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Patient Monitoring in Healthcare System

In hospital, it is important to carry out continuous monitoring of patient parameters such as respiratory rate, heart rate and rhythm, blood pressure and oxygen saturation. Healthcare practitioners monitor patient’s parameters so that they can make accurate and immediate decisions concerning patients’ health. Today, electronic monitors are used to collect and display physiological data collected through non-invasive sensors (Gardner and Shabot, 585). Patient monitoring has been closely linked to resuscitation which helped detect or prevent clinical problems. The earliest written record on patient monitoring is contained in the papyrus n 1550 BC discovered by Ebers (1875) which pointed out that ancient Egyptian physicians were aware that peripheral pulse is correlated with the heartbeat (Stewart, 339). The use of electronics in healthcare began when Waller (1887) recorded electrical activity of the human heart. The invention of the computer laid the ground work when Boole (1884) “developed the fundamental principles of symbolical reasoning in his monograph on the laws of thought” (Stewart, 340). In the 1950s, electrocardiogram was widely used during and after a cardiac surgery. Later, alarms were incorporated in these monitors to monitor vital signs such as heart and respiratory rate and blood pressure. The alarms are designed to go off if there is any abnormal vital sign. However, false alarms have always been a problem but they have been reduced in frequency if an alarm compromise is adopted.

Technology and medicine always go hand in hand. In the 1800s, health practitioners and biomedical scientists developed instruments for examining and understanding the body. They developed instruments such as microscopes and thermometers to reveal how healthy and sick bodies worked. In 1816, Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope which allowed doctors to hear and diagnose chest diseases. Before the stethoscope, doctors placed their ear directly on a patient’s chest to listen to vital signs like breathing and heartbeat. Traditional thermometers measure temperature by using liquids that expand and contract inside a glass column when heated or cooled. A classical thermometer was constructed by Galileo Galilee in 1592. However, the thermometer did not have a scale and it could only indicate if the temperature was rising or falling. The first thermometer with a scale was developed by an Italian physician known as Sanctorius. Early thermometers were very inaccurate because at that time how liquids expanded and contracted was not well understood. Additionally, glass-makers could not make thin glass tubes. In 1714, Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the first mercury thermometer which was more accurate and reliable than previous thermometers. In 1742, Anders Celsius developed the Celsius scale that is still used today (Pearce, 252).

Thermometers were not part of everyday medical practice until in the 1800s. In 1868, a German physician called Carl Wunderlich, published results of temperature measurements of more than 25,000 patients in Leipzig University Hospital and came up with numbers and curves which led him to establish the range of 36.3 to 37.5o C as the normal human body temperature. Wunderlich also noted that “specific diseases have their own characteristic fever curves” (Pearce, 251). His work prompted hospital to start recording patient’s temperature more often and also display the temperature curve on patient’s hospital chart. This helped physicians to see at a glance how the patient’s temperature was progressing.

In the past, clinical data were collected in the form of heart and respiratory rates, blood pressures and flows. But all this has changed since hospitals use “integrated data collected from bedside instruments which measure vital health parameters” (Gardner and Shabot, 586). Monitoring of patients has always been done on only sick patients. But in recent times thanks to continued advancement in technology, various types of monitors and sensors are available to be used by all people whether sick or not sick. In the past few decades, non-portable monitors and sensors were used to monitor the health of patients in hospitals. But today, there are several and dynamic monitors that can be worn by patients or healthy people to monitor their health as they go about their daily activities.

The increased application of telemedicine has led to the development of biowearable technologies used to remotely collect and deliver patient medical data to physicians and healthcare practitioners. The real time delivery of such data allows physicians to take the necessary measures towards saving patients’ lives. This kind of system is easy to use because data is collected and delivered remotely without any human interaction. For instance, the VMOTE-II is a wearable biomedical machine with sensors used to read various biomedical data such as expired and inspired carbon dioxide, respiration rate, skin temperature, heart rate, galvanic skin resistance, and blood oxidation (Masilela et al., 169).

In the recent past, various studies have shown that monitoring of a person’s health can be integrated with technologies such as mobile phones and wrist bands and watches. This is because it is important for all people to have information on their health especially those that have no time to revisit healthcare centers for regular checkups. For instance, Lin et al., (1) developed a Bluetooth low-energy blood pressure monitoring system which incorporated a homemade blood pressure measuring device and a smartphone. The monitoring system can send blood pressure information to their smartphones so that they can make informed decisions with regards to their health. A wrist band that detects seizures has been developed for users. The wrist band known as Alexa, is equipped with a pulse, sensor, gyro, and connected to WiFi to report the event. The device detects seizures and heart rate. It then asks the user to respond and when they fail, it seeks medical help. Similarly, people with knowledge to develop healthbands for people at risk of having cardiac arrest, stroke, and heart attack have done so to help monitor the health of their loved ones (ASCAS).

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