HDF
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HDFNotes.zipHDF Notes/Adolesence_post(1).ppt
Adolescence
Physical Changes
Health
Physical Development
- Puberty
- The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development. Puberty usually lasts 3 to 5 years.
- Characterized by reaching sexual maturity
Everything changes
Latency is definitely over!
Feedback loop
Sends signal
Releases
hormones
Produce sex hormones which stimulate the hypothalamus
Pituitary’s role in puberty
- Activates the gonads, sex glands (ovaries/testicles)
- Causing gonads to enlarge and increase production of Estrogen (8X) or testosterone (up 20X )
Primary Sex Characteristics
Those parts of the body that are directly involved in conception and pregnancy.
Primary Sex Characteristics
- Females
- Ovaries & uterus grow
- Vaginal lining thickens
- Males
- Testes grow
- penis lengthens
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Not directly involved in reproduction, but indicate sexual maturity
Secondary Sex Characteristics
- Female
- shape change
- Wider hips
- Breast development
- Males
- Growth
- Average 5” taller then females- toward middle of puberty
- Shoulders widen
- Adams apple
Secondary changes in both
- Voice – lowers in both (most notably in males)
- Hair coarser everywhere – growing in new places
The sequence in girls
- Growth of nipples & initial pubic hear
- Growth spurt
- Widening of the hips
- Menarche
- – first menstrual period – between 11 and 14.
- Final pubic hair
- Full breast development
Why?
- Lower body fat = later menarche
- Raising weight making the change?
- Diet?
The sequence in boys
- Growth of the testes
- Initial pubic hair
- Growth of penis
- Spermarche
- first ejaculation – just under 13 years
- Facial hair
- Peak growth spurt
- Voice deepening
- Final pubic hair growth
Hormones trigger Rapid Growth
- Growth spurts – Asynchronous Growth
- From extremities to core – OPPOSITE of before
- Weight Gain
- Eating more – storing then growing
- Organs grow
- Lungs – triple in weight
- Heart– doubles
Hormones impact other systems
- Cricadian rhythm
- Daily cycles
- Craving sleep in the AM – awake late PM
- Glands
- Oil
- Sweat
- Odor
- Eyes
- Elongate –near sighted
Putting it all together
- Adolescence is when we…
- Growing fast – klutzy
- Developing everywhere at once
- Growing hair in weird places
- Have body order
- Needing glasses
- Have oilier hair
- Have acne
- Voice doing weird things
Other hormonal effects
- Rapidly increasing hormone levels (esp. testosterone) precede rapid arousal of arousal of emotion
- Hormone levels correlate to shifts in emotional extremes
- Hormone levels increase thoughts about sex
- Hormone level changes = mood changes during menstrual cycle
When does puberty happen?
….. 4 factors
Sex – ladies first
Genes – follow genetic patterns
Weight – more body fat / earlier puberty
Stress – differently than expected
Nature / Nurture
Stress hypothesis
- Conflicted relationships within the family & an unrelated man living in the home seems to result in early puberty.
- In animal studies – stressed rodents experience puberty, pregnancy and death earlier then their genetic relatives who are less stressed.
Early / Late Consequences
- In females
- Early maturing
- Lower self-esteem
- Depression
- Poorer body image
- Sexual involvement
- In males
- More popular
- Leaders
- Late maturing males / not as critical
- Seem to find other identity
- BUT – can be more dependent and insure
- May be more likely to get involved in substance abuse
Sex too soon
- Early Pregnancy
- Shorter, sicker woman than would have been
- Sexual transmitted infections
- More likely to catch every STI than mature woman
Health Issues
- Healthy time
- Less bothered by minor illnesses of childhood
- Causes of death not disease
HEALTHY TIME IN LIFE BUT– IMPACTED BY DECISION MAKING
Factors impacting adolescent decision making
Adolescent egocentrism-Elkind
- To think exclusive on self – to regard themselves as more socially significant than they really are
2. Invincibility fable
Invincible– Superman
Risk taking
Accidents
3. Imaginary audience
Everyone is watching me. Most of them critics
Desire for privacy
Concern over appearance
Impact if depressed
4. Personal fable
Thoughts unique
Think parents, peers can’t understand what they are feeling/thinking
Sexual identity - pregnancy – break ups
Connecting the dots
- Everyone is watching and I am messing up
- No one understands me
- Can lead to depression
Leading cause of death
- Accidents, homicides, and suicide
- 2x as often in males
- Accidents (many resulting from unwise risk taking) kill 10 X more adolescents than diseases do
Depression
- Less confident period of life
- Girls more likely 1 in5 (Boys 1 in 10)
- Clinical depression – overwhelming feelings of sadness and hopelessness
- Rumination– repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences
- Can lead to suicidal thoughts
Suicide Stats:
- 3rd leading cause of death among adolescents
- Native American and Latino teens have highest suicide rates
- African American teens lowest suicide rates
Teen Suicide Facts
- 3Xs as many females attempt
- 4Xs as many males succeed
- Less likely to kill themselves than adults
Cluster Suicide
- Several suicides committed within the same group in a brief period of time.
Are there warnings
- Depression
- Increased alcohol and/or drug use
- Recent impulsiveness and taking unnecessary risks
- Threatening suicide or expressing a strong wish to die
- Making a plan
- Unexpected rage or anger
Common Myths
- People who talk about it don’t do it…
- There are always warning signs….
- Once people decide to do it, there is no stopping them….
- It only strikes certain genders, races, SES….
More myths
- People who attempt suicide are crazy People who are suicidal definitely want to die….
- Young people never think about suicide…
How to help
- Don’t handle the situation alone call 911
- Listen
- comfort
- Talk about suicide:
- “Are you thinking about suicide?”
- “Have you thought about how you’d do it?”
- “Do you have what you need to do it?”
- “Have you thought about when you would do it?”
Formal Learning
High School
Graduates….
- Stay healthier
- Live longer
- Have more $
- Are more likely to…
- Marry
- Vote
- Stay out of jail
- Buy homes
Adolescents and school problems
- Lack of Adult guidance
- On different schedules
- Lack of time to communicate
- School size
- Larger less opportunity for extracurricular involvements
- School hours vs. adolescent “clock”
Volatile mismatch
- A lack of fit between a person and environment causing the person to become angry, hostile, or depressed.
- Circadian rhythm and school clock
- (I need to sleep in – school starts early)
Dropping out
- Results devastating
- More likely have criminal behavior and substance abuse issues
- Predictors:
- Reading below grade level
- Excessive school absences
- Children who are excessively absent in preschool are likely to be excessively absent in high school
Drop out prevention
- Early intervention programs
- Example: Head Start
- Small class size
- Individualized instruction
- Vocational education
Theory
Cognitive Development
Piaget ~ Formal Operations
As early as 12 years old then +
- 4th and final Piagetian stage
- The ability to think logically about abstract ideas
- Can consider concepts and possibilities that exist only in the mind
- Can follow and form arguments, even if they don’t believe in them
- Debate
- Deductive reasoning
- Begins with a logical idea, then uses logic to draw specific conclusions
Social/Emotional Development
Adolescence
Erikson’s Identity Domains
- Adolescents establish their own identities by reconsidering the goals and values set by their parents and culture, then accepting some and rejecting others.
- Ego Identity – sense of who they are, what they believe, etc.
Finding Identity
Stages of exploration
Diffusion
Foreclosure
Moratorium
Achievement
- Erikson’s crisis of adolescence - To either achieve identity
or to be left in role confusion
Identity Diffusion -least advanced stage
- Having few commitments to goals to values and being apathetic about trying to form them.
- Not trying to figure it out.
- I don’t know and I don’t care.
- Either young adolescents or older adolescents who drift through life
- Behavior: sleep too much, watch TV, play video games
*
Foreclosure
- Erikson’s term making commitments without considering alternatives
- Premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parent’s or society’s roles, and values wholesale without questioning and analysis.
- We all probably do that at some levels –
- Examples:
- Following in father’s footsteps – grabbed onto major with little thought
*
Negative Identity
- Doing opposite of what is expected
- Prof’s son refusing to go to college
- Perceived independence
- I will do xyz differently than my parents did
- I can make my own decisions
*
Identity Moratorium
- Moratorium status refers to a person who is actively exploring alternatives in an attempt to make choices
- Examples:
- CMU undeclared major – that’s me even after major night…….
- Peace corps
- Mission trips
- Military
*
Identity Achievement
- Early adulthood
- Having explored alternatives and developed relatively firm commitments
- This is the major I want!!!!
- How do I get there?
- How long will it take?
- Do I have the resources that I need?
*
Identity development
- Begins in adolescence, greatest gains in college
- Exposed to different beliefs and lifestyles
- Changing majors
- College seniors stronger sense of identity than freshman
*
Peer Pressure
- Social pressure to conform to one’s friends, or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude
- It is short lived, rising until 14 then declining
- Collectively do things wouldn’t do alone
- Not always negative – friends generally encourage socially desirable behaviors
- Likely to be negative in periods of uncertainty
- Hang with powerful peers when in new school, etc.
*
Peer dynamics
- Teenagers associate with other teenagers whose values and interests they share
- We are the company that we keep
- Peer relationships fulfill a specific need
- Creates a sense of belonging
- Makes us feel connected/purposeful
*
Juvenile delinquency
- Children or adolescents who engage in illegal activities and come into contact with the criminal justice system
*
Risk factors for delinquency:
- Internal:
- Short attention span, hyperactivity, inadequate emotional regulation
- External:
- Child abuse, maternal cigarette smoking, violence exposure & low intelligence correlate with delinquency
*
Ecological Factors
- PSYCHOSOCIAL (not biological) – deviant friends, few connections to school, being biologically mature but treated like a child, living in a crowded, violent neighborhood, poverty, and broken families
*
Families of Delinquents
- Likely to have:
- Ineffective discipline
- Low levels of affection
- High levels of family conflict
- Physical abuse
- Severe parental punishment
- Neglect
*
Family as a protective factor
- More conflicts with moms
- Yet view moms as being more supportive and knowing them better
- Bad relationships with dad often linked to depression
- Good relations with fathers contribute to psychological well being
*
HDF Notes/Early Childhood POST(1).pptx
Physical & Brain Development
Growth – body & brain
Development – gross & fine motor, skills, brain, cognitive
Health : disease & injury & nutrition
Early Childhood (Preschool) 2 – 6 chapters 7 & 8
Steady Increases
Adding about 2-3” and 4 - 6lbs. per year
About 1 Ib. per inch
Getting more slender as grow in height
Body growing faster than head
Center of Gravity shift
Growth
Toddler’s center of gravity is the chest area
In preschool years the center of gravity becomes the belly bottom
Center of Gravity Shifting
Enter period toddling
End period taller, leaner and with much more control of body
Generally the following is true:
Tallest to shortest are:
African descent
European descent
Asian descent
Latino descent
Cultural variations?
5
Genes
Additive gene
Health - Affects of diarrhea
Nutrition
Lack of nutrients = shorter
Genotype / phenotype
Important growth influences
Brain development
Sleep patterns, attention, & coordination
Sleep becomes more regular
Toilet training in process – wetting the bed is normal
Attention – Perseveration (stick to it) increases
The frontal lobe maturing
Development in:
Limbic system – area of the brain crucial in the expression and regulation of emotions
Emotions more responsive to specific stimuli
Temper tantrums subside
Amygdala– tiny part of brain that registers emotions
Increased activity = nightmares, or sudden terrors
Responds to facial expressions – if adults show fear (social referencing)
Early memory of fear?
Brain development & emotions
Myelination–The process by which axons and dendrites become insulated with a coating of myelin (a fatty substance that speeds transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron)
Examples?
Touch nose
Myelination continuing
A band of nerve fibers that connect the left and right sides of the brain
Corpus Callosum
Myelination connecting the hemispheres is completed by 8 years old and helps with:
Coordination
Integration of logical and emotional functioning
Myelination of Corpus Callosum
Gross Motor
Large muscles (legs & arms)
Fine Motor
Hands, fingers
Physical coordination increasing
Start with one action at a time to combining
Running – then run and kick a ball
Jumping jacks
Skipping
Biking
Swinging
Catching
Coordination
14
Involved in LOTS of large motor activity – av. 25 hours per week
Follows Developmental Sequence
Large motor first – than small
With opportunity develops quickly as body develops
Enter stage walking - end running, climbing, jumping
Large Motor Development
Lack of coordination skills
Obesity
Shorter life span
Circulatory issues
Results from lack of Gross Motor Play?
Harder to master
Starts will movement from the shoulder with both arms at once
70% develop handedness by 3 years.
Largely genetic
Foot preference early in infancy
Fine Motor coordination
Self help– pouring, cutting food, zipping, buttoning
Artistic– cutting, drawing (it’s about the process not the product) draw then label
Writing – letters, name, etc.
Skill development
Illness
Serious Injuries
Child Maltreatment
Health
Surrounded by Germs
Developing immunities to sickness –
By getting minor illnesses a lot
Developing health habits: Cleanliness, health habits
1. Minor Illness
Western world Immunized
Poorer nations 8-9 million children die from:
Pneumonia, diarrhea, measles, tetanus, whooping cough & tuberculosis
Major illness
“Except in times of famine more of the world’s children die of accidents than any other cause” Berger p.205
Motor Vehicle Accidents
Others:
Poisoning
Drowning
Falls
Burns
Chocking
Why???
2. Accidents
23
New abilities to climb, explore, open bottles, jump, operate motorized riding toys… But not yet able to predict results. (immature prefrontal cortex - impulsivity)
Causes
A fatal home fire is 6 times more likely to happen in low income neighborhoods.
WHY???
Income variable
More boys than girls
Testosterone levels?
Sex variable
All intentional harm to, or endangerment of anyone under 18 years old.
Includes: child abuse & child neglect
3. Child maltreatment
Deliberate action that is harmful to a child’s physical, emotional , or sexual well-being.
Child abuse
Includes:
Hitting a child – leaving bruises on the child, such as black eyes, hand prints, welts from a belt etc.
Burns –
Forcing to drink poisons
Sexual abuse
Why do you think at this stage of development???
Need people in their live to report it.
Abuse
Failure to meet a child’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs.
It is twice as common as abuse.
Child neglect
Signs include:
Sign of neglect:
Failure to thrive– baby or youngster not gaining weight – do when hospitalized
Sign of abuse:
Hyper vigilance – always on “red alert”
Maltreated children may experience Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Signs of PTSD
Hyperactive
Hyper vigilance
Startled at any noise
Quick to counterattack imagined insult
Confused between fantasy and reality
Today’s sedate child needs less calories than their parent did (at that age)
Appetite is changing at this stage due to growth spurts
Children are getting enough (or more than enough) calories – but not enough minerals & vitamins
Nutrition
Insufficient intake of iron, zinc, and calcium
Sweetened cereals and drinks (100% days vitamins) provide…..
Trace nutrients - have too much of some, not enough of others
High calorie food can cause vitamin or mineral deficiencies as they reduce an already small appetite.
Major problem in early childhood is:
Getting them to eat the right thing
The “just right” compulsion
eating rituals – foods not touching
only eating certain foods
Avoiding the battle -
Healthy snacks
Limit “junk” food
Small portions
Put it in the refrigerator
Best Ideas
Early Childhood 2 – 6 year olds
Cognitive, Language &
Social - Emotional
Development
Magical & self absorbed
How do they think????
Limited by own perspective
“It’s all about Me!”
Egocentric
Preoperational – before they are able to apply logical operations – Don’t understand cause (pre-causal)
It’s dark so I can sleep
Can’t apply logic because their thinking is limited to what they see at the moment
Piaget – Preoperational Thought
What they can do now that they couldn’t before:
They can pretend – they have symbolic thought
Be the mommy
Symbolize objects
Block can be a toy truck
Plastic ear of corn can be a telephone
Fingers can become guns
They are limited by:
Centration
Appearance
Static reasoning
Irreversibility
Piaget defines stage by what they can’t do
Focusing on one aspect of a situation to the exclusion of all others
It’s red – not big and red
You’re the teacher – not someone’s mother
3 dogs and 2 cats
Q: More dogs or animals
A: More dogs
(can’t think about 2 subclasses)
1.Centration(Class inclusion)
Focus on appearance to the exclusion of all else
There is a monster in the closet
Law of Conservation
The principle that the amount of a substance is unaffected by changes in its appearance
2. Appearance
Seeing the world as unchanging
Mommy was a little girl???
3. Static reasoning
Not able to see from another person’s perspective
I want it
3 mountain experiment
4. Irreversibilty
Other Theories
Little imitators – Social Learning Theory and Information Processing Theory
Modeling – children watch and imitate others
Theory of the mind
Developing understand of how we think
False beliefs
Coming to realize others’ beliefs differ based on their knowledge (crayons)
Origins of knowledge
Older preschool correctly identified how they learned (by sight) (example red ball in feelie box)
Social/Emotional Development Called: The play years for a reason
Play is a child’s work
Learning to be social
Siblings
Adjusting to birth of new baby
Birth order
Peers
Stages of play
Isolated play / Solitary
Parallel Play
Cooperative
Purpose of play
Imaginative Play
Taking on Roles - Steven & Heather.
Testing their own ability to explain and convince others of their ideas – Let’s play…
Develop a self-concept in a non-threatening context
Regulate their emotions through imagination (pretending to be afraid, angry, etc.)
Prosocial behavior
Benefit another without expectation of reward
Includes
Sharing
Cooperating
Helping
Comforting others in distress
Aggression
Younger children use aggression to get toys
In older preschoolers it becomes more hostile and person oriented.
Causes
Genetics – twin studies
Lacking in empathy or ability to see other’s perspective
Reinforced
Imitation
Media violence
Habituation– becoming used to repeated stimuli , children exposed to violence are more likely to assume it is normal
Erikson – 2nd stage
Autonomy verses Shame and Doubt
Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies
Question being answered: Is It Okay To Be Me?
“Me do it”
Example:
Mother who wouldn’t let him feed himself
Third stage - Initiative vs. Guilt
The young child eagerly begins new projects and activities and feels guilt when his/her efforts are rejected for breaking the rules or resulting in failure or criticism.
Question: Is it okay to do and move and act?
Preschool art – failsafe (finger painting)
Self-concept is developing
(One’s understanding of who they are). Self concept includes categorical self – age grouping and sex.
Gender Roles
Preschoolers are VERY stereotypical
This is what girls are like – what they play with (starting at 1 ½ years old)
Girls and boys play different
Boys more rough and tumble and aggressive
Theories:
Learned behavior – reinforcement
Also:
Heredity
Brain organization
Sex Hormones – testosterone
Others in text
Language Development
2 – 6 is a prime time for learning language
Expanding in…
Vocabulary
9 words a day
Grammar
Language usage (plurals, tenses, sentence structure)
Over - regularization
Application of regular grammatical rules to irreggulars
“We goed to the store”
“We saw 2 deers on the way to school”
Key to language development
Exposure to language- hear the word at least once….
Language is key to learning…….
Income differential
Huge difference between children’s vocabulary from different income groups.
How much they are talked to and how
Directive speech
Children need someone to talk to them.
Labeling things – explaining what they are doing
Problem solving – “I wonder where the sock is that matches with this one – let’s look in the dryer again”.
Children need to be read to.
MI Dept of Ed. Recommends ½ hour / day.
Language & Social
If a child has limited language it will impact his/her social development
If I can’t say I want the toy, I can:
Hit
Bite
Cry
All of the above
HDF Notes/Middle Adulthood_POST.ppt
Middle Adulthood
Physical Development
40-65
Aging
- Primary aging
- The age related changes that inevitably take place in a person as time passes influenced by our genetics
- Secondary aging
- The age-related changes that take place as a consequence of a person’s behavior or a society’s failure to eliminate unhealthy conditions
- Watch for these through out lecture
Interindividual variability
- The fact that people do not age in the same way or at the same rate
- Physically
- Mentally
Cognitive Development
Expertise
One part of cognition
Each person may become a selective expert
- Specializing in a meaningful area
- Cooking
- Fishing
- Occupation
Getting old doesn’t make an expert
- BUT… It is the product of training and practice
- Exp. Reading X ray / teaching
- Automatic
- Doesn’t take a lot of thought
Flexible (Intuitive)
- Novice will follow the rules and procedures – expert more on past experience
Experience as a teacher
- May have developed better leadership or management skills due to acquired social skills
- Better feel for other’s limitation or potential
- Grandma vs. new mom
Brain aging
- The Aging Brain
- the brain slows down with age
- neurons fire more slowly and messages sent from the axon of one neuron are not picked up as quickly by the dendrites of another neuron
- Multitasking is more difficult
Crystallized Intelligence versus Fluid Intelligence
- Crystallized intelligence
- Cluster of knowledge and skills that depend on accumulated information and experience, awareness of social conventions, and the capacity to make good decisions and judgments
- Includes specialized knowledge in a field
- Increases with age
- Like how much information is stored in your computer
Crystallized Intelligence versus Fluid Intelligence
- Fluid intelligence
- Person’s skills at processing information
- Refers to the speed of processing or analyzing information, the ability to comprehend the relationships in visual stimuli
- Decreases with age
- Like the size of your processor or speed of your computer
Cognitive Development
- ____________ ability maintains stability as we age; __________ performance decreases as we age
Conditions minimizing cognitive decline may include:
- remaining healthy
- living in good conditions, such as decent housing
- remaining intellectually active by reading, lifelong learning, and keeping up with current events
- being open to new ideas and new styles of life
- living with an intellectually stimulating partner
- being satisfied with what one has achieved in middle adulthood or one’s most productive years
Physical development
Looks
- Hair – grayer and thinner
- Facial hair in women
- Skin – drier, wrinkled
- Middle aged spread
- Stomach muscles weaken
- Fat settles (abdomen, upper arms, buttock, eyelids, double chin)
Inevitable?
- Yes
- Made worse by:
- Lack of exercise
- Poor nutrition
- Smoking
- Heavy drinking
- Exposure to the sun and cold
- (all impact of secondary aging)
Effect on the Senses
- Sight – lens becomes less elastic & flatter cornea = reading glasses
- Touch, Taste, & Smell
- Become less sharp
- Hearing, impacted by environment
Body Systems Change
- Reducing Organ Reserve
- The capacity of young adults’ organs to cope with stress via extra, unused functioning ability
- Decline in immune system
- Immune to more things, but if catch something recovery takes longer
- Increase in Reaction time
Reproductive System
- is slower and fertility is reduced with age, but adults of all ages enjoy “very high levels of emotional satisfaction and physical pleasure from sex within their relationships”
Infertility
- The lack of successful pregnancy after one year of regular intercourse without contraception
Causes
- Age – after 40
- Pelvic inflammatory disease – cause blocked fallopian tubes – often caused by STDs
Other Causes:
- Equally distributed which partner is infertile
- Men – anything that impairs a man’s normal body functioning such as:
- High fever, prescription drugs, environmental toxins, stress, alcoholism, cigarette smoking_
- Women –
- failure to ovulate,_
- weight (obesity or underweight)
Doctor’s advice best times to try
- For women before 30
- For men before 40
Infertility - options
- Drugs to stimulate ovulation
- In vitro fertilization
- Ova surgically removed and fertilized in lab
- Assisted reproductive technology (ART)
- High cost ($32,000 - $90,000)
- ART story - miracle baby
Menopause
- Between 42 and 58 years old average 51
- Cigarette smoking and malnutrition make it early
- Happens because of decrease of hormones estrogen and testosterone
- Cycle changes – Surprise baby
Reduction of Estrogen causes risk of:
- Bone calcium loss
- Osteoporosis – Porosity and brittleness of the bones – causing them to fracture easily
- Increase of fat deposits in the arteries
- Coronary heart disease
Hormone Replacement Therapy
- treatment to compensate for hormone reduction at menopause or following surgical removal of the ovaries… such treatment, which usually involves estrogen and progesterone, minimizes menopausal symptoms and diminishes the risk if osteoporosis in later adulthood
- Issues: Cancer
Symptoms of menopause
- Hot flashes & night sweats
- Caused by:
- Vasomotor instability – temporally the blood vessels ability to maintain body temperature is disrupted
- 1 in 5 – It’s a big deal
- 3 in 5 – Notice, but not much
- 1 in 5 – Don’t notice
andropause
- a term coined to signify a drop in ________________levels in older men, which normally results in reduced sexual desire, erections, and muscle mass
- also know as male ________________
- Per 100,000 people
Signs of a stroke
Heart Attack Signs
- Uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain in the center of your chest. It lasts more than a few minutes, or goes away and comes back.
- Pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw or stomach.
- Shortness of breath with or without chest discomfort.
- Other signs such as breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea or lightheadedness.
- As with men, women’s most common heart attack symptom is chest pain or discomfort. But women are somewhat more likely than men to experience some of the other common symptoms, particularly shortness of breath, nausea/vomiting and back or jaw pain.
- If you have any of these signs, don’t wait more than five minutes before calling for help. Call 9-1-1 and get to a hospital right away.
Being Healthy
Good choices
Health habits = prevention
Not smoking
Limited alcohol
Maintaining normal weight
Exercising
Tobacco usage
- 25% of all adults smoke
- Down from 50% men and 33% women in 1970
- Increasing the rates of most other serious diseases
- Reduces lung capacity & causes cognition decline
Alcohol
- In moderation (no more than 2 servings/day) tend to live longer
- Risks
- Cirrhosis of the liver
- Major cause of injury and disease worldwide
- Stresses the heart and stomach
- Destroys brain cells
- Hastens calcium loss = osteoporosis, infertility, increase incidences of most forms of cancer
- Accompanies almost 50% fatal accidents, suicides & homicides
- Linked to Alzheimer’s Disease
Lack of Exercise
¼ middle aged adults never exercise
Benefits of exercise
- Burns calories
- Decreases appetite
- Increases metabolism
- Raises serotonin levels
- Causes a decline in the risk of almost every serious illness – even if person is overweight or a smoker
Obesity & Overweight
- World Health Organization declared epidemic
- Overweight 40 year olds lose 3 years of life
- Obese 40 year olds lose 7
- What if obese 7 year old??
- “Obesity is a worldwide epidemic and will be followed by a worldwide epidemic of diabetes”
Journal of American Medical Association
Obesity has increased in:
- Both sexes
- In every decade
- In every ethnic group
Emotional health
In Midlife
Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
- Believed major psychological challenge of the middle years is generativity versus stagnation
- Generativity
- ability to generate or produce; based on instinctual drive toward procreativity (bearing and rearing children)
- can consist of parenting one’s own children, helping others with their children, being engaged in projects that will influence future generations
- Stagnation
- rejection of generativity drive can result in a life stripped of meaning and purpose
Erikson – in late adulthood
- Integrity versus despair – The final stage of Erikson’s developmental sequence. Older adults seek to integrate their unique experiences with their vision of community. Life is meaningful!
- Erikson was still writing in his 90’s
Personality Factors
Here are The big 5
1. Openness
- Curious,
- Imaginative
- Artistic,
- Open to new experiences
2. Conscientiousness
- Organized
- Deliberate
- Conforming
- Self-disciplined
3. Extroversion
- Outgoing,
- Assertive,
- Active
4. Agreeableness
- Kind,
- Helpful,
- Easygoing,
- Generous
5. Neuroticism
- Anxious,
- Moody,
- Self-punishing,
- Critical
Sceneries
- Color codes planner
- Comes to class prepared
- Does papers early
- Asks lots of questions
- Chooses topics to study that they know little about
- Receptive to other’s ideas
- Student A
- Student B
Are There Sudden Shifts in Personality?
- The “big five” personality traits tend to show stability over time.
- Some trends of group personality changes over the years, but introverted tend to remain introverted, extroverted tend to remain extroverted
- Neuroticism declines over time; agreeableness and conscientiousness increase over time; extraversion and openness to new experience decline slightly over time
Relationships…………….
Ecological Systems Theory
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Chronosystem – changes
over time
Empty nest
- Loneliness as youngest leaves home
Marital Happiness
Less stressful time with kids
Higher incomes
More time together
With every year of marriage divorce becomes less likely
Grandparenting and
Custodial Grandparents grandparents raising grandchildren
Grandparenting
Sandwich generation
- Squeezed by needs of aging parents and needs of children and perhaps grandchildren at the same time. Also, may still be part of the workforce.
Adult Children
Relationships
Time to parent differently
Boomerangs – they keep coming back