learning guide 7

HCR 240 Final Study Guide

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Directions: You are responsible for all learning guides in Modules 4-7 for the final exam. Review all module learning guides for the diseases and disorders required for the exam. This portion of the final exam study guide will help you with the additional terms and some other information that may be on the exam. Please complete and turn in at the end of Module 7 for preparation of exam in Module 8.

MODULE 4 AND 5 – TERMS REVIEW OF MUSCULOSKELETAL AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found in Readings and PowerPoints. All terms are in Module 4 and Module 5 Learning Guides.

Definition or Example Term Crohn’s disease often has this type of appearance, which is due to thickening of the epithelial wall.

A bacteria that often is found in patients with GERD and stomach ulcers A sign or symptom of liver disease where fluid buildups in abdomen Thinning of the trabecular matrix that occurs right before onset of osteoporosis Delayed stomach opening that can cause GERD Inflammation of muscle and joints Loss of fat in stools, sign of celiac disease The bacteria that often causes osteomyelitis Disease where the large intestine is twisting The diseases where discs between vertebrae become compressed or misaligned Gallbladder is producing gallstones Another name for a bull’s eye rash of Lyme Disease Bleeding from hemorrhoids Inflammation of a joint Blood in stool Infection of gallbladder leading to purulent effusion

CHAPTER 38 – 39 MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM DISORDERS 1. What are the two type of swelling that can occur in osteoarthritis? How are the different?

2. What are the usual risk factors of osteoporosis?

3. How can a joint be infected? Name two routes of infection that can occur.

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4. Describe the process of how uric acid crystals affect regions of the body due to hyperglycemia.

CHAPTER 29 – 30 DISORDERS OF THE GI TRACT 1. Name the three types of hernia that can be found. How are they different?

2. What is the difference between Celiac Disease, Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis?

3. What abdominal pain is associated to appendicitis?

4. What are diverticula? Where does this often occur? Give specific location. What is the main cause?

5. What is an ulcer? Describe how ulcers can be created in the body. Where do most ulcers occur?

CHAPTER 31 – INFECTION, INFLAMMATION, AND CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER DIRECTIONS: Explain why a patient with advanced liver failure displays the following signs and symptoms. An explanation should be provided for each.

Sign/Symptom Explanation Ascites Esophageal bleeding

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Sign/Symptom Explanation Jaundice Confusion Elevated ammonia Melena Hepatomegaly Prolonged clotting time Excessive bruising Steatorrhea Calcium issues

1. Using your learning guide and information in book and PPT’s, in one paragraph, describe the causes of hepatitis

– including the viral and other reasons.

CHAPTER 32 - GALLBLADDER, PANCREATIC, AND BILE DUCT DYSFUNCTION 1. Explain how gallbladder dysfunction will cause issues with the bile duct of liver, gallbladder, and pancreas to

cause inflammation.

MODULE 6– TERMS REVIEW OF ENDOCRINE & NERVOUS In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found in Readings and PowerPoints. All terms are located in Module 6 Learning Guide.

Definition or Example Term Perimeter of brain ischemia, less perfusion – not irreversible Small, temporary min-strokes that usually resolve on their own Increased thirst and drinking, symptom of diabetes In Parkinson’s Disease, patients have progressive loss of this neurotransmitter Cushing’s Syndrome is due to an increase of this hormone Weakness or inability to move on one side of the body This type of endocrine dysfunction occurs due to abnormal pituitary activity

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Definition or Example Term Enlargement of the thyroid that may be due to excess TSH Cerebral aneurysm is an example of this type of stroke One of the causes of ischemic stroke that would create stasis of blood leading to clot formation

Symptom of hyperthyroidism that is the name of bulging eyes Protective sheath around axon that may deteriorate with some nervous diseases

CHAPTER 24-25 – ENDOCRINE DISORDERS & DIABETES 1. What is the difference between Diabetes Insipidus and Diabetes Mellitus? Describe the pathogenesis of both.

2. Describe the symptoms of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. What is the difference between the two diseases?

CHAPTER 33 – CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS 1. Describe what happens in the brain to cause glutamate toxicity.

CHAPTER 34 – CHRONIC AND DEGENERATIVE NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS 1. Describe the types and categories of seizures.

2. Describe the difference between Myasthenia Gravis, Multiple Sclerosis, and Guillain-Barre Syndrome.

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CHAPTER 22 – RENAL DISORDERS 1. Give an example of ONE prerenal, ONE intrarenal, and ONE postrenal disease.

2. How can nephrolithiasis lead to pyelonephritis?

3. Describe chronic renal failure stages and the effect on filtration rate.

CHAPTER 23 – UROLOGICAL DISORDERS 1. Why are female risk factors for UTI higher than in males?

2. Describe the different types of urinary incontinence that can occur.

CHAPTER 26 – DISORDERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1. What female disorder is the leading cause of infertility in women in U.S.? Describe the pathogenesis of this

disease?

2. Describe where endometriosis often occurs. How does this displaced tissue cause bleeding? What are the three

theories that are thought to be the cause of endometriosis?

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CHAPTER 27 – DISORDERS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1. What is the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia? What is the main population that get this disease?

2. Name THREE causes of erectile dysfunction.

MODULE 7– TERMS REVIEW OF URINE AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS In the boxes below, indicate the term or disease that fits the definition or example. These terms can be found in Readings and PowerPoints. All terms are in Module 7 Learning Guide.

Definition or Example Term Blood in urine Absence of menstrual period Most common bacteria that may cause UTI Most common cancer in males age 15 to 35 years in U.S. Kidney stones Bacterial infection that often ascends from vagina Urine backup into the kidney Secondary sex characteristics have not appeared by age 13 in females Removal of the testes White blood cells in the urine Assessment for benign prostatic hyperplasia Infrequent menstrual periods

1. TermCrohns disease often has this type of appearance which is due to thickening of the epithelial wall:
2. TermA bacteria that often is found in patients with GERD and stomach ulcers:
3. TermA sign or symptom of liver disease where fluid buildups in abdomen:
4. TermThinning of the trabecular matrix that occurs right before onset of osteoporosis:
5. TermDelayed stomach opening that can cause GERD:
6. TermInflammation of muscle and joints:
7. TermLoss of fat in stools sign of celiac disease:
8. TermThe bacteria that often causes osteomyelitis:
9. TermDisease where the large intestine is twisting:
10. TermThe diseases where discs between vertebrae become compressed or misaligned:
11. TermGallbladder is producing gallstones:
12. TermAnother name for a bulls eye rash of Lyme Disease:
13. TermBleeding from hemorrhoids:
14. TermInflammation of a joint:
15. TermBlood in stool:
16. TermInfection of gallbladder leading to purulent effusion:
17. ExplanationAscites:
18. ExplanationEsophageal bleeding:
19. ExplanationJaundice:
20. ExplanationConfusion:
21. ExplanationElevated ammonia:
22. ExplanationMelena:
23. ExplanationHepatomegaly:
24. ExplanationProlonged clotting time:
25. ExplanationExcessive bruising:
26. ExplanationSteatorrhea:
27. ExplanationCalcium issues:
28. TermPerimeter of brain ischemia less perfusion not irreversible:
29. TermSmall temporary minstrokes that usually resolve on their own:
30. TermIncreased thirst and drinking symptom of diabetes:
31. TermIn Parkinsons Disease patients have progressive loss of this neurotransmitter:
32. TermCushings Syndrome is due to an increase of this hormone:
33. TermWeakness or inability to move on one side of the body:
34. TermThis type of endocrine dysfunction occurs due to abnormal pituitary activity:
35. TermEnlargement of the thyroid that may be due to excess TSH:
36. TermCerebral aneurysm is an example of this type of stroke:
37. TermOne of the causes of ischemic stroke that would create stasis of blood leading to clot formation:
38. TermSymptom of hyperthyroidism that is the name of bulging eyes:
39. TermProtective sheath around axon that may deteriorate with some nervous diseases:
40. TermBlood in urine:
41. TermAbsence of menstrual period:
42. TermMost common bacteria that may cause UTI:
43. TermMost common cancer in males age 15 to 35 years in US:
44. TermKidney stones:
45. TermBacterial infection that often ascends from vagina:
46. TermUrine backup into the kidney:
47. TermSecondary sex characteristics have not appeared by age 13 in females:
48. TermRemoval of the testes:
49. TermWhite blood cells in the urine:
50. TermAssessment for benign prostatic hyperplasia:
51. TermInfrequent menstrual periods:
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