels of educa- tional attainment were more likely to have health insurance coverage com- pared with people with lower levels of education in 2015. Of the popula- tion aged 26 to 64, 95.2 percent of people with a graduate or professional degree had health insurance in 2015, compared with 93.0 percent of people with a bachelor’s degree, 84.4 percent of high school graduates, and 72.4 percent of the population with no high school diploma (Table 3).
People of all education levels experi- enced an increase in the rate of health insurance coverage between 2014 and 2015, except for individuals with a graduate or professional degree.30 The population with no high school diploma experienced a larger increase compared with the population with a bachelor’s degree; their health insur- ance coverage rates increased by 2.8 percentage points and 1.0 percentage points, respectively.31
Household Income
People with lower household income had lower health insurance coverage rates than people with higher income. In 2015, 85.2 percent of people with an annual household income of less
29 The percentage point difference in the health insurance coverage rate between 2014 and 2015 for nonworkers was not statistically different from the percentage point difference for people working full time, year round or the percentage point difference for people working less than full time, year round.
30 There was no statistical difference in the health insurance coverage rate between 2014 and 2015 for people with a graduate or profes- sional degree.
31 The percentage point difference in the health insurance coverage rate between 2014 and 2015 for people with a graduate or profes- sional degree was not statistically different from the percentage point difference for people with an associate degree or people with a bachelor’s degree. The percentage point difference in the health insurance coverage rate between 2014 and 2015 for people with no high school diploma was not statistically different from the percent- age point difference for high school graduates or people with some college.
12 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 U.S. Census Bureau
than $25,000 had health insurance coverage, compared with 92.7 per- cent of people with household income ranging from $75,000 to $99,999 and 95.5 percent of people with house- hold income of $100,000 or more (Table 4).32
The relationship between household income and private health insur- ance coverage was also positive, but varied more by income level than did the rate of overall health insur- ance coverage. In 2015, 30.8 percent of people with a household income below $25,000 had private coverage, compared with 87.4 percent of people with household income at or above $100,000.
The private health insurance cov- erage rates varied more for lower income groups than for higher income groups. In 2015, the private health insurance coverage rate for people with household income between $25,000 and $49,999 (53.2 per- cent) was 22.4 percentage points higher than the rate for people with household income below $25,000 (30.8 percent). At the same time, the private health insurance coverage rate for people with household income at or above $100,000 (87.4 percent) was 7.8 percentage points higher than the rate for people with house- hold income between $75,000 and $99,999 (79.7 percent).
People in households with lower income were more likely to have gov- ernment coverage than people with higher household income. In 2015, 66.6 percent of people with house- hold income below $25,000 had gov- ernment health coverage, compared with 19.1 percent of people in the highest household income group.
The government coverage rates for lower income groups were more spread out relative to government
32 The 2014 income estimates are inflation- adjusted and presented in 2015 dollars.
coverage rates for higher income groups. In 2015, the government cov- erage rate for people with household income of less than $25,000 per year (66.6 percent) was 15.8 percentage points higher than the rate for people with household income between $25,000 and $49,999 per year (50.8 percent). For the two highest income groups, the difference was smaller. The government coverage rate for people with household income between $75,000 and $99,999 (27.2 percent) was 8.1 percentage points higher than the rate for people with household income at or above $100,000 (19.1 percent).
Between 2014 and 2015, health insurance coverage rates increased for each income category. The popu- lation with the lowest household income experienced a larger increase in their coverage rate (1.7 percent- age points for people with household income of less than $25,000) than the population with the highest house- hold income (0.8 percentage points for people with household income of $100,000 or more).
Between 2014 and 2015, no income group experienced a statistical change in their rate of private health insur- ance coverage.
The government coverage rate increased between 2014 and 2015 for all income groups with household income below $100,000.
Income-to-Poverty Ratios
People and families are classified as being in poverty if their income is less than their poverty threshold.33
33 The Office of Management and Budget determined the official definition of poverty in Statistical Policy Directive 14. Appendix B of the report Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015 provides a more detailed descrip- tion of how the U.S. Census Bureau calculates poverty; see <www.census.gov/content/dam /Census/library/publications/2016/demo /p60-256.pdf>.
In 2015, the population living below 100 percent of poverty had the lowest health insurance coverage rate, at 82.6 percent, while people living at or above 400 percent of poverty had the highest coverage rate, at 95.5 per- cent (Table 4). The population living between 100 percent and 399 percent of the poverty ratio had coverage rates that ranged from 86.4 percent for people living between 100 and 199 percent of poverty to 92.7 per- cent for the population living between 300 and 399 percent of poverty.
Government coverage continued to be most prevalent for the population in poverty (62.1 percent) and least prevalent for the population with income-to-poverty ratios at or above 400 percent of poverty (22.6 percent) in 2015.
Between 2014 and 2015, the popula- tion living at every income-to-poverty ratio level experienced an increase in their health insurance coverage rate. The percentage of people with health insurance increased by 2.0 percent- age points for people living below 100 percent of the poverty threshold, by 1.5 percentage points for people between 100 and 199 percent of poverty, 1.8 percentage points for people between 200 and 299 percent of poverty, 1.1 percentage points for people between 300 and 399 percent of poverty, and by 0.3 percentage points for people at or above 400 percent of poverty.34
34 The percentage point difference in the health insurance coverage rate between 2014 and 2015 for people below 100 percent of pov- erty was not statistically different from the per- centage point difference for people between 100 and 199 percent of poverty, 200 and 299 percent of poverty, and 300 and 399 percent of poverty. The percentage point difference in the coverage rate between 2014 and 2015 for people between 100 and 199 percent of poverty was not statisti- cally different from the percentage point differ- ence for people between 200 and 299 percent of poverty and 300 and 399 percent of poverty. The percentage point difference in the health insur- ance coverage rate between 2014 and 2015 for people between 200 and 299 percent of poverty was not statistically different from the percent- age point difference for people between 300 and 399 percent of poverty.
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 13
Ta b le
4 .
P e rc
e n
ta g e o
f P e o p
le b
y T
y p
e o
f H
e a lt
h I
n s u
ra n
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g e b
y H
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s e h
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c o m
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t h o u sa
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p o in
ts .
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s o f
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o r
in fo
rm at
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20 14
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T o
ta l .
. . . .
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H o
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.
14 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 U.S. Census Bureau
In 2014, policy changes associ- ated with the Affordable Care Act provided the option for states to expand Medicaid eligibility to people whose income-to-poverty ratio fell under a particular threshold (for more information, see the text box “Health Insurance Coverage and the Affordable Care Act”). For adults aged 19 to 64, the relationship between poverty status and change in the uninsured rate between 2014 and 2015 may be related to the state of
residence, and whether or not that state expanded Medicaid eligibility as of January 1, 2015 (Figure 5).35 In states that expanded Medicaid eligi- bility (“expansion states”) and states that did not expand Medicaid eligibil- ity (“non-expansion states”), as the income-to-poverty ratio increased, the uninsured rate decreased. However, in both 2014 and 2015, the uninsured
35 Estimates from Figure 5 are from the 2013 through 2015 1-Year American Community Surveys.
rate was higher in non-expansion states than in expansion states at all levels of poverty. While the uninsured rate decreased at each level of pov- erty between 2014 and 2015, the overall decrease in the uninsured rate was greater in expansion states than in non-expansion states for people living below 100 percent of poverty and between 100 and 399 percent of poverty.
* Medicaid expansion status as of January 1, 2015. For a list of expansion and non-expansion states, see Table A-1: Population Without Health Insurance Coverage by State: 2013 to 2015.
Note: For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the American Community Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/accuracy/ACS_Accuracy_of_Data_2015.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013, 2014, and 2015 1-Year American Community Surveys.
Figure 5. Uninsured Rate by Poverty Status and Medicaid Expansion of State for Adults Aged 19 to 64: 2013 to 2015
Percentage point decrease in uninsured rate between 2014 and 2015
Percent
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
At or above 400%
of poverty
Between 100% and 399%
of poverty
Below 100%
of poverty
At or above 400%
of poverty
Between 100% and 399%
of poverty
Below 100%
of poverty
-10
-5
0
Percentage point decrease in uninsured rate between 2013 and 2015
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Expansion states* 2013 2014 2015
Non-expansion states* 2013 2014 2015
(Civilian noninstitutionalized population)
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 15
Family Status
The Census Bureau classifies liv- ing arrangements into three types: families, unrelated subfamilies, and unrelated individuals. Families are the largest of these categories (80.9 per- cent of the population in 2015) and are defined as a group of two or more related people where one of them is the householder.36 People living in unrelated subfamilies (0.4 percent of the population) are family units that reside with but are not related to the primary householder.37 The remain- der of the population (18.6 percent) is classified as unrelated individuals (Table 5).
In 2015, people living in families had the highest health insurance coverage rate (91.7 percent) compared with the rate of health insurance coverage for unrelated individuals (87.8 percent) and people living in unrelated sub- families (87.9 percent).
Between 2014 and 2015, most of the family status groups experienced an increase in their coverage rates.38 The increase in the coverage rate was larger for unrelated individuals (2.0 percentage points) compared with people living in families (1.2 percent- age points).
36 Family members must be related by birth, marriage, or adoption and reside together.
37 For example, unrelated subfamilies could include a married couple with or without children, or a single parent with one or more never-married children under 18 years old living in a household. Unrelated subfamily members are not related to the householder. An unrelated subfamily may include people such as guests, partners, roommates, or resident employees and their spouses and/or children. The number of unrelated subfamily members is included in the total number of household members, but is not included in the count of family members.
38 The percentage of people with health insur- ance coverage living in unrelated subfamilies in 2015 was not statistically different from the percentage in 2014.
Residence39
The Census Bureau categorizes resi- dency into two broad groups; indi- viduals can either live inside a metro- politan statistical area or outside of one. People living inside metropolitan statistical areas are a diverse group, and include individuals living both inside and outside principal cities. In 2015, the health insurance cover- age rate was the highest for people living outside principal cities within metropolitan statistical areas, at 91.9 percent, and lowest for people living inside principal cities, at 89.5 percent (Table 5).
Race and Hispanic Origin
In 2015, non-Hispanic Whites had a higher rate of health insurance cover- age (93.3 percent) compared with Blacks (88.9 percent), Asians (92.5 percent), and Hispanics, who had the lowest coverage rate (83.8 percent) (Table 5).
Non-Hispanic Whites and Asians were among the most likely to have had private health insurance in 2015, at 73.6 percent and 75.5 percent, respectively. Hispanics, who had the lowest rate of any health insurance coverage, also had the lowest rate of coverage by private health insurance, at 51.6 percent, while 55.9 percent of Blacks had private health insurance coverage.
Government-provided health insur- ance coverage rates differed from the pattern for private health insurance coverage. In 2015, the government coverage rate was the highest for Blacks, at 44.1 percent, followed by
39 Once a decade, the CPS ASEC transitions to a new sample design and updates all metropoli- tan statistical area delineations. As a result, the metropolitan/nonmetropolitan estimates for 2014 and 2015 are not comparable. Users may want to use the American Community Survey estimates for metropolitan/nonmetropolitan comparisons.
Hispanics (41.2 percent) and non- Hispanic Whites (35.3 percent). Asians had the lowest rate of health insur- ance coverage through the govern- ment, at 27.1 percent in 2015.
Between 2014 and 2015, health insurance coverage rates increased for most race and Hispanic origin groups. The increase was greatest for Hispanics (3.6 percentage points). The increase for non-Hispanic Whites was 0.9 percentage points, and the increase for Asians was 1.9 percent- age points. There was no statistically significant difference in the health insurance coverage rate for Blacks between 2014 and 2015.40
Nativity
In 2015, the health insurance cover- age rate for the native-born popula- tion (92.3 percent) was larger than that of naturalized citizens (91.3 per- cent) and noncitizens (73.6 percent) (Table 5).
Between 2014 and 2015, health insur- ance coverage rates increased for all nativity groups. The foreign-born population, including both naturalized citizens and noncitizens, experienced a larger increase in coverage rates than did the native-born population (3.2 percentage points for the foreign- born and 1.1 percentage points for the native-born). Among the foreign- born, noncitizens experienced a greater increase (4.8 percentage points) than did naturalized citizens (1.5 percentage points).
40 The percentage point difference in the health insurance coverage rate between 2014 and 2015 for Whites was not statistically dif- ferent from the percentage point difference for Asians. The percentage point difference in the health insurance coverage rate between 2014 and 2015 for non-Hispanic Whites was not statistically different from the percentage point difference for Blacks or Asians.
16 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 U.S. Census Bureau
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.8 0 .
5 *3
.6 48
.7 0 .
9 51
.6 1 .
0 *3
.0 39
.5 0 .
7 41
.2 0 .
8 *1
.7 19
.9 0 .
5 16
.2 0 .
5 *–
3 . 6
N at
iv it
y N
at iv
e bo
rn .
. . . .
. . . .
. . .
27 3,
98 4
27 5,
79 8
91 .3
0 . 2
92 .3
0 . 2
*1 .1
67 .4
0 . 4
68 .4
0 . 3
*1 .0
37 .5
0 . 3
38 .0
0 . 3
*0 .5
8 . 7
0 . 2
7 . 7
0 . 2
*– 1 .
1 F
or ei
gn b
or n
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
42 ,1
84 43
,0 70
78 .6
0 . 6
81 .9
0 . 6
*3 .2
56 .7
0 . 8
59 .4
0 . 9
*2 .8
30 .4
0 . 7
31 .8
0 . 8
*1 .3
21 .4
0 . 6
18 .1
0 . 6
*– 3 .
2
N at
ur al
iz ed
c iti
ze n
. . .
. . 19
,7 33
20 ,0
86 89
.8 0 .
6 91
.3 0 .
5 *1
.5 65
.5 1 .
1 66
.5 1 .
0 1 .
0 35
.3 1 .
0 36
.9 1 .
0 *1
.6 10
.2 0 .
6 8 .
7 0 .
5 *–
1 . 5
N
ot a
c iti
ze n
. . . .
. . . .
. . 22
,4 51
22 ,9
84 68
.8 1 .
0 73
.6 1 .
0 *4
.8 48
.9 1 .
1 53
.2 1 .
3 *4
.3 26
.2 0 .
9 27
.3 1 .
0 1
.1 31
.2 1 .
0 26
.4 1 .
0 *–
4 . 8
* C
ha ng
es b
et w
ee n
th e
es tim
at es
a re
s ta
tis tic
al ly
d iff
er en
t f ro
m z
er o
at th
e 90
p er
ce nt
c on
fid en
ce le
ve l .
N N
ot c
om pa
ra bl
e .
1 D
et ai
ls m
ay n
ot s
um to
to ta
ls b
ec au
se o
f r ou
nd in
g . 2
A m
ar gi
n of
e rr
or (
M O
E )
is a
m ea
su re
o f a
n es
tim at
e’ s
va ria
bi lit
y . T
he la
rg er
th e
M O
E in
r el
at io
n to
th e
si ze
o f t
he e
st im
at e,
th e
le ss
r el
ia bl
e th
e es
tim at
e . T
hi s
nu m
be r,
w he
n ad
de d
to a
nd s
ub tr
ac te
d fr
om th
e es
tim at
e, fo
rm s
th e
90 p
er ce
nt c
on fid
en ce
in
te rv
al . M
O E
s sh
ow n
in th
is ta
bl e
ar e
ba se
d on
s ta
nd ar
d er
ro rs
c al
cu la
te d
us in
g re
pl ic
at e
w ei
gh ts
. F or
m or
e in
fo rm
at io
n, s
ee “
S ta
nd ar
d E
rr or
s an
d T
he ir
U se
” a t <
w w
w 2 .
ce ns
us .g
ov /li
br ar
y/ pu
bl ic
at io
ns /2
01 6/
de m
o/ p6
0- 25
7s a .
pd f>
. 3
P riv
at e
he al
th in
su ra
nc e
in cl
ud es
c ov
er ag
e pr
ov id
ed th
ro ug
h an
e m
pl oy
er o
r un
io n,
c ov
er ag
e pu
rc ha
se d
di re
ct ly
b y
an in
di vi
du al
fr om
a n
in su
ra nc
e co
m pa
ny , o
r co
ve ra
ge th
ro ug
h so
m eo
ne o
ut si
de th
e ho
us eh
ol d .
4 G
ov er
nm en
t h ea
lth in
su ra
nc e
co ve
ra ge
in cl
ud es
M ed
ic ai
d, M
ed ic
ar e,
T R
IC A
R E
, C H
A M
P V
A (
C iv
ili an
H ea
lth a
nd M
ed ic
al P
ro gr
am o
f t he
D ep
ar tm
en t o
f V et
er an
s A
ffa irs
), a
nd c
ar e
pr ov
id ed
b y
th e
D ep
ar tm
en t o
f V et
er an
s A
ffa irs
a nd
th e
m ili
ta ry
. 5
In di
vi du
al s
ar e
co ns
id er
ed to
b e
un in
su re
d if
th ey
d o
no t h
av e
he al
th in
su ra
nc e
co ve
ra ge
fo r
th e
en tir
e ca
le nd
ar y
ea r .
6 O
nc e
a de
ca de
, t he
C P
S A
S E
C tr
an si
tio ns
to a
n ew
s am
pl e
de si
gn a
nd u
pd at
es a
ll m
et ro
po lit
an s
ta tis
tic al
a re
a de
lin ea
tio ns
. A s
a re
su lt,
th e
m et
ro po
lit an
/n on
m et
ro po
lit an
e st
im at
es fo
r 20
14 a
nd 2
01 5
ar e
no t c
om pa
ra bl
e . U
se rs
m ay
w an
t t o
us e
th e
A m
er ic
an C
om m
un ity
S ur
ve y
es tim
at es
fo r
m et
ro po
lit an
/n on
m et
ro po
lit an
c om
pa ris
on s .
7 T he
“ O
ut si
de m
et ro
po lit
an s
ta tis
tic al
a re
as ” c
at eg
or y
in cl
ud es
b ot
h m
ic ro
po lit
an s
ta tis
tic al
a re
as a
nd te
rr ito
ry o
ut si
de o
f m et
ro po
lit an
a nd
m ic
ro po
lit an
s ta
tis tic
al a
re as
. F or
m or
e in
fo rm
at io
n, s
ee “
A bo
ut M
et ro
po lit
an a
nd M
ic ro
po lit
an S
ta tis
tic al
A re
as ” a
t <
w w
w .c
en su
s . go
v/ po
pu la
tio n/
m et
ro /a
bo ut
> .
8 F
ed er
al s
ur ve
ys n
ow g
iv e
re sp
on de
nt s
th e
op tio
n of
r ep
or tin
g m
or e
th an
o ne
r ac
e . T
he re
fo re
, t w
o ba
si c
w ay
s of
d efi
ni ng
a r
ac e
gr ou
p ar
e po
ss ib
le . A
g ro
up s
uc h
as A
si an
m ay
b e
de fin
ed a
s th
os e
w ho
r ep
or te
d A
si an
a nd
n o
ot he
r ra
ce (
th e
ra ce
-a lo
ne
or s
in gl
e- ra
ce c
on ce
pt )
or a
s th
os e
w ho
r ep
or te
d A
si an
r eg
ar dl
es s
of w
he th
er th
ey a
ls o
re po
rt ed
a no
th er
r ac
e (t
he r
ac e-
al on
e- or
-in -c
om bi
na tio
n co
nc ep
t) . T
hi s
ta bl
e sh
ow s
da ta
u si
ng th
e fir
st a
pp ro
ac h
(r ac
e al
on e)
. T he
u se
o f t
he s
in gl
e- ra
ce p
op ul
at io
n do
es
no t i
m pl
y th
at it
is th
e pr
ef er
re d
m et
ho d
of p
re se
nt in
g or
a na
ly zi
ng d
at a .
T he
C en
su s
B ur
ea u
us es
a v
ar ie
ty o
f a pp
ro ac
he s .
In fo
rm at
io n
on p
eo pl
e w
ho r
ep or
te d
m or
e th
an o
ne r
ac e,
s uc
h as
W hi
te a
nd A
m er
ic an
In di
an a
nd A
la sk
a N
at iv
e or
A si
an a
nd B
la ck
o r
A fr
ic an
A m
er ic
an , i
s av
ai la
bl e
fr om
C en
su s
20 10
th ro
ug h
A m
er ic
an F
ac tF
in de
r . A
bo ut
2 .9
p er
ce nt
o f p
eo pl
e re
po rt
ed m
or e
th an
o ne
r ac
e in
C en
su s
20 10
. D at
a fo
r A
m er
ic an
In di
an s
an d
A la
sk a
N at
iv es
, N at
iv e
H aw
ai ia
ns a
nd O
th er
P ac
ifi c
Is la
nd er
s, a
nd th
os e
re po
rt in
g tw
o or
m or
e ra
ce s
ar e
no t s
ho w
n se
pa ra
te ly
. N
ot e:
T he
e st
im at
es b
y ty
pe o
f c ov
er ag
e ar
e no
t m ut
ua lly
e xc
lu si
ve ; p
eo pl
e ca
n be
c ov
er ed
b y
m or
e th
an o
ne ty
pe o
f h ea
lth in
su ra
nc e
du rin
g th
e ye
ar .
S ou
rc e:
U .S
. C en
su s
B ur
ea u,
C ur
re nt
P op
ul at
io n
S ur
ve y,
2 01
5 an
d 20
16 A
nn ua
l S oc
ia l a
nd E
co no
m ic
S up
pl em
en ts
.
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 17
Children and Adults Without Health Insurance Coverage
In 2015, for most characteristics, the uninsured rate for adults (aged 19 to 64) was about one-and-a-half times as large or more as for children (under 19 years of age) (Figure 6).41 Additionally, differences in the
41 The uninsured rate in 2015 for children was not one-and-a-half times as large as the uninsured rate in 2015 for adults for the following groups: naturalized citizens and noncitizens.
uninsured rates between demographic and socioeconomic groups were generally larger among adults than among children.42
For both age groups, in 2015, uninsured rates were lower where family income was greater. Children with household income below
42 In 2015, the percentage point difference in the uninsured rates between the following groups was not statistically different between children and adults: native-born citizens and naturalized citizens.
$25,000 had an uninsured rate of 7.5 percent, while children with a house- hold income at or above $100,000 had an uninsured rate of 3.0 per- cent. The uninsured rate for adults with household income of less than $25,000 was about four times higher than it was for adults with household income of $100,000 a year or greater.
While the overall percentage of children under the age of 19 without health insurance was 5.3 percent
Figure 6. Children Under Age 19 and Adults Aged 19 to 64 Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics: 2015
Children under age 19 Adults aged 19 to 64
(Population as of March of the following year)
Percent
Household income
Poverty status
Nativity
Race1 and Hispanic origin
1 Federal surveys give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. This figure shows data using the race-alone concept. For example, Asian refers to people who reported Asian and no other race.
Note: For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the Current Population Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2016 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Noncitizen
Naturalized citizen
Native-born citizen
Hispanic (any race)
Asian
Black
White, not Hispanic
In poverty
Not in poverty
$100,000 or more
$75,000 to $99,999
$50,000 to $74,999
$25,000 to $49,999
Less than $25,000
Total
Ta b le
5 .
P e rc
e n
ta g e o
f P e o p
le b
y T
y p
e o
f H
e a lt
h I
n s u
ra n
c e C
o v e ra
g e b
y S
e le
c te
d D
e m
o g ra
p h
ic C
h a ra
c te
ri s ti
c s : 2
0 1
4 a
n d
2 0
1 5
(N u m
b er
s in
t h o u sa
n d s,
m ar
g in
s o f
er ro
r in
p er
ce n ta
g e
p o in
ts .
Po p u la
ti o n a
s o f
M ar
ch o
f th
e fo
llo w
in g y
ea r. F
o r
in fo
rm at
io n o
n c
o n fi
d en
ti al
it y
p ro
te ct
io n ,
sa m
p lin
g e
rr o r,
n o n sa
m p lin
g e
rr o r, a
n d d
efi n it
io n s,
s ee
w w
w 2
.c en
su s.
g ov
/p ro
g ra
m s-
su rv
ey s/
cp s/
te ch
d oc
s/ cp
sm a r1
6 .p
d f
)
C ha
ra ct
er is
tic
To ta
l A
ny h
ea lth
in su
ra nc
e P
riv at
e he
al th
in su
ra nc
e3 G
ov er
nm en
t h ea
lth in
su ra
nc e4
U ni
ns ur
ed 5
20 14
20 15
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
N um
be r
N um
be r
P er
- ce
nt M
O E
2 (±
) P
er -
ce nt
M O
E 2
(± )
P er
- ce
nt M
O E
2 (±
) P
er -
ce nt
M O
E 2
(± )
P er
- ce
nt M
O E
2 (±
) P
er -
ce nt
M O
E 2
(± )
P er
- ce
nt M
O E
2 (±
) P
er -
ce nt
M O
E 2
(± )
T o
ta l .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
31 6,
16 8
31 8,
86 8
89 .6
0 . 2
90 .9
0 . 2
*1 .3
66 .0
0 . 4
67 .2
0 . 4
*1 .2
36 .5
0 . 3
37 .1
0 . 3
*0 .6
10 .4
0 . 2
9 . 1
0 . 2
*– 1 .
3
Fa m
ily S
ta tu
s In
fa m
ili es
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 25
6, 30
8 25
8, 12
1 90
.5 0 .
2 91
.7 0 .
2 *1
.2 67
.3 0 .
5 68
.3 0 .
4 *1
.0 35
.9 0 .
4 36
.6 0 .
4 *0
.7 9 .
5 0 .
2 8 .
3 0 .
2 *–
1 . 2
H
ou se
ho ld
er . .
. . . .
. . . .
81 ,7
30 82
,1 99
90 .0
0 . 3
91 .3
0 . 3
*1 .3
69 .8
0 . 5
70 .5
0 . 5
*0 .7
35 .3
0 . 4
36 .2
0 . 4
*1 .0
10 .0
0 . 3
8 . 7
0 . 3
*– 1 .
3
R
el at
ed c
hi ld
re n
un
de r
ag e
18 .
. . . .
. 72
,3 83
72 ,5
58 94
.0 0 .
3 94
.8 0 .
3 *0
.8 61
.0 0 .
7 62
.7 0 .
6 *1
.7 42
.7 0 .
7 42
.7 0 .
7 –
0 . 1
6 . 0
0 . 3
5 . 2
0 . 3
*– 0 .
8
R el
at ed
c hi
ld re
n
un
de r
ag e
6 .
. . . .
23 ,4
70 23
,4 59
93 .5
0 . 4
93 .9
0 . 5
0 .5
55 .8
1 . 0
58 .4
1 . 0
*2 .7
47 .4
0 . 9
45 .8
1 . 1
*– 1 .
6 6 .
5 0 .
4 6 .
1 0 .
5 –
0 . 5
In u
nr el
at ed
s ub
fa m
ili es
. . .
1, 55
8 1,
34 4
85 .6
2 . 9
87 .9
2 . 7
2 .3
51 .3
4 . 6
52 .0
5 . 0
0 . 6
47 .2
4 . 2
47 .1
4 . 5
– 0 .
1 14
.4 2 .
9 12
.1 2 .
7 –
2 . 3
U nr
el at
ed in
di vi
du al
s . .
. . .
58 ,3
01 59
,4 03
85 .8
0 . 4
87 .8
0 . 4
*2 .0
60 .5
0 . 7
62 .7
0 . 6
*2 .1
39 .2
0 . 6
39 .4
0 . 6
0 .2
14 .2
0 . 4
12 .2
0 . 4
*– 2 .
0
R es
id en
ce 6
In si
de m
et ro
po lit
an
st at
is tic
al a
re as
. . .
. . . .
. 26
6, 07
1 27
4, 39
2 89
.6 0 .
2 91
.0 0 .
2 N
66 .6
0 . 4
68 .0
0 . 4
N 35
.4 0 .
4 35
.9 0 .
4 N
10 .4
0 . 2
9 . 0
0 . 2
N
In si
de p
rin ci
pa l
ci
tie s
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . .
99 ,2
98 10
3, 74
0 87
.9 0 .
4 89
.5 0 .
4 N
60 .9
0 . 7
63 .6
0 . 7
N 38
.1 0 .
6 37
.6 0 .
6 N
12 .1
0 . 4
10 .5
0 . 4
N
O ut
si de
p rin
ci pa
l
ci tie
s .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 16
6, 77
3 17
0, 65
2 90
.7 0 .
3 91
.9 0 .
3 N
70 .0
0 . 5
70 .7
0 . 5
N 33
.7 0 .
4 34
.9 0 .
4 N
9 . 3
0 . 3
8 . 1
0 . 3
N O
ut si
de m
et ro
po lit
an
st at
is tic
al a
re as
7 .
. . . .
. . 50
,0 97
44 ,4
77 89
.3 0 .
5 90
.4 0 .
6 N
62 .6
1 . 0
62 .1
1 . 1
N 42
.7 0 .
8 44
.4 1 .
0 N
10 .7
0 . 5
9 . 6
0 . 6
N
R ac
e8 an
d H
is p
an ic
O
ri g
in W
hi te
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 24
4, 46
8 24
5, 80
5 89
.9 0 .
2 91
.3 0 .
2 *1
.4 68
.0 0 .
4 69
.0 0 .
4 *1
.0 35
.7 0 .
4 36
.5 0 .
4 *0
.8 10
.1 0 .
2 8 .
7 0 .
2 *–
1 . 4
W
hi te
, n ot
H is
pa ni
c .
. . .
19 5,
35 2
19 5,
64 6
92 .4
0 . 2
93 .3
0 . 2
*0 .9
72 .9
0 . 5
73 .6
0 . 4
*0 .6
34 .7
0 . 4
35 .3
0 . 4
*0 .6
7 . 6
0 . 2
6 . 7
0 . 2
*– 0 .
9 B
la ck
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 41
,2 26
41 ,7
03 88
.2 0 .
5 88
.9 0 .
5 0
.7 54
.1 1 .
0 55
.9 1 .
0 *1
.9 44
.2 0 .
9 44
.1 0 .
9 –
0 . 1
11 .8
0 . 5
11 .1
0 . 5
– 0 .
7 A
si an
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 17
,7 96
18 ,2
49 90
.7 0 .
8 92
.5 0 .
6 *1
.9 72
.1 1 .
2 75
.5 1 .
1 *3
.4 28
.2 1 .
1 27
.1 1 .
1 –
1 . 1
9 . 3
0 . 8
7 . 5
0 . 6
*– 1 .
9 H
is pa
ni c
(a ny
r ac
e) .
. . . .
. 55
,6 14
56 ,8
73 80
.1 0 .
5 83
.8 0 .
5 *3
.6 48
.7 0 .
9 51
.6 1 .
0 *3
.0 39
.5 0 .
7 41
.2 0 .
8 *1
.7 19
.9 0 .
5 16
.2 0 .
5 *–
3 . 6
N at
iv it
y N
at iv
e bo
rn .
. . . .
. . . .
. . .
27 3,
98 4
27 5,
79 8
91 .3
0 . 2
92 .3
0 . 2
*1 .1
67 .4
0 . 4
68 .4
0 . 3
*1 .0
37 .5
0 . 3
38 .0
0 . 3
*0 .5
8 . 7
0 . 2
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a nd
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. 5
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g tw
o or
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ar e
no t s
ho w
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pa ra
te ly
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ot e:
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e st
im at
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pe o
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rc e:
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su s
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2 01
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d 20
16 A
nn ua
l S oc
ia l a
nd E
co no
m ic
S up
pl em
en ts
.
18 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 U.S. Census Bureau
in 2015, children in poverty were more likely to be uninsured (7.5 percent) than children not in poverty (4.8 percent).
The difference in the uninsured rate by poverty status was larger among adults than for children, where the uninsured rate for adults in poverty (26.2 percent) was over twice that for adults not in poverty (10.7 percent).
In 2015, the uninsured rates were 4.3 percent for non-Hispanic White chil- dren, 5.2 percent for Black children, 4.2 percent for Asian children, and 7.3 percent for Hispanic children.43
The uninsured rate for adults was about one-and-a-half times as large for non-Hispanic Whites and Asians, and about two-and-a-half times as large for Blacks and Hispanics, compared with their younger counterparts.
The uninsured rate for noncitizen children in 2015 was 17.4 percent, about three times greater than the uninsured rate for native-born citizen children (4.9 percent).
For adults in 2015, 28.9 percent of noncitizen adults were uninsured, which was over two-and-a-half times greater than the uninsured rate for native-born adults (10.8 percent).
State Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage
During 2015, the state with the lowest percentage of people with- out health insurance at the time of the interview was Massachusetts
43 In 2015, the uninsured rate for Asian children was not statistically different from the uninsured rate for non-Hispanic White children or Black children.
(2.8 percent), while the highest unin- sured rate was for Texas (17.1 per- cent) (Figure 8 and Table A-1).44 Five states (Hawaii, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota, and Vermont) and the District of Columbia had an uninsured rate of 5.0 percent or less. Five states, Alaska, Florida, Georgia, Oklahoma, and Texas, had an uninsured rate of 13.0 percent or more.
Between 2014 and 2015, 47 states and the District of Columbia showed a decrease in the percentage of people without health insurance coverage at the time of the interview (Figure 8 and Table A-1). The decrease in the uninsured rate between 2014 and 2015 ranged from 0.5 percentage points (Massachusetts) to 3.9 per- centage points (California).45 Three states—North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming—did not experience a statistically significant change in their uninsured rate.
Variation in both the uninsured rate and change in the uninsured rate by state may be related to whether the state expanded Medicaid eligi- bility beginning in 2014 as part of the Affordable Care Act. Between January 1, 2014, and January 1, 2015, an additional three states (Michigan, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania) expanded Medicaid
44 The ACS, which has a much larger sample size than the CPS, is also a useful source for estimating and identifying changes in the uninsured population at the state level. Esti- mates for Figure 7 come from the 2015 1-Year American Community Survey, and estimates for Figure 8 come from the 2013 through 2015 1-Year American Community Surveys.
45 The change in the uninsured rate between 2014 and 2015 in Massachusetts was not signifi- cantly different from the change in the uninsured rate in Connecticut. The change in California was not statistically different from the change in New Mexico.
eligibility, bringing the total number of expansion states to 27 states and the District of Columbia.46 In general, in 2015, the uninsured rate in states that expanded Medicaid eligibility was lower than in states that did not expand eligibility (Figure 7). In states that expanded Medicaid eligibility (“expansion states”), the uninsured rate in 2015 was 7.2 percent, com- pared with 12.3 percent in states that did not expand Medicaid eligi- bility (“non-expansion states”). The uninsured rates by state ranged from 2.8 percent (Massachusetts) to 12.3 percent (Nevada) in expan- sion states,47 and from 5.7 percent (Wisconsin) to 17.1 percent (Texas) in non-expansion states.
Between 2014 and 2015, decreases in the uninsured rate were in general greater in expansion states than in non-expansion states. The overall decrease in the uninsured rate was 2.4 percentage points in expansion states, compared with 2.1 percent- age points in non-expansion states. Decreases in the uninsured rate ranged from 3.9 percentage points to 0.5 percentage points in expan- sion states, and from 3.2 percentage points to 1.1 percentage points in non-expansion states.
46 For a list of the states and their Medicaid expansion status as of January 1, 2015, see Table A-1: Population Without Health Insurance Coverage by State: 2013 to 2015.
47 In 2015, the uninsured rate in Nevada, an expansion state, was not statistically different from the rate in Louisiana, a non-expansion state.
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 19
TX
CA
MT
AZ
ID
NV
NM
CO
IL
OR
UT
KS
WY
IA NE
SD
MN
FL
ND
OK
WI
MO
WA
AL GA
LA
AR
MI
IN
PA
NY
NC
MS
TN
VA KY
OH
SC
ME
WV
VT NH
NJ
MA
CT
MD DE
RI
DC
TX
HI
Miles0 100
Miles0 100
Percentage without health insurance coverage
14.0 or more 12.0 to 13.9 10.0 to 11.9
AK
Miles0 500
Expansion States* Non-Expansion States*
8.0 to 9.9 0.0 to 7.9
Figure 7. Uninsured Rate by State: 2015 (Civilian noninstitutionalized population)
* Medicaid expansion status as of January 1, 2015. For a list of expansion and non-expansion states, see Table A-1: Population Without Health Insurance Coverage by State: 2013 to 2015.
For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the American Community Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/accuracy/ACS_Accuracy_of_Data_2015.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015 1-Year American Community Survey.
20 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 U.S. Census Bureau
2015 2014 2013
1Massachusetts 1District of Columbia
1Vermont 1Hawaii
1Minnesota
1Iowa Wisconsin
1Rhode Island 1Delaware
1Connecticut
1West Virginia 1Kentucky 2Michigan
2New Hampshire 2Pennsylvania
1Ohio 1Maryland
1Washington 1Oregon
1New York
1Illinois 1,3North Dakota
1Colorado Nebraska
Maine
1California 1New Jersey
Kansas Virginia
United States
1Arkansas Indiana
Missouri Alabama
3South Dakota
Tennessee Utah
1Arizona South Carolina
1New Mexico
Idaho North Carolina
3Wyoming Montana
Louisiana
1Nevada Mississippi
Florida Georgia
Oklahoma Alaska Texas
Figure 8. Change in the Uninsured Rate by State: 2013 to 2015 (Civilian noninstitutionalized population)
1 Expanded Medicaid eligibility as of January 1, 2014. 2 Expanded Medicaid eligibility between January 1, 2014, and January 1, 2015. 3 The change in the uninsured rate between 2014 and 2015 was not statistically different for North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming.
Note: For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions in the American Community Survey, see <www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/accuracy/ACS_Accuracy_of_Data_2015.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013, 2014, and 2015 1-Year American Community Surveys.
0
5 10 15 20 25
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 21
More Information About Health Insurance Coverage
Additional Data and Contacts
In addition to the estimates pro- vided in this report, estimates of health insurance coverage and other characteristics for the nation are accessible using the CPS Table Creator at <www.census.gov/cps/data /cpstablecreator.html>. This tool gives data users the ability to create customized tables from the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC). Estimates of health insurance cover- age and other economic character- istics at various levels of geography from the American Community Survey (ACS) are available through American FactFinder at <factfinder.census.gov>. For more information on state and local estimates, see the section below, “State and Local Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage.”
Detailed tables, historical tables, press releases, and briefings are available electronically on the Census Bureau’s Health Insurance Web site. The Web site may be accessed through the Census Bureau’s home page at <www.census.gov> or directly at <www.census.gov/topics/health/ health-insurance.html> for health insurance data.
Microdata are available for down- load by clicking on “Data Tools” on the Census Bureau’s home page and then clicking the “DataFerrett” link. Technical methods have been applied to CPS microdata to avoid disclos- ing the identities of individuals from whom data were collected.
State and Local Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage
The Census Bureau publishes annual estimates of health insurance cover- age by state and other smaller geo- graphic units based on data collected in the ACS. Single-year estimates are available for geographic units with
populations of 65,000 or more. Five- year estimates are available for all geographic units, including census tracts and block groups.
The Census Bureau’s Small Area Health Insurance Estimates (SAHIE) program also produces single-year estimates of health insurance for states and all counties. These estimates are based on models using data from a variety of sources, including current surveys, administrative records, and intercen- sal population estimates. In general, SAHIE estimates have lower variances than ACS estimates but are released later because they incorporate ACS data in the models.
Small Area Health Insurance Estimates are available at <www.census.gov /did/www/sahie/index.html>. The most recent estimates are for 2014.
Comments
The Census Bureau welcomes the comments and advice of data and report users. If you have suggestions or comments on the health insurance coverage report, please write to:
Jennifer Cheeseman Day Assistant Division Chief, Employment Characteristics Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division U.S. Census Bureau Washington, D.C. 20233-8500
or send e-mail to: [email protected]
Sources of Estimates
The majority of the data in this report are from the 2014, 2015, and 2016 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplements (CPS ASEC) and were collected in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The data do not represent residents of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Island Areas.48 The estimates in this
48 U.S. Island Areas include American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands of the United States.
report are controlled to independent national population estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin for March of the year in which the data are collected; these population con- trols are based on the 2010 Census.
The CPS is a household survey primar- ily used to collect employment data. The sample universe for the basic CPS consists of the resident civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. People in institu- tions, such as prisons, long-term care hospitals, and nursing homes, are not eligible to be interviewed in the CPS. Students living in dormitories are included in the estimates only if information about them is reported in an interview at their parents’ home. Since the CPS is a household survey, people who are homeless and not liv- ing in shelters are not included in the sample. The sample universe for the CPS ASEC is slightly larger than that of the basic CPS since it includes military personnel who live in a household with at least one other civilian adult, regardless of whether they live off post or on post. All other Armed Forces are excluded. For further documentation about the CPS ASEC, see <www2.census.gov/programs -surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar16 .pdf>.
Additional data in this report are from the American Community Survey (ACS) 1-year data, 2008 through 2015. The ACS is an ongoing, nation- wide survey designed to provide demographic, social, economic, and housing data at different levels of geography. While the ACS includes Puerto Rico and the group quarters population, the ACS data in this report focus on the civilian noninstitutional- ized population of the United States (excluding Puerto Rico and some people living in group quarters). It has an annual sample size of about 3.5 million addresses. For information on the ACS sample design and other topics, visit <http://census.gov /programs-surveys/acs.html>.
22 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 U.S. Census Bureau
Statistical Accuracy
The estimates in this report (which may be shown in text, figures, and tables) are based on responses from a sample of the population. Sampling error is the uncertainty between an estimate based on a sample and the corresponding value that would be obtained if the estimate were based on the entire population (as from a census). All comparative statements in this report have undergone sta- tistical testing, and comparisons are significant at the 90 percent level unless otherwise noted. Data are sub- ject to error arising from a variety of sources. Measures of sampling error are provided in the form of margins of error, or confidence intervals, for all estimates included in this report. In addition to sampling error, non- sampling error may be introduced during any of the operations used to collect and process survey data, such as editing, reviewing, or keying data from questionnaires. In this report, the variances of estimates were calcu- lated using the Fay and Train (1995)
Successive Difference Replication (SDR) method.
Every 10 years the CPS first stage sample is redesigned reflecting changes based on the most recent decennial census. In April 2014, the Census Bureau began phasing out the 2000 sample and replacing it with the 2010 sample, creating a mixed sampling frame. The 2015 CPS ASEC was selected using sample designs based on different censuses. By July 2015, the new 2010 sample design was completely implemented, so the 2016 CPS ASEC sample came entirely from the 2010 redesigned sample. Most of the known effect on estimates from the sample redesign will be the result of changing from 2000 to 2010 geographic definitions.
Most of the data from the 2016 CPS ASEC were collected in March (with some data collected in February and April). Each year, the CPS ASEC sample consists of approximately 99,000 addresses. In 2016, the CPS ASEC sample had 94,000 addresses, as approximately 5,000 randomly
selected addresses were removed from the March sample. The 5,000 addresses were given the pre-2013 health insurance questions in order to fulfill budgetary requirements for the 2016 fiscal year.49 Adjustments to the weights were made to account for the reduction in sample. Further information about the source and accuracy of the CPS ASEC estimates is available at <www2.census.gov /library/publications/2016/demo /p60-257sa.pdf>.
The remaining data presented in this report are based on the ACS sample collected from January 2015 through December 2015. For more information on sampling and estimation meth- ods, confidentiality protection, and sampling and nonsampling errors, please see the 2015 ACS Accuracy of the Data document located at <www2.census.gov/programs -surveys/acs/tech_docs/accuracy /ACS_Accuracy_of_Data_2015.pdf>.
49 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act of 2015, Pub L. No. 113-235, (2014).
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 23
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 23
The Current Population Survey (CPS) Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) along with the American Community Survey (ACS) are used to produce additional health insurance coverage tables. These tables are available electronically on the Census Bureau’s Health Insurance Web site. The Web site may be accessed through the Census Bureau’s home page at <www.census.gov>, the Health home page at <www.census.gov/topics/health/health-insurance.html>, or directly at <www.census.gov/data/tables/2016/demo/health-insurance/p60-257.html>.
APPENDIX A. ADDITIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE TABLES
24 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 U.S. Census Bureau
Ta b le
A -1
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ti o n
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U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 25
Ta b le
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es tim
at e .
T hi
s nu
m be
r, w
he n
ad de
d to
a nd
s ub
tr ac
te d
fr om
th e
es tim
at e,
fo rm
s th
e 90
p er
ce nt
c on
fid en
ce in
te rv
al .
N ot
e: D
iff er
en ce
s ar
e ca
lc ul
at ed
w ith
u nr
ou nd
ed n
um be
rs , w
hi ch
m ay
p ro
du ce
d iff
er en
t r es
ul ts
fr om
u si
ng th
e ro
un de
d va
lu es
in th
e ta
bl e .
S ou
rc e:
U .S
. C en
su s
B ur
ea u,
2 01
3, 2
01 4,
a nd
2 01
5 1-
Ye ar
A m
er ic
an C
om m
un ity
S ur
ve ys
.
26 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 U.S. Census Bureau
Ta b le
A -2
. N
u m
b e r
o f
P e o p
le b
y T
y p
e o
f H
e a lt
h I
n s u
ra n
c e C
o v e ra
g e b
y A
g e : 2
0 1
4 a
n d
2 0
1 5
(N u m
b er
s in
t h o u sa
n d s,
m ar
g in
s o f
er ro
r in
t h o u sa
n d s.
P o p u la
ti o n a
s o f
M ar
ch o
f th
e fo
llo w
in g y
ea r. F
o r
in fo
rm at
io n o
n c
o n fi
d en
ti al
it y
p ro
te ct
io n ,
sa m
p lin
g e
rr o r, n
o n sa
m p lin
g
er ro
r, a
n d d
efi n it
io n s,
s ee
w w
w 2
.c en
su s.
g ov
/p ro
g ra
m s-
su rv
ey s/
cp s/
te ch
d oc
s/ cp
sm a r1
6 .p
d f)
C ha
ra ct
er is
tic
To ta
l A
ny h
ea lth
in su
ra nc
e P
riv at
e he
al th
in su
ra nc
e3 G
ov er
nm en
t h ea
lth in
su ra
nc e4
U ni
ns ur
ed 5
20 14
20 15
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
N um
be r
N um
be r
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
T o
ta l .
. . . .
. . . .
31 6,
16 8
31 8,
86 8
28 3,
20 0
56 8
28 9,
90 3
65 1
*6 ,7
02 20
8, 60
0 1,
22 1
21 4,
23 8
1, 11
8 *5
,6 39
11 5,
47 0
1, 03
5 11
8, 39
5 1,
06 6
*2 ,9
24 32
,9 68
56 1
28 ,9
66 63
4 *–
4, 00
2
A g
e U
nd er
a ge
6 5
. . . .
. . .
27 0,
17 4
27 1,
32 2
23 7,
83 5
58 2
24 2,
86 2
63 9
*5 ,0
27 18
4, 31
1 1,
09 7
18 9,
46 7
1, 05
0 *5
,1 57
72 ,4
20 1,
00 0
73 ,7
86 1,
01 5
*1 ,3
66 32
,3 39
56 8
28 ,4
60 62
4 *–
3, 87
9
U nd
er a
ge 1
8 . .
. . .
73 ,9
20 74
,0 62
69 ,4
48 23
0 70
,1 96
26 4
*7 48
44 ,8
32 47
0 46
,1 38
48 2
*1 ,3
06 31
,8 78
47 9
31 ,8
53 48
6 –2
6 4,
47 2
20 5
3, 86
6 21
8 *–
60 6
U
nd er
a ge
1 96
. . .
. 78
,1 19
78 ,1
82 73
,2 60
24 0
74 ,0
24 25
5 *7
63 47
,6 87
47 3
48 ,9
59 49
6 *1
,2 71
33 ,2
65 49
4 33
,3 20
50 5
5 4
4, 85
8 21
6 4,
15 8
22 5
*– 70
0
A ge
d 18
to 6
4 . . .
. . 19
6, 25
4 19
7, 26
0 16
8, 38
7 54
0 17
2, 66
6 54
9 *4
,2 79
13 9,
47 9
79 5
14 3,
33 0
73 9
*3 ,8
51 40
,5 41
70 3
41 ,9
33 69
2 *1
,3 92
27 ,8
67 48
7 24
,5 94
52 1
*– 3,
27 3
A
ge d
19 to
6 4 .
. . . .
19 2,
05 5
19 3,
14 0
16 4,
57 5
52 3
16 8,
83 8
54 3
*4 ,2
63 13
6, 62
3 78
1 14
0, 50
9 71
7 *3
,8 86
39 ,1
55 69
1 40
,4 66
66 8
*1 ,3
12 27
,4 81
47 8
24 ,3
02 51
3 *–
3, 17
8
A ge
d 19
to 2
57 . .
. 30
,5 08
30 ,4
75 25
,2 96
26 0
26 ,0
60 29
8 *7
64 20
,5 85
27 8
21 ,2
88 32
2 *7
03 6,
73 5
21 6
7, 01
9 23
2 2
83 5,
21 2
19 2
4, 41
4 19
0 *–
79 8
A
ge d
26 to
3 4
. . . .
38 ,4
15 38
,9 60
31 ,4
25 25
4 32
,6 22
29 3
*1 ,1
97 25
,8 07
28 0
27 ,0
98 32
2 *1
,2 90
7, 81
2 23
1 7,
81 4
25 9
2 6,
99 0
21 0
6, 33
7 23
5 *–
65 3
A
ge d
35 to
4 4
. . . .
39 ,9
19 40
,0 05
33 ,7
55 17
5 34
,5 17
22 6
*7 61
28 ,5
51 22
6 29
,0 99
25 3
*5 48
7, 24
6 21
1 7,
73 7
23 5
*4 91
6, 16
3 16
7 5,
48 9
21 6
*– 67
5
A ge
d 45
to 6
4 . .
. . 83
,2 13
83 ,7
01 74
,0 98
27 8
75 ,6
39 25
9 *1
,5 40
61 ,6
80 44
4 63
,0 25
36 8
*1 ,3
45 17
,3 60
41 7
17 ,8
96 39
6 5
36 9,
11 5
25 4
8, 06
2 26
0 *–
1, 05
3 A
ge d
65 a
nd o
ld er
. . .
45 ,9
94 47
,5 47
45 ,3
65 15
4 47
,0 41
64 *1
,6 76
24 ,2
89 40
1 24
,7 71
38 3
4 82
43 ,0
51 19
0 44
,6 09
15 1
*1 ,5
58 62
9 67
50 6
62 *–
12 3
* C
ha ng
es b
et w
ee n
th e
es tim
at es
a re
s ta
tis tic
al ly
d iff
er en
t f ro
m z
er o
at th
e 90
p er
ce nt
c on
fid en
ce le
ve l .
1 D
et ai
ls m
ay n
ot s
um to
to ta
ls b
ec au
se o
f r ou
nd in
g . 2
A m
ar gi
n of
e rr
or (
M O
E )
is a
m ea
su re
o f a
n es
tim at
e’ s
va ria
bi lit
y . T
he la
rg er
th e
M O
E in
r el
at io
n to
th e
si ze
o f t
he e
st im
at e,
th e
le ss
r el
ia bl
e th
e es
tim at
e . T
hi s
nu m
be r,
w he
n ad
de d
to a
nd s
ub tr
ac te
d fr
om th
e es
tim at
e, fo
rm s
th e
90 p
er ce
nt c
on fid
en ce
in
te rv
al . M
ar gi
ns o
f e rr
or s
ho w
n in
th is
ta bl
e ar
e ba
se d
on s
ta nd
ar d
er ro
rs c
al cu
la te
d us
in g
re pl
ic at
e w
ei gh
ts . F
or m
or e
in fo
rm at
io n,
s ee
“ S
ta nd
ar d
E rr
or s
an d
T he
ir U
se ” a
t < w
w w
2 . ce
ns us
.g ov
/li br
ar y/
pu bl
ic at
io ns
/2 01
6/ de
m o/
p6 0-
25 7s
a . pd
f> .
3 P
riv at
e he
al th
in su
ra nc
e in
cl ud
es c
ov er
ag e
pr ov
id ed
th ro
ug h
an e
m pl
oy er
o r
un io
n, c
ov er
ag e
pu rc
ha se
d di
re ct
ly b
y an
in di
vi du
al fr
om a
n in
su ra
nc e
co m
pa ny
, o r
co ve
ra ge
th ro
ug h
so m
eo ne
o ut
si de
th e
ho us
eh ol
d . 4
G ov
er nm
en t h
ea lth
in su
ra nc
e co
ve ra
ge in
cl ud
es M
ed ic
ai d,
M ed
ic ar
e, T
R IC
A R
E , C
H A
M P
V A
( C
iv ili
an H
ea lth
a nd
M ed
ic al
P ro
gr am
o f t
he D
ep ar
tm en
t o f V
et er
an s
A ffa
irs ),
a nd
c ar
e pr
ov id
ed b
y th
e D
ep ar
tm en
t o f V
et er
an s
A ffa
irs a
nd th
e m
ili ta
ry .
5 In
di vi
du al
s ar
e co
ns id
er ed
to b
e un
in su
re d
if th
ey d
o no
t h av
e he
al th
in su
ra nc
e co
ve ra
ge fo
r th
e en
tir e
ca le
nd ar
y ea
r . 6
C hi
ld re
n un
de r
th e
ag e
of 1
9 ar
e el
ig ib
le fo
r M
ed ic
ai d/
C H
IP .
7 T hi
s ag
e is
o f s
pe ci
al in
te re
st b
ec au
se o
f t he
A ffo
rd ab
le C
ar e
A ct
’s d
ep en
de nt
c ov
er ag
e pr
ov is
io n .
In di
vi du
al s
ag ed
1 9
to 2
5 m
ay b
e el
ig ib
le to
b e
a de
pe nd
en t o
n a
pa re
nt ’s
h ea
lth in
su ra
nc e
pl an
.
N ot
e: T
he e
st im
at es
b y
ty pe
o f c
ov er
ag e
ar e
no t m
ut ua
lly e
xc lu
si ve
; p eo
pl e
ca n
be c
ov er
ed b
y m
or e
th an
o ne
ty pe
o f h
ea lth
in su
ra nc
e du
rin g
th e
ye ar
.
S ou
rc e:
U .S
. C en
su s
B ur
ea u,
C ur
re nt
P op
ul at
io n
S ur
ve y,
2 01
5 an
d 20
16 A
nn ua
l S oc
ia l a
nd E
co no
m ic
S up
pl em
en ts
.
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 27
Ta b le
A -3
. N
u m
b e r
o f
P e o p
le b
y T
y p
e o
f H
e a lt
h I
n s u
ra n
c e C
o v e ra
g e f
o r
W o rk
in g -A
g e A
d u
lt s , A
g e d
1 9
t o 6
4 : 2
0 1
4 a
n d
2 0
1 5
(N u m
b er
s in
t h o u sa
n d s,
m ar
g in
s o f
er ro
r in
t h o u sa
n d s.
P o p u la
ti o n a
s o f
M ar
ch o
f th
e fo
llo w
in g y
ea r. F
o r
in fo
rm at
io n o
n c
o n fi
d en
ti al
it y
p ro
te ct
io n ,
sa m
p lin
g e
rr o r, n
o n sa
m p lin
g
er ro
r, a
n d d
ef in
it io
n s,
s ee
w w
w 2
.c en
su s.
g ov
/p ro
g ra
m s-
su rv
ey s/
cp s/
te ch
d oc
s/ cp
sm a r1
6 .p
d f)
C ha
ra ct
er is
tic
To ta
l A
ny h
ea lth
in su
ra nc
e P
riv at
e he
al th
in su
ra nc
e3 G
ov er
nm en
t h ea
lth in
su ra
nc e4
U ni
ns ur
ed 5
20 14
20 15
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
N um
be r
N um
be r
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
To ta
l . . .
. . . .
. . . .
31 6,
16 8
31 8,
86 8
28 3,
20 0
56 8
28 9,
90 3
65 1
*6 ,7
02 20
8, 60
0 1,
22 1
21 4,
23 8
1, 11
8 *5
,6 39
11 5,
47 0
1, 03
5 11
8, 39
5 1,
06 6
*2 ,9
24 32
,9 68
56 1
28 ,9
66 63
4 *–
4, 00
2
To ta
l, 19
to 6
4
ye
ar s
ol d
. . .
. . . .
. 19
2, 05
5 19
3, 14
0 16
4, 57
5 52
3 16
8, 83
8 54
3 *4
,2 63
13 6,
62 3
78 1
14 0,
50 9
71 7
*3 ,8
86 39
,1 55
69 1
40 ,4
66 66
8 *1
,3 12
27 ,4
81 47
8 24
,3 02
51 3
*– 3,
17 8
M ar
it al
S ta
tu s
M ar
rie d6 .
. . . .
. . . .
. . .
10 1,
50 5
10 1,
27 7
91 ,0
75 75
3 92
,1 47
68 6
*1 ,0
72 80
,0 03
75 5
81 ,0
72 69
9 *1
,0 69
17 ,7
86 49
3 18
,2 04
47 8
41 7
10 ,4
30 32
0 9,
13 1
32 5
*– 1,
30 0
W id
ow ed
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
3, 37
7 3,
45 1
2, 85
0 13
2 2,
96 2
14 2
11 2
1, 93
7 12
0 2,
04 1
11 7
10 4
1, 12
4 83
1, 16
0 87
35 52
7 65
48 9
61 –3
8 D
iv or
ce d
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
20 ,1
88 19
,8 17
16 ,7
38 36
2 16
,8 58
35 8
12 1
12 ,6
11 28
5 12
,6 55
31 0
44 5,
06 3
21 2
5, 15
0 20
5 87
3, 45
0 14
8 2,
95 9
15 4
*– 49
2 S
ep ar
at ed
. . .
. . . .
. . .
4, 83
4 4,
69 8
3, 63
0 14
6 3,
73 1
17 3
10 0
2, 48
9 12
4 2,
55 8
13 5
69 1,
37 1
91 1,
38 3
10 9
12 1,
20 4
89 96
8 84
*– 23
6 N
ev er
m ar
rie d
. . .
. . . .
62 ,1
51 63
,8 96
50 ,2
82 56
7 53
,1 40
56 6
*2 ,8
58 39
,5 84
53 7
42 ,1
82 55
9 *2
,5 99
13 ,8
11 33
2 14
,5 70
33 4
*7 59
11 ,8
69 29
3 10
,7 56
29 7
*– 1,
11 4
D is
ab ili
ty S
ta tu
s7
W ith
a d
is ab
ili ty
. . .
. . .
15 ,2
99 15
,1 28
13 ,6
06 32
2 13
,6 27
30 0
20 6,
30 0
18 5
6, 55
9 22
4 25
9 8,
97 8
30 0
8, 82
0 27
1 –1
59 1,
69 3
10 1
1, 50
1 10
6 *–
19 2
W ith
n o
di sa
bi lit
y . .
. . .
17 5,
84 1
17 7,
10 2
15 0,
05 3
56 7
15 4,
30 1
57 8
*4 ,2
48 13
0, 09
5 79
1 13
3, 71
3 69
5 *3
,6 18
29 ,2
61 54
2 30
,7 37
54 7
*1 ,4
76 25
,7 88
45 9
22 ,8
01 51
6 *–
2, 98
6
W o
rk E
xp er
ie n
ce
A ll
w or
ke rs
. . .
. . . .
. . .
14 6,
02 4
14 8,
50 3
12 6,
70 7
66 0
13 1,
24 0
65 5
*4 ,5
33 11
5, 12
4 73
1 11
8, 80
6 67
6 *3
,6 82
18 ,7
30 40
7 20
,4 21
44 9
*1 ,6
92 19
,3 17
38 8
17 ,2
63 43
6 *–
2, 05
4
W or
ke d
fu ll-
tim e,
ye ar
-r ou
nd .
. . . .
. . 10
3, 20
2 10
5, 53
3 91
,6 16
63 4
95 ,0
59 67
1 *3
,4 43
86 ,3
08 65
5 89
,1 77
67 0
*2 ,8
69 9,
93 1
29 5
11 ,0
78 30
3 *1
,1 47
11 ,5
86 30
5 10
,4 74
32 2
*– 1,
11 1
L
es s
th an
fu ll-
tim e,
ye ar
-r ou
nd .
. . . .
. . 42
,8 22
42 ,9
70 35
,0 91
45 0
36 ,1
81 53
4 *1
,0 90
28 ,8
16 41
0 29
,6 30
50 5
*8 14
8, 79
9 24
0 9,
34 3
25 8
*5 44
7, 73
1 23
0 6,
78 9
24 5
*– 94
2 D
id n
ot w
or k
at le
as t
on e
w ee
k . . .
. . . .
. . .
46 ,0
32 44
,6 37
37 ,8
68 51
2 37
,5 98
49 1
–2 70
21 ,4
99 37
6 21
,7 02
41 0
20 3
20 ,4
25 50
1 20
,0 45
44 4
–3 80
8, 16
4 29
7 7,
03 9
22 2
*– 1,
12 5
E d
u ca
ti o
n al
A
tt ai
n m
en t
To ta
l, 26
to 6
4 ye
ar s
ol
d . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 16
1, 54
7 16
2, 66
5 13
9, 27
9 44
3 14
2, 77
8 49
5 *3
,4 99
11 6,
03 8
65 1
11 9,
22 1
64 4
*3 ,1
83 32
,4 19
60 4
33 ,4
47 59
0 *1
,0 28
22 ,2
68 40
8 19
,8 88
44 9
*– 2,
38 0
N
o hi
gh s
ch oo
l
di pl
om a
. . .
. . . .
. . 16
,9 45
16 ,0
79 11
,8 01
28 0
11 ,6
42 30
1 –1
58 6,
83 1
20 7
6, 92
3 24
4 92
5, 97
2 21
9 5,
69 8
21 2
–2 74
5, 14
4 21
1 4,
43 6
19 8
*– 70
8
H ig
h sc
ho ol
gr ad
ua te
( in
cl ud
es
eq
ui va
le nc
y) .
. . . .
. 45
,4 27
44 ,9
25 37
,4 99
49 0
37 ,8
94 57
2 39
6 29
,0 79
48 0
29 ,2
77 50
8 19
8 11
,2 55
29 5
11 ,6
76 35
4 42
1 7,
92 8
25 0
7, 03
1 24
8 *–
89 7
S
om e
co lle
ge , n
o
de
gr ee
. . .
. . . .
. . .
26 ,9
24 27
,2 46
23 ,2
85 38
9 24
,0 06
41 1
*7 21
18 ,8
42 33
8 19
,5 36
39 8
*6 93
6, 20
5 23
3 6,
44 9
21 4
24 4
3, 63
9 15
3 3,
24 0
16 7
*– 40
0
A ss
oc ia
te d
eg re
e . .
. 17
,0 82
17 ,4
71 15
,3 22
27 9
15 ,8
20 33
5 *4
98 13
,2 66
25 8
13 ,5
58 29
6 29
3 3,
09 8
13 7
3, 55
0 14
9 *4
52 1,
76 1
10 8
1, 65
2 11
0 –1
09
B ac
he lo
r's d
eg re
e .
. 35
,1 75
35 ,8
70 32
,3 65
44 8
33 ,3
54 51
8 *9
89 30
,0 30
44 4
30 ,9
19 51
7 *8
89 3,
99 0
17 6
4, 15
9 17
6 16
9 2,
81 0
14 7
2, 51
7 14
6 *–
29 4
G
ra du
at e
or
pr
of es
si on
al
de
gr ee
. . .
. . . .
. . .
19 ,9
94 21
,0 75
19 ,0
08 40
1 20
,0 62
43 2
*1 ,0
53 17
,9 90
39 6
19 ,0
09 42
9 *1
,0 18
1, 89
8 12
8 1,
91 4
13 1
16 98
6 88
1, 01
3 10
0 27
* C
ha ng
es b
et w
ee n
th e
es tim
at es
a re
s ta
tis tic
al ly
d iff
er en
t f ro
m z
er o
at th
e 90
p er
ce nt
c on
fid en
ce le
ve l .
1 D
et ai
ls m
ay n
ot s
um to
to ta
ls b
ec au
se o
f r ou
nd in
g . 2
A m
ar gi
n of
e rr
or (
M O
E )
is a
m ea
su re
o f a
n es
tim at
e’ s
va ria
bi lit
y . T
he la
rg er
th e
M O
E in
r el
at io
n to
th e
si ze
o f t
he e
st im
at e,
th e
le ss
r el
ia bl
e th
e es
tim at
e . T
hi s
nu m
be r,
w he
n ad
de d
to a
nd s
ub tr
ac te
d fr
om th
e es
tim at
e, fo
rm s
th e
90 p
er ce
nt c
on fid
en ce
in
te rv
al . M
ar gi
ns o
f e rr
or s
ho w
n in
th is
ta bl
e ar
e ba
se d
on s
ta nd
ar d
er ro
rs c
al cu
la te
d us
in g
re pl
ic at
e w
ei gh
ts . F
or m
or e
in fo
rm at
io n,
s ee
“ S
ta nd
ar d
E rr
or s
an d
T he
ir U
se ” a
t < w
w w
2 . ce
ns us
.g ov
/li br
ar y/
pu bl
ic at
io ns
/2 01
6/ de
m o/
p6 0-
25 7s
a . pd
f> .
3 P
riv at
e he
al th
in su
ra nc
e in
cl ud
es c
ov er
ag e
pr ov
id ed
th ro
ug h
an e
m pl
oy er
o r
un io
n, c
ov er
ag e
pu rc
ha se
d di
re ct
ly b
y an
in di
vi du
al fr
om a
n in
su ra
nc e
co m
pa ny
, o r
co ve
ra ge
th ro
ug h
so m
eo ne
o ut
si de
th e
ho us
eh ol
d . 4
G ov
er nm
en t h
ea lth
in su
ra nc
e co
ve ra
ge in
cl ud
es M
ed ic
ai d,
M ed
ic ar
e, T
R IC
A R
E , C
H A
M P
V A
( C
iv ili
an H
ea lth
a nd
M ed
ic al
P ro
gr am
o f t
he D
ep ar
tm en
t o f V
et er
an s
A ffa
irs ),
a nd
c ar
e pr
ov id
ed b
y th
e D
ep ar
tm en
t o f V
et er
an s
A ffa
irs a
nd th
e m
ili ta
ry .
5 In
di vi
du al
s ar
e co
ns id
er ed
to b
e un
in su
re d
if th
ey d
o no
t h av
e he
al th
in su
ra nc
e co
ve ra
ge fo
r th
e en
tir e
ca le
nd ar
y ea
r . 6 T
he c
om bi
ne d
ca te
go ry
“ m
ar rie
d” in
cl ud
es th
re e
in di
vi du
al c
at eg
or ie
s: “
m ar
rie d,
c iv
ili an
s po
us e
pr es
en t,”
“ m
ar rie
d, A
rm ed
F or
ce s
sp ou
se p
re se
nt ,”
an d
“m ar
rie d,
s po
us e
ab se
nt .”
7 T he
s um
o f t
ho se
w ith
a nd
w ith
ou t a
d is
ab ili
ty d
oe s
no t e
qu al
th e
to ta
l b ec
au se
d is
ab ili
ty s
ta tu
s is
n ot
d efi
ne d
fo r
in di
vi du
al s
in th
e A
rm ed
F or
ce s .
N ot
e: T
he e
st im
at es
b y
ty pe
o f c
ov er
ag e
ar e
no t m
ut ua
lly e
xc lu
si ve
; p eo
pl e
ca n
be c
ov er
ed b
y m
or e
th an
o ne
ty pe
o f h
ea lth
in su
ra nc
e du
rin g
th e
ye ar
.
S ou
rc e:
U .S
. C en
su s
B ur
ea u,
C ur
re nt
P op
ul at
io n
S ur
ve y,
2 01
5 an
d 20
16 A
nn ua
l S oc
ia l a
nd E
co no
m ic
S up
pl em
en ts
.
28 Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 U.S. Census Bureau
Ta b le
A -4
. N
u m
b e r
o f
P e o p
le b
y T
y p
e o
f H
e a lt
h I
n s u
ra n
c e C
o v e ra
g e b
y H
o u
s e h
o ld
I n
c o m
e a
n d
I n
c o m
e -t
o -P
o v e rt
y R
a ti
o :
2 0
1 4
a n
d 2
0 1
5 (N
u m
b er
s in
t h o u sa
n d s,
m ar
g in
s o f
er ro
r in
t h o u sa
n d s.
P o p u la
ti o n a
s o f
M ar
ch o
f th
e fo
llo w
in g y
ea r. F
o r
in fo
rm at
io n o
n c
o n fi
d en
ti al
it y
p ro
te ct
io n ,
sa m
p lin
g e
rr o r, n
o n sa
m p lin
g
er ro
r, a
n d d
efi n it
io n s,
s ee
w w
w 2
.c en
su s.
g ov
/p ro
g ra
m s-
su rv
ey s/
cp s/
te ch
d oc
s/ cp
sm a r1
6 .p
d f)
C ha
ra ct
er is
tic
To ta
l A
ny h
ea lth
in su
ra nc
e P
riv at
e he
al th
in su
ra nc
e3 G
ov er
nm en
t h ea
lth in
su ra
nc e4
U ni
ns ur
ed 5
20 14
20 15
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
N um
be r
N um
be r
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
T o
ta l .
. . . .
. . . .
. 31
6, 16
8 31
8, 86
8 28
3, 20
0 56
8 28
9, 90
3 65
1 *6
,7 02
20 8,
60 0
1, 22
1 21
4, 23
8 1,
11 8
*5 ,6
39 11
5, 47
0 1,
03 5
11 8,
39 5
1, 06
6 *2
,9 24
32 ,9
68 56
1 28
,9 66
63 4
*– 4,
00 2
H o
u se
h o
ld In
co m
e Le
ss th
an $
25 ,0
00 .
. . .
55 ,2
12 51
,9 99
46 ,0
67 81
3 44
,2 86
78 2
*– 1,
78 2
16 ,5
98 47
4 16
,0 09
47 6
–5 89
36 ,0
49 73
2 34
,6 25
69 2
*– 1,
42 4
9, 14
5 33
3 7,
71 3
32 0
*– 1,
43 2
$2 5,
00 0
to $
49 ,9
99 .
. . 67
,3 11
65 ,2
89 57
,8 34
89 1
57 ,1
46 94
6 –6
88 35
,4 36
69 7
34 ,7
39 68
0 –6
97 32
,7 21
68 3
33 ,1
88 77
8 46
7 9,
47 7
32 3
8, 14
3 31
8 *–
1, 33
4 $5
0, 00
0 to
$ 74
,9 99
. . .
55 ,6
64 55
,1 31
49 ,7
07 86
5 49
,8 13
95 2
10 5
39 ,2
95 75
0 38
,8 02
83 1
–4 93
18 ,2
97 51
6 19
,0 74
55 5
*7 78
5, 95
7 32
2 5,
31 8
24 3
*– 63
9 $7
5, 00
0 to
$ 99
,9 99
. . .
41 ,2
94 43
,1 23
37 ,9
99 79
8 39
,9 72
86 7
*1 ,9
74 32
,7 71
69 7
34 ,3
49 77
9 *1
,5 78
10 ,4
71 38
2 11
,7 37
42 2
*1 ,2
66 3,
29 6
19 4
3, 15
0 20
0 –1
46 $1
00 ,0
00 o
r m
or e
. . .
. 96
,6 87
10 3,
32 8
91 ,5
93 1,
22 7
98 ,6
86 1,
30 9
*7 ,0
92 84
,4 99
1, 21
4 90
,3 39
1, 23
6 *5
,8 39
17 ,9
32 51
7 19
,7 70
57 5
*1 ,8
38 5,
09 4
25 6
4, 64
2 28
9 *–
45 1
In co
m e-
to -P
ov er
ty
R at
io B
el ow
1 00
p er
ce nt
o f
po ve
rt y
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
46 ,6
57 43
,1 23
37 ,6
39 76
4 35
,6 34
85 3
*– 2,
00 5
12 ,5
16 40
4 12
,3 52
47 0
– 16
4 28
,6 03
68 9
26 ,7
72 71
3 *–
1, 83
1 9,
01 8
35 0
7, 48
9 31
7 *–
1, 52
9 B
el ow
1 38
p er
ce nt
o f
po ve
rt y
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
68 ,8
85 64
,7 11
56 ,3
83 83
8 54
,1 24
97 1
*– 2,
25 8
20 ,9
84 50
9 20
,7 44
58 3
–2 40
41 ,6
81 78
6 39
,7 32
81 4
*– 1,
94 9
12 ,5
03 39
8 10
,5 86
36 8
*– 1,
91 6
B et
w ee
n 10
0 an
d 19
9 pe
rc en
t o f p
ov er
ty .
. . 58
,6 86
57 ,7
70 49
,8 35
83 4
49 ,9
32 82
9 9
7 27
,2 78
66 6
26 ,8
53 66
4 –
42 6
30 ,6
45 60
7 31
,0 96
67 0
4 51
8, 85
1 30
6 7,
83 8
34 1
*– 1,
01 3
B et
w ee
n 20
0 an
d 29
9 pe
rc en
t o f p
ov er
ty .
. . 51
,4 51
49 ,6
68 45
,4 56
84 4
44 ,7
88 79
9 –
66 7
34 ,6
32 71
1 33
,2 51
68 1
*– 1,
38 1
18 ,4
46 50
4 19
,2 75
53 5
*8 29
5, 99
6 26
3 4,
88 0
23 2
*– 1,
11 6
B et
w ee
n 30
0 an
d 39
9 pe
rc en
t o f p
ov er
ty .
. . 40
,8 22
41 ,6
91 37
,3 95
75 6
38 ,6
29 78
3 *1
,2 34
31 ,5
18 67
9 32
,6 59
69 4
*1 ,1
41 11
,4 12
38 4
12 ,4
11 38
6 *9
99 3,
42 7
22 6
3, 06
2 20
0 *–
36 5
A t o
r ab
ov e
40 0
pe rc
en t o
f p ov
er ty
. . .
11 8,
18 7
12 6,
20 2
11 2,
54 1
1, 19
6 12
0, 53
9 1,
17 8
*7 ,9
98 10
2, 56
1 1,
22 6
10 9,
01 4
1, 14
3 *6
,4 52
26 ,0
70 53
4 28
,5 24
59 6
*2 ,4
53 5,
64 6
26 1
5, 66
2 28
5 17
* C
ha ng
es b
et w
ee n
th e
es tim
at es
a re
s ta
tis tic
al ly
d iff
er en
t f ro
m z
er o
at th
e 90
p er
ce nt
c on
fid en
ce le
ve l .
1 D
et ai
ls m
ay n
ot s
um to
to ta
ls b
ec au
se o
f r ou
nd in
g . 2
A m
ar gi
n of
e rr
or (
M O
E )
is a
m ea
su re
o f a
n es
tim at
e’ s
va ria
bi lit
y . T
he la
rg er
th e
M O
E in
r el
at io
n to
th e
si ze
o f t
he e
st im
at e,
th e
le ss
r el
ia bl
e th
e es
tim at
e . T
hi s
nu m
be r,
w he
n ad
de d
to a
nd s
ub tr
ac te
d fr
om th
e es
tim at
e, fo
rm s
th e
90 p
er ce
nt c
on fid
en ce
in
te rv
al . M
O E
s sh
ow n
in th
is ta
bl e
ar e
ba se
d on
s ta
nd ar
d er
ro rs
c al
cu la
te d
us in
g re
pl ic
at e
w ei
gh ts
. F or
m or
e in
fo rm
at io
n, s
ee “
S ta
nd ar
d E
rr or
s an
d T
he ir
U se
” a t <
w w
w 2 .
ce ns
us .g
ov /li
br ar
y/ pu
bl ic
at io
ns /2
01 6/
de m
o/ p6
0- 25
7s a .
pd f>
. 3
P riv
at e
he al
th in
su ra
nc e
in cl
ud es
c ov
er ag
e pr
ov id
ed th
ro ug
h an
e m
pl oy
er o
r un
io n,
c ov
er ag
e pu
rc ha
se d
di re
ct ly
b y
an in
di vi
du al
fr om
a n
in su
ra nc
e co
m pa
ny , o
r co
ve ra
ge th
ro ug
h so
m eo
ne o
ut si
de th
e ho
us eh
ol d .
4 G
ov er
nm en
t h ea
lth in
su ra
nc e
co ve
ra ge
in cl
ud es
M ed
ic ai
d, M
ed ic
ar e,
T R
IC A
R E
, C H
A M
P V
A (
C iv
ili an
H ea
lth a
nd M
ed ic
al P
ro gr
am o
f t he
D ep
ar tm
en t o
f V et
er an
s A
ffa irs
), a
nd c
ar e
pr ov
id ed
b y
th e
D ep
ar tm
en t o
f V et
er an
s A
ffa irs
a nd
th e
m ili
ta ry
. 5
In di
vi du
al s
ar e
co ns
id er
ed to
b e
un in
su re
d if
th ey
d o
no t h
av e
he al
th in
su ra
nc e
co ve
ra ge
fo r
th e
en tir
e ca
le nd
ar y
ea r .
N ot
e: T
he e
st im
at es
b y
ty pe
o f c
ov er
ag e
ar e
no t m
ut ua
lly e
xc lu
si ve
; p eo
pl e
ca n
be c
ov er
ed b
y m
or e
th an
o ne
ty pe
o f h
ea lth
in su
ra nc
e du
rin g
th e
ye ar
.
S ou
rc e:
U .S
. C en
su s
B ur
ea u,
C ur
re nt
P op
ul at
io n
S ur
ve y,
2 01
5 an
d 20
16 A
nn ua
l S oc
ia l a
nd E
co no
m ic
S up
pl em
en ts
.
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 29
Ta b le
A -5
. N
u m
b e r
o f
P e o p
le b
y T
y p
e o
f H
e a lt
h I
n s u
ra n
c e C
o v e ra
g e b
y S
e le
c te
d D
e m
o g ra
p h
ic C
h a ra
c te
ri s ti
c s : 2
0 1
4 a
n d
2 0
1 5
(N u m
b er
s in
t h o u sa
n d s,
m ar
g in
s o f
er ro
r in
t h o u sa
n d s.
P o p u la
ti o n a
s o f
M ar
ch o
f th
e fo
llo w
in g y
ea r. F
o r
in fo
rm at
io n o
n c
o n fi
d en
ti al
it y
p ro
te ct
io n ,
sa m
p lin
g e
rr o r, n
o n sa
m p lin
g
er ro
r, a
n d d
efi n it
io n s,
s ee
w w
w 2
.c en
su s.
g ov
/p ro
g ra
m s-
su rv
ey s/
cp s/
te ch
d oc
s/ cp
sm a r1
6 .p
d f)
C ha
ra ct
er is
tic
To ta
l A
ny h
ea lth
in su
ra nc
e P
riv at
e he
al th
in su
ra nc
e3 G
ov er
nm en
t h ea
lth in
su ra
nc e4
U ni
ns ur
ed 5
20 14
20 15
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
20 14
20 15
C ha
ng e
(2 01
5 le
ss
20 14
)1, *
N um
be r
N um
be r
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
N um
be r
M O
E 2
(± )
T o
ta l .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
31 6,
16 8
31 8,
86 8
28 3,
20 0
56 8
28 9,
90 3
65 1
*6 ,7
02 20
8, 60
0 1,
22 1
21 4,
23 8
1, 11
8 *5
,6 39
11 5,
47 0
1, 03
5 11
8, 39
5 1,
06 6
*2 ,9
24 32
,9 68
56 1
28 ,9
66 63
4 *–
4, 00
2
Fa m
ily S
ta tu
s In
fa m
ili es
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 25
6, 30
8 25
8, 12
1 23
1, 85
8 86
5 23
6, 57
5 99
7 *4
,7 17
17 2,
51 5
1, 31
4 17
6, 31
8 1,
24 2
*3 ,8
02 91
,9 01
1, 03
4 94
,3 66
1, 07
5 *2
,4 65
24 ,4
51 54
9 21
,5 46
56 3
*– 2,
90 4
H
ou se
ho ld
er . .
. . . .
. . . .
81 ,7
30 82
,1 99
73 ,5
44 45
8 75
,0 58
41 3
*1 ,5
14 57
,0 70
50 4
57 ,9
81 46
6 *9
11 28
,8 18
37 3
29 ,7
94 38
9 *9
76 8,
18 6
20 7
7, 14
1 22
1 *–
1, 04
5
R
el at
ed c
hi ld
re n
un
de r
ag e
18 .
. . . .
. 72
,3 83
72 ,5
58 68
,0 57
25 3
68 ,8
17 27
0 *7
60 44
,1 57
47 9
45 ,4
77 48
3 *1
,3 20
30 ,9
31 48
1 30
,9 68
47 8
3 7
4, 32
6 20
2 3,
74 1
21 4
*– 58
5
R el
at ed
c hi
ld re
n
un
de r
ag e
6 .
. . . .
23 ,4
70 23
,4 59
21 ,9
38 12
0 22
,0 37
13 8
9 9
13 ,0
89 23
3 13
,7 08
22 6
*6 19
11 ,1
33 22
7 10
,7 43
25 5
*– 39
0 1,
53 2
95 1,
42 2
11 5
–1 10
In u
nr el
at ed
s ub
fa m
ili es
. . .
1, 55
8 1,
34 4
1, 33
4 13
7 1,
18 1
11 5
–1 53
80 0
10 1
69 9
97 –1
01 73
5 10
6 63
3 82
–1 03
22 4
50 16
3 40
–6 1
U nr
el at
ed in
di vi
du al
s . .
. . .
58 ,3
01 59
,4 03
50 ,0
08 67
9 52
,1 46
81 3
*2 ,1
38 35
,2 85
61 3
37 ,2
22 69
1 *1
,9 37
22 ,8
34 41
2 23
,3 96
42 9
*5 62
8, 29
3 27
5 7,
25 7
28 4
*– 1,
03 6
R es
id en
ce 6
In si
de m
et ro
po lit
an
st at
is tic
al a
re as
. . .
. . . .
. 26
6, 07
1 27
4, 39
2 23
8, 47
3 2,
15 9
24 9,
70 8
2, 74
8 N
17 7,
22 0
1, 99
4 18
6, 61
9 2,
18 4
N 94
,0 90
1, 23
8 98
,6 27
1, 56
5 N
27 ,5
98 56
0 24
,6 84
66 4
N
In si
de p
rin ci
pa l
ci
tie s
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . .
99 ,2
98 10
3, 74
0 87
,2 69
1, 63
4 92
,8 45
1, 74
0 N
60 ,4
50 1,
32 4
65 ,9
30 1,
38 0
N 37
,8 72
92 1
39 ,0
50 99
0 N
12 ,0
29 41
2 10
,8 95
45 2
N
O ut
si de
p rin
ci pa
l
ci tie
s .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. 16
6, 77
3 17
0, 65
2 15
1, 20
4 2,
12 2
15 6,
86 3
2, 40
2 N
11 6,
77 0
1, 78
2 12
0, 68
9 1,
98 7
N 56
,2 18
1, 05
5 59
,5 77
1, 18
7 N
15 ,5
69 49
2 13
,7 89
51 2
N O
ut si
de m
et ro
po lit
an
st at
is tic
al a
re as
7 .
. . . .
. . 50
,0 97
44 ,4
77 44
,7 27
2, 01
1 40
,1 94
2, 69
4 N
31 ,3
80 1,
43 1
27 ,6
20 1,
88 6
N 21
,3 80
1, 08
3 19
,7 68
1, 40
3 N
5, 37
0 35
9 4,
28 2
37 3
N
R ac
e8 an
d H
is p
an ic
O
ri g
in W
hi te
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 24
4, 46
8 24
5, 80
5 21
9, 70
9 51
9 22
4, 35
1 54
0 *4
,6 42
16 6,
25 7
1, 04
6 16
9, 56
5 94
6 *3
,3 08
87 ,1
59 87
6 89
,5 98
91 1
*2 ,4
39 24
,7 59
49 3
21 ,4
54 52
9 *–
3, 30
5
W hi
te , n
ot H
is pa
ni c
. . .
. 19
5, 35
2 19
5, 64
6 18
0, 52
8 46
1 18
2, 54
6 44
2 *2
,0 18
14 2,
43 7
90 4
14 3,
92 2
78 5
*1 ,4
86 67
,8 67
71 4
69 ,0
65 73
9 *1
,1 98
14 ,8
24 41
4 13
,1 00
41 1
*– 1,
72 4
B la
ck .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
41 ,2
26 41
,7 03
36 ,3
80 22
1 37
,0 76
21 3
*6 96
22 ,2
96 41
9 23
,3 30
43 0
*1 ,0
34 18
,2 11
38 8
18 ,3
87 38
1 1
76 4,
84 7
21 8
4, 62
7 21
0 –2
19 A
si an
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . 17
,7 96
18 ,2
49 16
,1 37
23 4
16 ,8
89 19
3 *7
52 12
,8 23
27 1
13 ,7
75 23
8 *9
52 5,
01 3
20 8
4, 93
7 20
2 –7
5 1,
65 9
14 3
1, 36
0 12
0 *–
29 9
H is
pa ni
c (a
ny r
ac e)
. . .
. . .
55 ,6
14 56
,8 73
44 ,5
56 29
0 47
,6 37
31 5
*3 ,0
82 27
,0 61
50 1
29 ,3
52 55
4 *2
,2 90
21 ,9
77 40
7 23
,4 47
44 6
*1 ,4
69 11
,0 59
29 2
9, 23
5 30
9 *–
1, 82
3
N at
iv it
y N
at iv
e bo
rn .
. . . .
. . . .
. . .
27 3,
98 4
27 5,
79 8
25 0,
02 9
73 4
25 4,
64 8
84 3
*4 ,6
19 18
4, 69
5 1,
14 4
18 8,
63 9
1, 10
3 *3
,9 43
10 2,
62 9
96 9
10 4,
71 9
97 7
*2 ,0
89 23
,9 55
51 4
21 ,1
50 51
3 *–
2, 80
5 F
or ei
gn b
or n
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
42 ,1
84 43
,0 70
33 ,1
72 49
9 35
,2 55
59 1
*2 ,0
83 23
,9 04
48 9
25 ,6
00 52
1 *1
,6 95
12 ,8
41 30
6 13
,6 76
39 9
*8 35
9, 01
2 30
8 7,
81 5
31 3
*– 1,
19 7
N
at ur
al iz
ed c
iti ze
n .
. . . .
19 ,7
33 20
,0 86
17 ,7
24 33
9 18
,3 36
36 4
*6 12
12 ,9
27 32
3 13
,3 66
32 7
*4 40
6, 95
9 22
1 7,
41 3
24 5
*4 54
2, 00
8 13
0 1,
75 0
11 2
*– 25
9
N ot
a c
iti ze
n . .
. . . .
. . . .
22 ,4
51 22
,9 84
15 ,4
47 40
0 16
,9 19
49 8
*1 ,4
71 10
,9 78
34 2
12 ,2
33 41
9 *1
,2 55
5, 88
2 22
6 6,
26 3
28 8
*3 81
7, 00
4 26
6 6,
06 6
28 8
*– 93
8
* C
ha ng
es b
et w
ee n
th e
es tim
at es
a re
s ta
tis tic
al ly
d iff
er en
t f ro
m z
er o
at th
e 90
p er
ce nt
c on
fid en
ce le
ve l .
N N
ot c
om pa
ra bl
e . 1
D et
ai ls
m ay
n ot
s um
to to
ta ls
b ec
au se
o f r
ou nd
in g .
2 A
m ar
gi n
of e
rr or
( M
O E
) is
a m
ea su
re o
f a n
es tim
at e’
s va
ria bi
lit y .
T he
la rg
er th
e M
O E
in r
el at
io n
to th
e si
ze o
f t he
e st
im at
e, th
e le
ss r
el ia
bl e
th e
es tim
at e .
T hi
s nu
m be
r, w
he n
ad de
d to
a nd
s ub
tr ac
te d
fr om
th e
es tim
at e,
fo rm
s th
e 90
p er
ce nt
c on
fid en
ce
in te
rv al
. M O
E s
sh ow
n in
th is
ta bl
e ar
e ba
se d
on s
ta nd
ar d
er ro
rs c
al cu
la te
d us
in g
re pl
ic at
e w
ei gh
ts . F
or m
or e
in fo
rm at
io n,
s ee
“ S
ta nd
ar d
E rr
or s
an d
T he
ir U
se ” a
t < w
w w
2 . ce
ns us
.g ov
/li br
ar y/
pu bl
ic at
io ns
/2 01
6/ de
m o/
p6 0-
25 7s
a . pd
f> .
3 P
riv at
e he
al th
in su
ra nc
e in
cl ud
es c
ov er
ag e
pr ov
id ed
th ro
ug h
an e
m pl
oy er
o r
un io
n, c
ov er
ag e
pu rc
ha se
d di
re ct
ly b
y an
in di
vi du
al fr
om a
n in
su ra
nc e
co m
pa ny
, o r
co ve
ra ge
th ro
ug h
so m
eo ne
o ut
si de
th e
ho us
eh ol
d . 4
G ov
er nm
en t h
ea lth
in su
ra nc
e co
ve ra
ge in
cl ud
es M
ed ic
ai d,
M ed
ic ar
e, T
R IC
A R
E , C
H A
M P
V A
( C
iv ili
an H
ea lth
a nd
M ed
ic al
P ro
gr am
o f t
he D
ep ar
tm en
t o f V
et er
an s
A ffa
irs ),
a nd
c ar
e pr
ov id
ed b
y th
e D
ep ar
tm en
t o f V
et er
an s
A ffa
irs a
nd th
e m
ili ta
ry .
5 In
di vi
du al
s ar
e co
ns id
er ed
to b
e un
in su
re d
if th
ey d
o no
t h av
e he
al th
in su
ra nc
e co
ve ra
ge fo
r th
e en
tir e
ca le
nd ar
y ea
r . 6
O nc
e a
de ca
de , t
he C
P S
A S
E C
tr an
si tio
ns to
a n
ew s
am pl
e de
si gn
a nd
u pd
at es
a ll
m et
ro po
lit an
s ta
tis tic
al a
re a
de lin
ea tio
ns . A
s a
re su
lt, th
e m
et ro
po lit
an /n
on m
et ro
po lit
an e
st im
at es
fo r
20 14
a nd
2 01
5 ar
e no
t c om
pa ra
bl e .
U se
rs m
ay w
an t t
o us
e th
e A
m er
ic an
C om
m un
ity S
ur ve
y es
tim at
es fo
r m
et ro
po lit
an /n
on m
et ro
po lit
an c
om pa
ris on
s . 7 T
he “
O ut
si de
m et
ro po
lit an
s ta
tis tic
al a
re as
” c at
eg or
y in
cl ud
es b
ot h
m ic
ro po
lit an
s ta
tis tic
al a
re as
a nd
te rr
ito ry
o ut
si de
o f m
et ro
po lit
an a
nd m
ic ro
po lit
an s
ta tis
tic al
a re
as . F
or m
or e
in fo
rm at
io n,
s ee
“ A
bo ut
M et
ro po
lit an
a nd
M ic
ro po
lit an
S ta
tis tic
al A
re as
” a t
< w
w w
.c en
su s .
go v/
po pu
la tio
n/ m
et ro
/a bo
ut >
. 8
F ed
er al
s ur
ve ys
n ow
g iv
e re
sp on
de nt
s th
e op
tio n
of r
ep or
tin g
m or
e th
an o
ne r
ac e .
T he
re fo
re , t
w o
ba si
c w
ay s
of d
efi ni
ng a
r ac
e gr
ou p
ar e
po ss
ib le
. A g
ro up
s uc
h as
A si
an m
ay b
e de
fin ed
a s
th os
e w
ho r
ep or
te d
A si
an a
nd n
o ot
he r
ra ce
( th
e ra
ce -a
lo ne
or
s in
gl e-
ra ce
c on
ce pt
) or
a s
th os
e w
ho r
ep or
te d
A si
an r
eg ar
dl es
s of
w he
th er
th ey
a ls
o re
po rt
ed a
no th
er r
ac e
(t he
r ac
e- al
on e-
or -in
-c om
bi na
tio n
co nc
ep t)
. T hi
s ta
bl e
sh ow
s da
ta u
si ng
th e
fir st
a pp
ro ac
h (r
ac e
al on
e) . T
he u
se o
f t he
s in
gl e-
ra ce
p op
ul at
io n
do es
no
t i m
pl y
th at
it is
th e
pr ef
er re
d m
et ho
d of
p re
se nt
in g
or a
na ly
zi ng
d at
a . T
he C
en su
s B
ur ea
u us
es a
v ar
ie ty
o f a
pp ro
ac he
s . In
fo rm
at io
n on
p eo
pl e
w ho
r ep
or te
d m
or e
th an
o ne
r ac
e, s
uc h
as W
hi te
a nd
A m
er ic
an In
di an
a nd
A la
sk a
N at
iv e
or A
si an
a nd
B la
ck o
r A
fr ic
an A
m er
ic an
, i s
av ai
la bl
e fr
om C
en su
s 20
10 th
ro ug
h A
m er
ic an
F ac
tF in
de r .
A bo
ut 2
.9 p
er ce
nt o
f p eo
pl e
re po
rt ed
m or
e th
an o
ne r
ac e
in C
en su
s 20
10 . D
at a
fo r
A m
er ic
an In
di an
s an
d A
la sk
a N
at iv
es , N
at iv
e H
aw ai
ia ns
a nd
O th
er P
ac ifi
c Is
la nd
er s,
a nd
th os
e re
po rt
in g
tw o
or m
or e
ra ce
s ar
e no
t s ho
w n
se pa
ra te
ly .
N ot
e: T
he e
st im
at es
b y
ty pe
o f c
ov er
ag e
ar e
no t m
ut ua
lly e
xc lu
si ve
; p eo
pl e
ca n
be c
ov er
ed b
y m
or e
th an
o ne
ty pe
o f h
ea lth
in su
ra nc
e du
rin g
th e
ye ar
. S
ou rc
e: U
.S . C
en su
s B
ur ea
u, C
ur re
nt P
op ul
at io
n S
ur ve
y, 2
01 5
an d
20 16
A nn
ua l S
oc ia
l a nd
E co
no m
ic S
up pl
em en
ts .
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 31
APPENDIX B. ESTIMATES OF HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE
Quality of Health Insurance Coverage Estimates
The Current Population Survey (CPS) Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) is used to produce official estimates of income and pov- erty, and it serves as the most widely cited source of estimates on health insurance and the uninsured. Detailed health insurance questions have been asked in the CPS since 1988 as a part of a mandate to collect data on non- cash benefits.
However, researchers have questioned the validity of the health insurance estimates in the previous version of the CPS ASEC.1 In particular, the estimate of the uninsured in the previ- ous calendar year was not in line with other federal surveys or administra- tive records, indicating that the CPS ASEC did not capture as much health
1 The issues with the traditional CPS ASEC health insurance estimates have been well estab- lished, as discussed in the Census Bureau’s annual publication on health insurance. The Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States report has detailed the issues with the CPS estimates. For an example, see page 22 in the report, P60-245, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2012 at <www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library /publications/2013/demo/p60-245.pdf>.
insurance coverage in comparison.2 Additionally, these concerns extended to undercounting Medicaid enroll- ment and general misreporting of the source and timing of health insurance coverage.3 To address these concerns, the Census Bureau substantially redesigned the CPS ASEC health insur- ance module to improve estimates of health insurance coverage. Evaluation of the new questions included over a decade of research, including focus groups, cognitive interviews, and two national field tests.4
In 2014, the Census Bureau imple- mented changes to the CPS ASEC, including a complete redesign of the health insurance questions that replaced the existing questions in the CPS ASEC. Due to the differences in measurement, health insurance
2 See Jacob A. Klerman, Michael Davern, Kathleen Thiede Call, Victoria Lynch, and Jeanne D. Ringel, Understanding the Current Population Survey’s Insurance Estimates and the Medicaid ‘Undercount,’ Health Affairs—Web Exclusive: w991-w1001, 2009. Available at <http://content .healthaffairs.org/content/28/6/w991>.
3 See K. Call, M. Davern, J. Klerman, and V. Lynch, “Comparing Errors in Medicaid Reporting Across Surveys: Evidence to Date,” Health Services Research, 48(2P+1), 2013, pp. 652–664. Available at <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111 /j.1475-6773.2012.01446.x/full>.
4 See the infographic “Improving Health Insurance Coverage Measurement: 1998–2014, A History of Research and Testing” at <www.census.gov/content/dam/Census /newsroom/press-kits/2015/health_insurance _research.pdf>.
estimates for calendar year 2013 and later years are not directly compa- rable to previous years; this report does not compare estimates from the redesigned CPS ASEC to the previ- ous version of the health insurance questions. Researchers should use caution when comparing results over time. In particular, the estimate of the uninsured population is lower than in previous years, since the redesigned questions capture more health insur- ance coverage than the preceding CPS ASEC. For more information on why the CPS ASEC was redesigned, as well as the results from the 2013 field test, see <www.census.gov/topics/health /health-insurance/guidance/cpsasec -redesign.html>.
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 33
APPENDIX C. REPLICATE WEIGHTS
Beginning in the 2011, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) report, the variance of CPS ASEC esti- mates used to calculate the standard errors and confidence intervals dis- played in the text tables were calcu- lated using the Successive Difference Replication (SDR) method.1 This method involves the computation of a set of replicate weights which account for the complex survey design of the CPS. The SDR method has been used to estimate variances in the American Community Survey since its inception.
Before 2011, the standard errors of CPS ASEC estimates were calculated using a Generalized Variance Function (GVF) approach. Under this approach, generalized variance parameters were used in formulas provided in the source and accuracy statement to estimate standard errors.
1 Robert E. Fay and George F. Train, “Aspects of Survey and Model-Based Postcensal Estimation of Income and Poverty Characteristics for States and Counties,” Proceedings of the Section on Government Statistics, American Statistical Association, Alexandria, VA, 1995, pp. 154–159.
One study found that the CPS ASEC GVF standard errors performed poorly against more precise Survey Design- Based (SDB) estimates.2 In most cases, results indicated that the published GVF parameters significantly underesti- mated standard errors in the CPS ASEC. This and other critiques prompted the Census Bureau to transition from using the GVF method of estimating stan- dard errors to using the SDR method of estimating standard errors for the CPS ASEC. In 2009, the Census Bureau released replicate weights for the 2005 through 2009 CPS ASEC collec- tion years and has released replicate weights for 2010 to 2015 with the release of the CPS ASEC public use data.
Following the 2009 release of CPS ASEC replicate weights, another study compared replicate weight standard
2 Michael Davern, Arthur Jones, James Lepkowski, Gestur Davidson, and Lynn A. Blewett, “Unstable Inferences? An Examination of Complex Survey Sample Design Adjustments Using the Current Population Survey for Health Services Research,” Inquiry, Vol. 43, No. 3, 2006, pp. 283–297.
error estimates with SDB estimates.3 Replicate weight estimates performed markedly better against SDB standard errors than those calculated using the published GVF parameters.
Since the published GVF parameters generally underestimated standard errors, standard errors produced using SDR may be higher than in previous reports. For most CPS ASEC estimates, the increase in standard errors from GVF to SDR will not alter the find- ings. However, marginally significant differences using the GVF may not be significant using replicate weights.
The Census Bureau will continue to provide the GVF parameters in the source and accuracy statement.
3 Michel Boudreaux, Michael Davern, and Peter Graven, “Alternative Variance Estimates in the Current Population Survey and the American Community Survey,” presented at the 2011 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America. Available at <http://paa2011.princeton.edu /papers/112247>.
U.S. Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015 35
APPENDIX D. ADDITIONAL DATA AND CONTACTS
Press releases, briefings, and data access are available electronically on the Census Bureau’s Health Insurance Web site. The Web site may be accessed through the Census Bureau’s home page at <www.census.gov>, the Health home page at <www.census.gov/topics/health.html>, or directly at <www.census.gov/topics/health/health-insurance.html>.
For assistance with health insurance data, contact the Census Bureau Customer Services Center at 1-800-923-8282 (toll-free), or search your topic of interest using the Census Bureau’s “Question and Answer Center” found at <https://ask.census.gov>.
Customized Tables
The CPS Table Creator
<www.census.gov/cps/data /cpstablecreator.html> Gives data users the ability to create customized tables from the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC). Table Creator can access data back to the 2003 CPS ASEC.
American FactFinder <http://factfinder.census.gov/faces /nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml> Provides access to data about the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Island Areas. The tabular data in American FactFinder come from several censuses and the American Community Survey (ACS).
DataFerrett <http://dataferrett.census.gov/> Users can also generate customized tables using the DataFerrett tool. CPS ASEC files from 1992 to the present and ACS files from 2005 to the present are available through DataFerrett.
Public Use Microdata
CPS ASEC Microdata for the 2015 CPS ASEC and earlier years is available online at <http://thedataweb.rm.census.gov/ftp /cps_ftp.html#cpsmarch> or via DataFerrett at <http://dataferrett .census.gov>. Technical methods have been applied to CPS microdata to avoid disclosing the identities of individuals from whom data were collected.
ACS The ACS Public Use Microdata Sample files (PUMS) are a sample of the actual responses to the American Community Survey and include most population and housing characteristics. These files provide users with the flexibility to prepare customized tabulations and can be used for detailed research and analysis. Files have been edited to protect the confidentiality of all individuals and of all individual house- holds. The smallest geographic unit that is identified within the PUMS is the Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA). These data are available online at <http://census.gov/programs-surveys /acs/technical-documentation/pums .html>. Because the PUMS file is a sample of the ACS, estimates of health insurance coverage will differ slightly.
Topcoding
In the Census Bureau’s long history of releasing public use microdata files based on the CPS ASEC, the Census Bureau has censored the release of “high dollar” amounts, such as medical out-of-pocket expenses (MOOP) and income, in order to meet the require- ments of Title 13. This process is often called topcoding. During the period prior to the March 1996 survey, this censorship was applied by limiting the values for dollar amounts to be no greater than a specified maximum value (the topcode). Values above the maximum were replaced by the maximum value. Beginning with the 1996 survey, the censorship method was modified so that mean values were substituted for all amounts above the topcode. Using the mean value for all amounts above the topcode made it impossible to examine the distribu- tions above the topcode. In an effort to alleviate this problem and improve the overall usefulness of the CPS ASEC, the Census Bureau sponsored research on methods that both met Title 13 requirements and preserved the distributions above the topcode. This research led to the implementa- tion in the 2011 ASEC of rank prox- imity swapping methods that switch dollar amounts above the topcode for respondents that are of similar rank. Swapped amounts are rounded follow- ing the swapping process to provide additional disclosure avoidance.
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OFFICIAL BUSINESS
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FIRST-CLASS MAIL POSTAGE & FEES PAID U.S. Census Bureau
Permit No. G-58
- Introduction
- Highlights
- What Is Health Insurance Coverage?
- Health Insurance Coverage and the Affordable Care Act
- Estimates of the Population Without Health Insurance Coverage
- Two Measures of Health Insurance Coverage
- Multiple Coverage Types
- Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics
- Age
- Marital Status
- Disability Status
- Work Experience
- Educational Attainment
- Household Income
- Income-to-Poverty Ratios
- Family Status
- Residence
- Race and Hispanic Origin
- Nativity
- Children and Adults Without Health Insurance Coverage
- State Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage
- More Information About Health Insurance Coverage
- Additional Data and Contacts
- State and Local Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage
- Comments
- Sources of Estimates
- Statistical Accuracy
- Coverage Numbers and Rates by Type of Health Insurance: 2013 to 2015
- Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 2014 and 2015
- Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage for Working-Age Adults 19 to 64 Years Old: 2014 and 2015
- Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage by Household Income and Income-to-Poverty Ratio: 2014 and 2015
- Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Demographic Characteristics: 2014 and 2015
- Percentage of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage and Change From 2013 to 2015
- Uninsured Rate: 2008 to 2015
- Percentage With One or Multiple Coverage Types: 2015
- Uninsured Rate by Single Year of Age: 2013 to 2015
- Uninsured Rate by Poverty Status and Medicaid Expansion of State for Adults Aged 19 to 64 Years: 2013 to 2015
- Children Under Age 19 and Adults Aged 19 to 64 Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics: 2015
- Uninsured Rate by State: 2015
- Change in the Uninsured Rate by State: 2013 to 2015
- Population Without Health Insurance Coverage by State: 2013 to 2015—Con.
- Number of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 2014 and 2015
- Number of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage for Working-Age Adults, Aged 19 to 64: 2014 and 2015
- Number of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage by Household Income and Income-to-Poverty Ratio: 2014 and 2015
- Number of People by Type of Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Demographic Characteristics: 2014 and 2015
- Appendix A. ADDITIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE TABLES
- Appendix B. Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage
- Quality of Health Insurance Coverage Estimates
- Appendix C. Replicate Weights
- Appendix D. Additional Data and Contacts
- Customized Tables
- The CPS Table Creator
- American FactFinder
- DataFerrett
- Public Use Microdata
- CPS ASEC
- ACS
- Topcoding
