HCA 430 Special Populations Wk 5-D2
chantaxrews
HCA430SpecialPopulationsChapter10.docxCh. 10 Where Do We Go From Here?
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
· Discuss the importance of collaboration between policy makers and vulnerable populations.
· Explain the community-oriented approach to health care.
· Define the market-oriented approach to health care.
· Specify the role that vulnerable populations should play when developing health care programs.
· Identify policies (social and economic) for health care reform that will improve health care services accessibility, cost, and quality.
· Introduction
·
· Courtesy of Digital Vision/Thinkstock
· Effective program planning must include communication between policy makers and the individuals who make up the vulnerable populations meant to benefit from a particular program.
· Policy makers and program administrators must realize that there is often a lack of communication between those creating the programs aimed at vulnerable populations and the individuals who make up those populations. Programs won't be useful if they do not directly address the needs of the vulnerable in ways that are accessible to the vulnerable. The best way to achieve useful program design or reform is to collaborate with the population you are trying to serve. Program designers and medical practitioners can learn a lot about the needs of those they are serving simply by asking them. By having conversations with patients and community leaders, and even by asking patients and patrons to complete surveys, policy makers, program administrators, and practitioners gain insight into the needs and wants of the vulnerable populace. Only through a coordinated, collaborative effort to address the serious issues confronting vulnerable populations can the health and wellness of said population increase to resemble those who are not classified as vulnerable.
· Critical Thinking
· Communication can take many different forms. Communication can include everything from formal town hall meetings to informal conversations between two people. Communication does not necessarily even need to involve talking. Describe three special populations and specify a form of communication that could be used to gather information on each group.
10.1 The Community-Oriented Approach
Courtesy of iStockphoto/Thinkstock
Several social and interpersonal factors influence a person's sense of well-being.
The key to a community-oriented approach to health policy is remembering that a person's well-being is greatly affected by family, friends, and other social factors. In other words, discharged patients will fare better or worse depending on their individual support networks. On a larger scale, this means that health policy needs to look beyond the microlevel and consider the macrolevel factors that affect the populations being served. There are five levels of focus in community engagement: (a) the individual, (b) the social and network systems, (c) the influences of organizations to bring change, (d) the community collaborative relationships, and (e) the state and federal policies and regulations. Concepts that summarize social ecology theories relating to the efforts of community engagement in addressing this need are as follows:
· health status, emotional well-being, and social cohesion, which are influenced by the physical, social, and cultural status of the individual or his or her environment
· different effects of the individual's health, which includes perception and financial resources available
· the influence by others on the individual or group
Community-oriented health policy works to improve health outcomes by making changes on a community level. To do this, community members should be consulted about the needs of their communities and the daily risks encountered there. This goes beyond patients to include consulting those who work directly with patients, and consulting community leaders and organizers on what issues they consider important in the identified community. Once policy makers understand what the contributing factors are, they can begin to form policy to address those factors. Problems with participation often trouble these efforts. Instead of creating focus groups, policy makers can work with physicians to build relationships with patients that encourage discourse and disclosure. Improving the physician-patient relationship not only offers a way to learn the needs of the patients but is in itself an improvement of patient care.
Cross-Disciplinary Solutions
Inadequate housing, high poverty levels, and low education levels can all contribute to ill health and poor health outcomes. Housing issues may include exposed asbestos that leads to lung infections, poverty reduces accessibility to health care, and low education levels contribute to poor lifestyle habits. Though they may appear to be outside the realm of health policy, the effects these and other factors discussed in this book have on health is considerable. As such, community-oriented health policy must address all such factors.
Courtesy of nathings/fotoliaContributing
Contributing factors to poor health can include poverty, substandard housing, and low education levels.
The community-oriented approach involves cross-disciplinary planning and programming in order to address individual patient needs as well as to address the community factors that contribute to vulnerability. Health policy that takes a community-based approach should bring together agencies from many different specialties and fields. Health care providers, care management teams, social services officers, and community-based resource programs can be brought together to design programs and policies that improve patients' chances of positive treatment outcomes. This can be accomplished through an ideology of comprehensive collaboration and sharing of pertinent health information across what had previously been silos or territories where information was held close to the vest.
An example of one such program would be a hospital that discharges high-risk youth with a referral to a social worker at a local youth center. The social worker could encourage the youth to participate in the activities offered at the youth center, thereby improving the youth's social capital and ultimately improving his or her chance of positive outcomes in life as well as health. This example illustrates the care continuum from treatment (hospitalization for illness) to long-term services (youth center involvement) and addresses some needs of the vulnerable youth population. Programs at the youth center should be designed to address the needs of the people it serves. One of the best sources for information about those needs is the people being served and, in this case, adults from the relevant community.
Critical Thinking
The community-oriented approach involves cross-disciplinary planning and programming in order to address individual patient needs as well as to address the community factors that contribute to vulnerability. What this means from the perspective of the individual is that discharged patients will fare better or worse depending on their personal support networks. On the other side of the coin, how does improved patient health benefit the greater community? Do you believe the community has a vested interest in ensuring improvements in health at the level of the individual? If so, why?
10.2 The Market-Oriented Approach
As discussed in earlier chapters, the United States' economy is built on the concept of the ideal free market, unlike the single-payer systems found in countries such as Canada and Great Britain. In other words, the U.S. health care system is market-oriented, meaning it relies on competition between care providers to strive for quality and control cost. However, it must also meet the needs of health care consumers, who may not be knowledgeable enough to know what they need because of uncertainty of health and outcomes, as well as a sense that asking questions means questioning doctors' authority.
One disadvantage of a market-oriented health care system is that because health care is often a necessity, people have little opportunity to shop around for the best service and prices. This issue is particularly pronounced in economically depressed areas where access to health care is limited. To address this, America's health care delivery system is evolving and may have never been so prominent an issue as during the lengthy debates over the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (PPACA). Even if the health care system is part of the free market economy, governments have an interest in ensuring affordable access to all citizens for two reasons: (a) Federal and state governments fund public payer insurance plans, and (b) an unhealthy population costs the country money. As such, the way Americans finance health care, both now and in the future, is at the forefront of the debate over health care reform.
Changing the Health Care System
One of the many goals of health care reform is to achieve near-universal coverage for all U.S. citizens and a safety net for accessing health care for all people. In an attempt to do this while managing costs, state and federal governments have tried implementing incentive plans to help employers cover the cost of health insurance with tax cuts and other rewards. Other attempts have disincentivized employers from not offering health insurance to employees by fining certain businesses that don't have employee health coverage. Business owners often rail against both methods, arguing that it should not be the responsibility of employers to ensure universal care coverage.
Courtesy of gchutka/iStockphoto
Health care reform strives to achieve adequate access to and coverage of health care for all people, regardless of citizenship status.
Program plans should be evaluated based on these coverage concerns, as well as how they close the coverage gaps from public to private payers by equalizing the provider reimbursement structure and the use of large risk pools to determine pricing. Plan coverage and need and effectiveness norms and definitions that dictate what procedures and services are covered at what levels for which conditions should consider the care continuum model and provide coverage for services across the entire continuum. Plans that use a community rating, which is broad population grouping for computing risks and premiums, allow for more coverage for more people at less cost. The alternative, experience rating, uses a small group of eligible people and encourages denying coverage to the most vulnerable, as they are most likely to cost the insurer money. Some plans use carve outs to cover high-risk patients and pay for some patients' disproportionately high costs. The difficulty with these plans comes when trying to find a fair way to cover patients' needs and offer fair reimbursement for service providers without driving up premiums.
The use of insurance premiums as a means of paying for health care is problematic. Premiums fail to consider varying economic abilities of enrollees to pay premiums and service co-pays. Under the current methodology, health insurance premiums do little to minimize financial barriers to health care, especially in ways that seem tangible to the consumer. As health insurance premiums rise, more and more Americans are allowing their coverage to lapse. Many have also seen their office visit and pharmacy co-pays increase simultaneously. The monthly costs associated with maintaining insurance coverage often seem more immediate than the risk of a catastrophic health event. People living on fixed incomes and those living in poverty have been found to be the most affected by increasing insurance premiums and co-pay costs. Payer systems that include progressive payment scales based on financial need and ability provide more equitable financial access to health care. In fact, cost sharing has been found to limit access to preventive care more than limiting the need for treatment.
While patients are struggling to afford health care coverage and services, providers are struggling to stay open or to make profits. The free market system encourages all service providers in every field to strive for profitability, often to the point of diminishing services to raise profit margins, as in the case of physician practices limiting the number of Medicaid patients they will treat because Medicaid often does not reimburse at as high a level as private payer insurance. Even health care providers who still focus on serving patients find it difficult to run a facility when insurance companies and public payers are constantly negotiating prices. Many among America's most vulnerable who use public payer health coverage have experienced a significantly diminished number of care providers who will accept public payer coverage. This is because many states have lowered the physician reimbursement rates well below what private payers have negotiated. Under these terms, it is in the providers' best interests to limit the number of public payer–enrolled patients and maximize the number of private payer–enrolled patients to increase profits. The American public payer system relies on micro-oriented means to limiting reimbursement. As America struggles to solve problems with the medical care delivery system, policy makers should consider the macro-oriented means used to limit reimbursements in other countries that boast more universal coverage and accessibility.
Maintaining High-Quality Care
<span id="w80581" class="werd"> </span>
Physician reimbursement isn't the only area where service costs are rising. It is generally believed that it is not patients but rather physicians who create high demand for expensive procedures and services. Because they are responsible for writing the orders, physicians are also consumers of health care services. Cost containment includes managing increasing physician fees and also minimizing the number of expensive services called for by physicians. Policy makers may find it difficult to balance cost containment without disincentivizing the necessary treatments of patients on Medicare and Medicaid.
Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) are a type of insurer that uses a prepaid system to arrange care for covered patients. Because they make prepaid agreements with providers, HMOs are often a less expensive insurance option. Prepaying helps with cost containment by insuring against rising costs for a specified amount of time, because the services are paid for before they are rendered. Because HMOs have a reasonable idea of their revenue for the year (premium dollars per member) and how many members they have to serve, prepaying allows them to keep costs down in order to make profits. Though consumers of HMO plans have reported satisfaction with the premiums and co-pay costs associated with HMOs, they have reported less satisfaction with the standard of care received. Annual numbers on HMOs usually show that they lead in preventive care and reduced number and lengths of hospital stays. Whether that is because HMO patients use more preventive care or because providers are less likely to recommend expensive therapies for HMO patients is unclear.
The PPACA attempts to create universal coverage balanced with affordability. The law includes a mandate that every person must have health insurance by 2014 or pay penalties. Penalty monies should be used to help cover the costs associated with uninsured patients seeking emergency medical attention. Such cases drive up the cost of health care and health insurance for every person in the United States. With the cost of health insurance climbing, universal coverage can be achieved only if premiums are affordable for all people. In an attempt to harness the power of the free market and increase health insurance coverage across the nation, the PPACA created the American Health Benefit Exchanges (Henry J. Kaiser Foundation, 2010c). These marketplaces will be administrated by state governments and will provide standardization and competition in the health insurance market. The point is to make it both more affordable and easier for individuals to purchase their own health insurance instead of relying on employers and government programs. This is a market-oriented approach that relies on the free market ideal. At the time this book was written, the insurance exchanges were not yet open; it will be many years before their overall effectiveness can be measured in terms of efficiency, openness of the marketplace, and cost containment.
Critical Thinking
The text says that government should be highly interested in solving the health care crisis because an unhealthy population costs the country money. If individuals pay for their own health care, how does an unhealthy population cost the country money?
10.3 Improving Accessibility, Cost, and Quality
Taking a community-oriented approach to health care policy means including community members in discussions of change and in the decision-making process. This approach also recognizes that changes need to be made in the affected communities, not only in insurance and medical care provider settings. Increasing social status, social capital, and human capital also works to improve access, cost, and quality of health care received by individual patients.
Courtesy of Hemera/Thinkstock
Salary and employment benefits are just one area in which minorities and females receive less than their Caucasian male counterparts.
Minorities and females generally make less money and receive fewer employment benefits than do Caucasian males. Additionally, many females, children, and the elderly find themselves lacking social power in relation to males—Caucasian males in particular. Policy changes that work to minimize vulnerability should focus on changing the social status differences between these groups, like improving housing conditions and attracting businesses to create jobs in poor urban areas. Improving the ability of minorities and women to hold higher-paying jobs by improving educational opportunities is an ongoing challenge. Many low-income communities lose their best educated and most community-minded inhabitants to areas with more economic opportunities. Public policy that incentivizes businesses to locate in low-income areas in order to change a region's economic viability improves the lives of all members of the community as more females and minorities find more opportunities within these companies.
As public policy is often lacking in improving social status for America's most vulnerable, many minority groups have found power through grassroots social movements, which are community changes that begin with the people. The Women's Suffrage movement is an example of a grassroots movement that affected public policy change in favor of the group who initiated it. The Women's Suffrage movement in the United States caused the addition of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which gives all women the same eligibility and right to vote that were previously only enjoyed by men. Similarly, the Civil Rights movement improved the social status of minorities by outlawing racial segregation and discrimination. The Occupy Wall Street of 2012 movement offers an example of a contemporary social movement that worked to raise the social status of all Americans who cannot boast large amounts of wealth. Policy makers can learn from these grassroots movements and use that information to improve social status and thereby health care access for America's most vulnerable populations.
Policy Changes to Improve Social Capital
Social capital is also linked to health care cost, quality, and access. Policies are needed that respond to the changing American family. Increasing numbers of households have only one parent or two parents of the same gender. Legal marriage is being replaced for many couples with cohabitation, sometimes called mingling—living with a sexual partner without getting married, often still having children together. For some groups, such as same-gender couples, public policy has focused more on restricting social capital than on improving it, with states making state constitution amendments that ban marriage between people of the same gender.
Public policy does best when it focuses on improving social capital rather than diminishing it. Strengthening family units builds stronger communities. But social capital doesn't end at the front door. Social capital extends well into the community and includes all the people that make up a person's support network, whether extended family, friends, or neighbors. Public policy that works to strengthen families and communities through improved family medical leave, parental leave, improved access to child care services, and improved access to caregiver resources makes it easier for individuals to contribute to their communities. Policy investments in social capital double as investments in access to health care, as social capital is a major factor in overall health and access to care. As with efforts to improve social status, efforts to improve social capital are most successful when community residents are actively involved in identifying the needs present in the community and in program development. Not only does this involvement offer insight that program developers may otherwise lack, but involving community members in the development process also helps energize the community to use the program once it is established.
Social capital levels are directly tied to investment in human capital. Strong family ties help keep children in school and help parents maintain employment. Multi-adult households have more working power to contribute to the household income, and increased income opens doors to health care access as well as education and other opportunities.
Policy Changes to Improve Human Capital
Public policy focusing on investing in the growth of human capital is lacking. By nature, community-oriented policies support programs and institutions that provide for growing human capital. Early childhood education programs are an example of school-based investments in human capital. These programs, like Head Start, have been found to greatly improve the chances of students continuing through high school by improving early literacy scores and providing access to other resources, including some health care services. Basing family resource centers and clinics in schools increases access to these resources and improves the human capital of the entire family. Simply increasing funding for public education works to narrow the gaps in education available in different community settings. Programs that improve the education received at public schools in economically depressed areas invest in the human capital of the students, as better education provides for better job opportunities later in life.
Courtesy of iStockphoto/Thinkstock
Public policy is needed to focus on investing in the growth of human capital. Early childhood education programs like Head Start are examples of school-based investments in human capital and offer educational, health care, and nutritional resources.
Better opportunities are key to building human capital on an individual level. However, many American families find that it is increasingly difficult to raise a family on one income and that the salaries commanded by high school diplomas are no longer enough to lift a family out of poverty. Economic development partnerships—like those in which state and local governments offer business incentives in terms of tax breaks and even investment cash to businesses willing to locate within their geographic regions—can help improve the overall economy of an area and provide more opportunities for higher income. Such partnerships are often forged between city governments and businesses, but these partnerships do not prosper if they aren't supported by the community. Policy makers should invite the active participation of community residents and leaders to make sure that community interests are properly represented when such partnerships are formed.
Policy and program recommendations for improving human capital include encouraging low-income housing development by the private sector, as opposed to low-income housing being the sole responsibility of government. In this way, local businesses can grow while providing for a community need. Similarly, improving access to supportive housing for people experiencing homelessness, people diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, the chronically ill and disabled, refugees, and others in need creates a safety net for these individuals that enables them to increase their own human capital by holding jobs and accessing other resources.
Paradigm shifts are also still needed in order to create true equality between Caucasian men, minorities, and women in the workplace. The minimum wage is reviewed on an ongoing basis by state and national governments. Raising the minimum wage usually meets with resistance, and has both positive and negative economic ramifications. Other economically based changes that would improve human capital for America's most vulnerable include improving enforcement of child support payments and expanding the earned income tax credit for families.
Critical Thinking
When communities invest in the growth of human capital, they provide avenues to elevate social status and social capital for not just the very poor, but the entire community. How does increasing social status, social capital, and human capital increase the benefits to special populations? How can helping one or two special populations in a community lead to the betterment of the community as a whole?
Case Study: Changes in Health Care as a Result of Gender Neutrality
How long does a woman normally stay in a hospital after giving birth to a child?
In 1980, the average stay was 3.8 days, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2010c). This average dropped to 2.1 days in 1995, but rose again to 2.4 days in 1997. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) tracks the same data and reported that in 2010, the average stay was again at 2.1 days, after dipping to 1.9 for much of the latter 2000s (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD], 2011). Given the historically short duration of the average hospital stay for pregnant women, it may be difficult to imagine a woman giving birth and then staying in the hospital for over a month. But that's just what happened to a woman named Wendy during World War II.
Wendy checked herself in to the hospital with symptoms of childbirth and went through 16 hours of labor. Her son, Rob, was born on a bright Monday morning but would not see the outside world until he was a month old because Rob's father Harold, who was fighting in the South Pacific at the time, was not able to check Wendy and Rob out of the hospital. The law of the land during that period stated that the father, or a male relative, had to check a new mother out of the hospital. A frantic search for Harold's brother began, but the brother had just started boot camp in Florida, and the Army did not release him until after the four-week training process had concluded. After that, Harold's brother drove from Florida to the hospital in Kentucky and signed the papers releasing Wendy and Rob from the hospital.
Could this happen today? Of course not. The current laws and public policies related to health and health choices have changed to such a degree that women's rights and the rights of other groups have evolved and been established to empower them to make decisions, both medical and legal, for themselves.
Chapter Summary
Courtesy of edbockstock/fotolia
Community involvement is integral to the success of a program in a given community because those individuals are most familiar with their own needs.
Policy and program designers fare best when they incite and encourage community involvement in recognizing the needs present in a given community and plan for ways to address those needs. Market-oriented approaches to improving health care access and quality focus on the way Americans purchase health care. This can be a useful tactic, as America's health care system is based on a free market. Community- oriented programs and policies focus on mitigating the factors that contribute to vulnerability. Grassroots movements have proven effective in the past as ways for individuals to work together to incite the change and social improvements needed.
America's health care system presents unique challenges for policy makers and consumers alike. Those seeking to effect positive change do best when they include the people they intend to help in the planning process. Improving health care quality, access, and affordability for every person saves lives in more ways than one, and the entire country benefits from improving the lives of the people.
Critical Thinking
Top-down and bottom-up change can both effectively improve societies. Top-down changes tend to originate at the federal or state government level, whereas bottom-up changes can originate at the community or even individual levels. Can you think of examples of a top-down and bottom-up change? Consider one special population and a challenge that they face. Which type of change (top-down or bottom-up) do you think would be the most effective catalyst of social improvement for this group?
Additional Resources
Visit the following websites to learn more about the topics covered in this chapter:
An article on the study of a community-based participatory research (CBPR) on health care and the growing Hispanic population in North Carolina (published 2011): http://www.implementationscience.com/content/6/1/38
An article on managed consumerism in the health care industry: http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/24/6/1478.full
Web Exercise
Create a seven-minute presentation explaining the pros (advantages) and the cons (disadvantages) of the two different systems discussed in this chapter. You are encouraged to start with the two websites listed in the Additional Resources section, but you must use at least three reputable sources for each side of the discussion.
Key Terms
Click on each key term to see the definition.
American Health Benefit Exchanges
health maintenance organizations (HMOs)
Glossary
|
absenteeism The missing of days of work by employees. |
|
alcoholism Overuse and dependence on alcohol. |
|
American Health Benefit Exchanges Marketplaces created by the PPACA that will be administrated by state governments and will provide standardization and competition in the health insurance market. |
|
analytic research Studies that focus on identifying the reasons for vulnerability and the ways to prevent and remediate vulnerability. |
|
annual survey A process in which a team of industry-specialized experts visits a facility and determines its compliance with applicable laws. |
|
binge drinking Five or more drinks per occurrence. |
|
carve outs Special insurance planning used to cover high-risk patients and pay for some patients' disproportionately high costs. |
|
childbearing age The age range of highest fertility, which is 15 to 44. |
|
Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) Administered under the Medicaid services umbrella, CHIP provides extended eligibility and coverage for qualifying children up to age 19. |
|
commodity A product available for purchase. |
|
common good Social theory based on reciprocity and doing good for all society members. |
|
community-oriented approach An approach that takes into consideration that a person's well-being is greatly affected by family, friends, and other social factors. |
|
community rating A rating utilized by insurance companies that uses a broad population grouping for computing risks and premiums. |
|
comparative studies Research that compares the characteristics of one group with those of other groups. |
|
compulsory Forced by legal or physical means. |
|
continuum of care The combination of preventive health services, treatment services, and long-term care services that spans a patient's lifetime and provides for the best health outcomes. |
|
co-pay The portion of a patient's bill for which he or she is responsible at the time a medical service is provided. |
|
cost-benefit analysis (CBA) Determines the likelihood of the project producing a positive outcome and a good return on the financial investments of the project. |
|
cost containment The process of managing increasing physician fees and also minimizing the number of expensive services called for by physicians. |
|
cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) A method of comparing two or more programs. |
|
cross-disciplinary research Collecting and examining data from multiple academic fields. |
|
curative medicine Medical practices focusing on curing existing diseases and conditions. |
|
deductible The portion of expenses a person must pay out of pocket before an insurer pays any expenses. |
|
descriptive research Studies that focus on identifying those most at risk and the methods of identifying these groups and their needs. |
|
differential vulnerability hypothesis The theory that some people have more adverse reactions than others to negative life events. |
|
direct costs Tangible costs that can be measured by totaling the financial prices of all of the resources used to treat a patient. |
|
documented immigrant An immigrant who has come to the United States through legal channels but has not had to undergo the rigorous level of screening experienced by refugees or overdocumented immigrants. |
|
duplicate victim rate The number of child abuse incidents counted. |
|
eldercide The killing of persons age 65 and older. |
|
electronic health records Digital databases that store patient health information, making it accessible to all of a patient's approved providers. |
|
enrollees Insurance plan participants. |
|
epidemiology The study of how a disease moves through populations. |
|
episodic homelessness Recurring, frequent, or ongoing homelessness. |
|
equity Access and coverage being the same for all people. |
|
evaluative research Studies that work to determine the success of existing programs that aim to provide services to vulnerable groups. |
|
experience rating A rating utilized by insurance companies that uses a small group of eligible people. |
|
externalizing disorders Mental conditions that lead to outward activities of destruction such as drug abuse and violence. |
|
food deserts Residential areas without readily available access to grocers who carry fresh fruits, vegetables, and meats. |
|
free market economy An economy based on open competition among corporations with a lack of government regulation. |
|
gestational hypertension High blood pressure during pregnancy. |
|
grassroots social movements Community changes that begin with the people. |
|
gynecological care Medical care specializing in the female reproductive system. |
|
health maintenance organizations (HMOs) A type of insurer that uses a prepaid system to arrange care for covered patients. |
|
human capital The amount of investment in a person's potential. |
|
indirect costs Abstract costs that are difficult to measure in economic terms. |
|
individual rights Social theory based on individuals' choices and freedoms. |
|
infanticide The killing of children age 5 and under. |
|
inflation Loss of currency value. |
|
inoculations Preventive shots administered to prevent the spread of illness. |
|
insurance claims Bills sent to the insurance company to pay for a covered patient's health care services rendered. |
|
insurance underwriters Companies that evaluate the risk and exposure of potential clients, decide how much coverage the client should receive, and determine how much the client should pay for it. |
|
internalizing disorders Mental health conditions that cause emotional responses, such as anxiety disorders and depression. |
|
longitudinal studies Research that considers the data in terms of large spans of time. |
|
long-term care Care that focuses on constant, ongoing health care needs. |
|
macro influences Larger social and environment influences on our lives. |
|
manslaughter Killing another person due to negligence. |
|
market-oriented An approach that relies on competition between care providers to push for quality and affordability. |
|
Medicaid A health insurance program funded with state monies, which provides health insurance to qualifying low-income adults. |
|
Medicare A federally run health insurance program for people age 65 and over, and those unable to work due to permanent disabilities. |
|
micro influences Personal decisions and influences on our lives. |
|
mingling The act of living with a sexual partner without getting married, often still having children together. |
|
monetary inflation Loss in currency value. |
|
monetary value Cost in terms of a dollar total. |
|
murder The purposeful, malicious killing of another person. |
|
National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) A reporting system that tracks birth, death, and health data to provide a picture of what the American population looked like in the past and what it looks like now; NVSS uses that data to estimate future birth, death, and health trends. |
|
neonatal Just-born, generally considered to be the first day or two after birth. |
|
obstetricians Doctors who treat pregnant women for pregnancy. |
|
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Established by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, this group was created to ensure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and providing training, outreach, education, and assistance. |
|
outcome The result of treatments. |
|
overdocumented immigrant A legal immigrant to the United States that has official refugee status. |
|
Pareto principle The theory that 80% of the outcome is caused by 20% of the effort. |
|
parity Access and coverage being the same across health service types. |
|
pathology The history of a disease. |
|
per capita For each person. |
|
physiological Having to do with the physical body. |
|
point-in-time count A method used to determine the total number of homeless people sleeping outdoors in a specific area during a specific period of time. |
|
postnatal Infancy after the first few days postdelivery. |
|
prenatal care Care of the mother and baby during pregnancy, including ultrasounds, gestational diabetes screening, and obstetric and gynecological care. |
|
presenteeism Wherein workers show up for work but have severely lowered productivity over a length of time. |
|
preventive care services Medically related and medically based services that focus on maintaining health. |
|
preventive medicine Medical practice focusing on education and lifestyle choices with the intention of minimizing the risk of illness. |
|
primacy Whether the condition is the primary health factor or whether it is a secondary symptom of something else. |
|
private payer sector Programs that provide financial access to health care, which includes insurance companies, employer-run health coverage programs, and patients who pay for health care out of pocket. |
|
process considerations Treatment standards and protocols used to treat certain conditions or types of patient. |
|
psychological Having to do with the mind. |
|
public payer sector Government-funded programs that provide financial access to health care. |
|
public policy Laws, regulations, and other government activities that dictate how society should function. |
|
quality-adjusted life year (QALY) An outcome measure that weighs both the quality and quantity of life. |
|
real median income The middle average income level for the United States, adjusted for inflation. |
|
relative risk The potential of imperfect health in groups exposed to risk factors in relation to the potential of imperfect health in groups not exposed to the same risk factors. |
|
Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program A federal program administered by the Health Resources and Services Administration that provides funding to states and community-based organizations to improve health care access and provide life-saving medications for HIV/AIDS patients in low-income areas. |
|
serious mental illness (SMI) Any mental disorder that significantly interferes with daily life. |
|
seroprevalence The incidence of infection, based on blood serum testing, in a given population. |
|
Signs of Suicide program A nationwide program that trains educators and other facilitators to educate youth on recognizing the signs and symptoms of suicide and the appropriate ways to respond. |
|
social attitudes Positive or negative evaluations of people, places, things, and events that are shared by a majority of the community as a whole. |
|
social capital The measurement of personal relationships in an individual's life. |
|
Social Security and Disability Insurance (SSDI) program A federal government that provides a financial safety net, in the form of monthly income checks, for people who become disabled and who have worked enough to contribute to the SSDI program before becoming disabled. |
|
social selection theory The argument that mental illness causes people to fall into low socioeconomic status. |
|
social status A person's place in society as created by personal characteristics, opportunities, and rewards. |
|
social stress theory The argument that the stressors experienced by low socioeconomic groups cause mental health conditions. |
|
socioeconomic classes A combined economic and social measure of a person's work experience and family economic position in relation to others. |
|
statement of compliance A statement showing that a facility is in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. |
|
statement of deficiency A statement showing different levels of noncompliance with applicable laws and regulations. |
|
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) The unexplainable death of an infant any time before the first birthday. |
|
Supplemental Security Income program (SSI) A federal program administered by the Social Security administration that provides financial support for disabled citizens. |
|
surfactant A substance that stabilizes the alveoli in the lung and improves functionality. |
|
transient homelessness A state of homelessness wherein the affected individuals move from home to home, often staying with various family or friends for short periods of time before moving on. |
|
transitional homelessness Short-term homelessness. |
|
treatment improvement protocols (TIPs) Guidelines for best practices created by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA) Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT). These guidelines offer information and tools for care providers to effectively treat alcohol and substance abuse. |
|
treatment services Services intended to restore health to ailing individuals. |
|
undocumented immigrant Often referred to as "illegal aliens," immigrants from countries outside the United States or its territories who have not completed the official immigration process. |
|
unique victim rate The number of victimized children counted in child abuse cases. |
|
vulnerability A person's risk level, based on factors such as environment, education, resources, and finances. |
|
workers' compensation A form of insurance that provides wage replacement, medical treatment, and rehabilitation services to employees injured in the course of employment.
References Administration for Children and Families. (n.d.a). National incidence study of child abuse and neglect (NIS-4); Overview. Retrieved from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/opre/research/project/national-incidence-study-of-child-abuse-and-neglect-nis-4-2004-2009 Administration for Children and Families. (n.d.b). Reporting child abuse and neglect. Retrieved from http://www.childwelfare.gov/responding/reporting.cfm Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2010). Findings on children's health care quality and disparities. AHRQ Pub. No. 10-P006. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/nhqrdr09/nhqrdrchild09.pdf Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/browse/outcome.htm American Psychological Association (APA). (2012). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/elder-abuse.aspx# Armstrong, G. L. (2007). Injection drug users in the United States, 1979–2002: An aging population. Retrieved from http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/167/2/166.pdf Aseltine, R. H., James, A., Schilling, E. A., & Glanovsky, J. (2007). Evaluating the SOS suicide prevention program: A replication and extension. BMC Public Health, 7(161). Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/7/161doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-161 Association of American Medical Colleges. (2010). AAMC president calls on Congress to address doctor shortage. Retrieved from https://www.aamc.org/advocacy/washhigh/highlights2010/161958/aamc_president_calls_on_congress_to_address_doctor_shortage.html Barnes, L., Hall, P. A., & Taylor, R. CR. (2010). The social sources of the health gradient: A cross-national analysis. Retrieved from http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~phall/Gradient.pdf Beaston-Blaakman, A., Shepard, D., Horgan, C., & Ritter, G. (2007). Organizational and client determinants of cost in outpatient substance abuse treatment. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17417043 Benitz, W. (2008). NICU guide 2008: Mechanical ventilation. Retrieved from http://lanestanford.edu/portals/cvicu/HCP_Respiratory-Pulmoanry_Tab_2/Mechanical_Ventilation.pdf Bouchery, E. E., Harwood, H. J., Sacks, J. J., Simon, C. J., & Brewer, R. D. (2011). Economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption in the U.S., 2006. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 41(5), 516–524. Retrieved from http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797%2811%2900538-1/abstract Brown, K. E. (2011). Elder justice: Stronger federal leadership could help improve response to elder abuse. Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/assets/130/125590.pdf Browne-Miller, A. (2008). Making the case for domestic violence prevention through the lens of cost-benefit. San Rafael, CA: Transforming Communities Technical Assistance, Training and Resource Center. Retrieved from http://www.mcbw.org/files/u1/Domestic_Violence_Prevention.pdf Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2011). National crime victimization survey. Retrieved from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=dcdetail&iid=245 Camarota, S. A. (2002). Immigrants in the United States: A snapshot of America's foreign- born population. Washington, DC: The Center for Immigration Studies. Retrieved from http://www.cis.org/articles/2002/back1302.pdf Carey, L. A., Perou, C. M., Livasy, C. A., Dressler, L. G., Cowen, D., Conway, K., . . . Millikan, R. C. (2006). Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina cancer study. Retrieved from http://ebd.lis.illinois.edu/INLS890-EBD/Papers/Millikan.pdf Center for Disease Control (CDC). (1992, December 19). 1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection and Expanded Surveillance Case Definition for AIDS Among Adolescents and Adults. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 41(RR-17). Center for Elderly Suicide Prevention & Grief Counseling (CESP). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ioaging.org/services/cesp_suicide_prevention_help.html Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT). (2005). Substance abuse treatment for persons with co-occurring disorders. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64197/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (1996). Fetal mortality by maternal education and prenatal care, 1990. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_20/sr20_030.pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2008a). Reported AIDS cases and persons reported living with AIDS, by area of residence, 2004–2008 and as of December 2008–eligible metropolitan areas and transitional grant areas for the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act of 2009. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/surveillance/resources/reports/2010supp_vol17no1/pdf/2010_hiv_aids_ssr_vol17_n1.pdf#page=8 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2008b). New estimates of U.S. HIV prevalence, 2006. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/factsheets/prevalence.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2010). Suicide: Facts at a glance. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/pdf/Suicide_DataSheet-a.pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2010a). Teen pregnancy graphics data descriptions. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/teenpregnancy/LongDescriptors.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2010b). CDC's HIV prevention progress in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/PDF/cdcprev.pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2010c). Longer hospital stays for childbirth. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/hospbirth/hospbirth.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011). FastStats: Health expenditures. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/hexpense.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011a). Trends in current cigarette smoking among high school students and adults, United States, 1965–2010. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/tables/trends/cig_smoking/index.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011b). High-impact HIV prevention: CDC's approach to reducing HIV infection in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/strategy/dhap/pdf/nhas_booklet.pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012a). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012b). National suicide statistics at a glance. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/suicide/statistics/rates02.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012c). Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_252.pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012d). HIV cost-effectiveness. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/preventionprograms/ce/index.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012e). Smoking & tobacco use. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012f). National health interview survey. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/participant.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012g). Behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012h). Youth risk behavior surveillance system. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/yrbs/index.htm Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2012). New Affordable Care Act program to improve care, control Medicare costs, off to a strong start. Retrieved from http://www.cms.gov/apps/media/press/release.asp?Counter=4333&intNumPerPage=10&checkDate=&checkKey=&srchType=1&numDays=3500&sr Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2012a). The world factbook. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2012b). The world factbook. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html Chang, H. F. (2000). A liberal theory of social welfare: Fairness, utility, and Pareto principle. Retrieved from http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/110-2/changNEW.pdf Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2012). Child maltreatment 2010. Retrieved from http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/canstats.cfm Ciabattari, T. (n.d.). Single mothers, social capital, and work-family conflict. Upjohn Institute Working Paper no. 05-118. Retrieved from http://www.upjohninst.org/publications/wp/05-118.pdf Clean Needles Now. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cleanneedlesnow.org/ Constitution of the United States of America and the Bill of Rights. (1787). Retrieved from http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html Conway, J. (2011). Report of the Attorney General: 29 December 2011. Retrieved from http://www.taftlaw.com/linked_documents/0000/0913/Kentucky_AG_Report.pdf Cooper, T. M., & Clayton, R. (2010). The Cooper/Clayton method to stop smoking. Retrieved from http://www.stopsmoking4ever.org/html/aboutus.html Courtney, S. E., Durand, D. J., Asselin, J. M., Eichenwald, E. C., & Stark, A. R. (2003). Pro/con clinical debate: High-frequency oscillatory ventilation is better than conventional ventilation for premature infants. Critical Care, 7(6), 423–426. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC374363/ Crosby, A. E., Ortega, L., & Stevens, M. R. (2011). Suicides—United States, 1999–2007. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6001a11.htm DeLisi, M., Kosloski, A., Sween, M., Hachmeister, E., Moore, M., & Drury, A. (2010). Murder by numbers: Monetary costs imposed by a sample of homicide offenders. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 21(4), 501–513. Retrieved from http://www.soc.iastate.edu/staff/delisi/murder%20by%20numbers.pdf DeNavas-Walt, C., Proctor, B. D., & Smith, J. C. (2011). Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2010. Current Population Reports: Consumer Income. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p60-239.pdf Denning, P., & DiNenno, E. (n.d.). Communities in crisis: Is there a generalized HIV epidemic in impoverished urban areas of the United States? Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/other/pdf/poverty_poster.pdf Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE). (2012). About D.A.R.E. Retrieved from http://www.dare.com/home/about_dare.asp Duke University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. (2011). Services Effectiveness Research Program. Retrieved from http://serp.mc.duke.edu/ Durose, M., Harlow, C. W., Langan, P. A., Motivans, M., Rantala, R., & Smith, E. L. (2005). Family violence statistics, including statistics on strangers and acquaintances. Retrieved from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/fvs02.pdf Fang, X., Brown, D. S., Florence, C. S., & Mercy, J. A. (2012). The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States and implications for prevention. Child Abuse and Neglect, 36(2). Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145213411003140 Fitzgerald, T. (2006). Is "Just Say No" an effective anti-drug approach? Retrieved from http://www.rps.psu.edu/probing/antidrug.html Forum on Child and Family Statistics (Forum). (2011). Health insurance coverage. America's children: Key national indicators of well-being, 2011. Retrieved from http://www.childstats.gov/americaschildren11/care1.asp Franche, R. L., Murray, E. J., Ostry, A., Ratner, P. A., Wagner, S. L., & Harder, H. G. (2010, October–December). Work disability prevention in rural healthcare workers. Rural Remote Health, 10(4), 1502. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20964467 Friedman, S. H., & Resnick, P. J. (2007, October). Child murder by mothers: Patterns and prevention. World Psychiatry, 6(3), 137–141. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2174580/ Futures Without Violence. (2010). The health care costs of domestic and sexual violence. Retrieved from http://www.futureswithoutviolence.org/userfiles/file/HealthCare/Health_Care_Costs_of_Domestic_and_Sexual_Violence.pdf Garcia, T. C., Bernstein, A. B., & Bush, M. A. (2010). Emergency department visitors and visits: Who used the emergency room in 2007? NCHS data brief, no 38. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db38.pdf Goodwin, P. Y., Mosher, W. D., & Chandra, A. (2010). Marriage and cohabitation in the United States: A statistical portrait based on Cycle 6 (2002) of the National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Statistics, 23(28). Green, C. A. (n.d.). Gender and use of substance abuse treatment services. Retrieved from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh291/55-62.htm Guttmacher Institute. (2012). Facts on publicly funded contraceptive services in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/fb_contraceptive_serv.pdf Hamilton, B. E., Martin, M. P. H., & Ventura, S. J. (2011). Births: Preliminary data for 2010. National Vital Statistics Reports, 60(2). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr60/nvsr60_02.pdf Hanson, D. J. (n.d.). Drug Abuse Resistance Education: The effectiveness of DARE. Retrieved from http://www.alcoholfacts.org/DARE.html Health Resources and Services Administration. (n.d.). Health center data. Retrieved from http://bphc.hrsa.gov/healthcenterdatastatistics/index.html Healthy People.gov. (2012). Public health objectives for the nation, 2020. Retrieved from http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), & Health Research and Educational Trust. (2011). Employer health benefits: 2011 summary of findings. Retrieved from http://ehbs.kff.org/pdf/8226.pdf Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), The. (2007). Physician shortage disproportionately affects rural, urban areas; Restrictions on foreign doctors could add to problem. Retrieved from http://dailyreports.kff.org/Daily-Reports/2007/July/23/dr00046410.aspx Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), The. (2010a). Focus on health reform: Impact of health reform on women's access to coverage and care. Retrieved from http://www.kff.org/womenshealth/upload/7987.pdf Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), The. (2010b). HIV/AIDS policy fact sheet: U.S. Federal Funding for HIV/AIDS: The President's FY 2011 Budget Request. Retrieved from http://www.kff.org/hivaids/upload/7029-06.pdf Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), The. (2010c). Explaining health care reform: Questions about health insurance exchanges. Retrieved from http://www.kff.org/healthreform/upload/7908-02.pdf Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), The. (2011a). Health care spending in the United States and selected OECD countries: April 2011. Retrieved from http://www.kff.org/insurance/snapshot/oecd042111.cfm Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), The. (2011b). Primary care shortage. Retrieved from http://www.kaiseredu.org/Issue-Modules/Primary-Care-Shortage/Background-Brief.aspx Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), The. (2012a). Retrieved from http://www.statehealthfacts.org/comparemaptable.jsp?ind=44&cat=2 Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), The. (2012b). Key facts on health coverage for low-income immigrants today and under health reform. Retrieved from http://www.kff.org/uninsured/upload/8279.pdf Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), The. (2012c). United States: Medicare enrollment. Retrieved from http://www.statehealthfacts.org/profileind.jsp?sub=74&rgn=1&cat=6#notes-ind-290 Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), The. (2012d). Health coverage for children: The role of Medicaid and CHIP. Retrieved from http://www.kff.org/uninsured/upload/7698-06.pdf Hetzel, A. M. (1997). History and organization of the vital statistics system. National Centers for Health Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/usvss.pdf Hoefer, M., Rytina, N., & Baker, B. C. (2011). Estimates of the unauthorized immigrant population residing in the United States: January 2010. Retrieved from http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/ois_ill_pe_2010.pdf Holahan, J., Schoen, C., & McMorrow, S. (2011). The potential savings from enhanced chronic care management policies. Retrieved from http://www.urban.org/uploadedpdf/412453-The-Potential-Savings-from-Enhanced-Chronic-Care-Management-Policies-Summary.pdf Howard, K. S., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2009, Fall). The role of home-visiting programs in preventing child abuse and neglect. Journal Issue: Preventing Child Maltreatment, 19(2). Retrieved from http://futureofchildren.org/publications/journals/article/index.xml?journalid=71&articleid=514§ionid=3510 HumanaVitality. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.humana.com/vitality/ Insel, T. R. (2008). Assessing the economic costs of serious mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(6), 663–665. Retrieved from http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=99862 doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08030366 John A. Hartford Foundation. (2012). John A. Hartford Foundation poll: "How does it feel?" The older adult health care experience. Retrieved from http://www.jhartfound.org/learning-center/hartford-poll-2012/ Jones, K., Colson, P., Holter, M., Lin, S., Valencia, E., Susser, E., & Wyatt, R. J. (2003). Cost-effectiveness of critical time intervention to reduce homelessness among persons with mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 54(6), 884–890. Retrieved from http://homelessness.samhsa.gov/%28X%281%29S%285vdhiu454dnonw325s1wgp55%29%29/Resource/View.aspx?id=25150&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 Juran, J. M. (1994). The non-Pareto principle; mea culpa. Retrieved from http://www.juran.com/downloads/Non-ParetoPrinciple-Mea Culpa_JMJuran94.pdf Kaiser Health News. (2012a). Community health centers under pressure to improve care. Retrieved from http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/stories/2012/april/18/community-health-centers-under-pressure.aspx Kaiser Health News. (2012b). Poll: Doctors fall short in helping many seniors. Retrieved from http://capsules.kaiserhealthnews.org/index.php/2012/04/doctors-fall-short-in-helping-many-seniors/ Kaiser Permanente. (2012). The HIV challenge. Retrieved from http://info.kp.org/communitybenefit/html/our_work/global/hivchallenge/hiv_challenge.html Kaiser Permanente. (n.d.). What are health disparities? Retrieved from http://info.kp.org/communitybenefit/html/our_work/global/our_work_5_a.html Kaplow, L., & Shavell, S. (2000). Notions of fairness versus the Pareto principle: On the role of logical consistency. Retrieved from http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/olin_center/ Kiely, J. L., & Kogan, M. D. (n.d.). Reproductive health of women: Prenatal care. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/ProductsPubs/DatatoAction/pdf/rhow8.pdf Koyanagi, C., & Bazelon, D. L. (2007). Learning from history: Deinstitutionalization of people with mental illness as precursor to long-term care reform. Retrieved from http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/7684.pdf Kung, H., Hoyert, D. L., Xu, J., & Murphy, S. L. (2008). Deaths: Final data for 2005. National Vital Statistics Reports, 56(10). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr56/nvsr56_10.pdf Levit, K. R., Kassed, C. A., Coffey, R. M., Mark, T. L., McKusick, D. R., King, E., Vandivort, R., Buck, J., Ryan, K., & Stranges, E. (2008). Projections of national expenditures for mental health services and substance abuse treatment, 2004–2014. SAMHSA Publication No. SMA 08-4326. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Lewin Group. (2004). Costs of serving homeless individuals in nine cities. Retrieved from http://www.lewin.com/~/media/Lewin/Site_Sections/Publications/2991.pdf LouisvilleKY.gov. (2012). 2012 Community Health Needs Assessment Survey. Retrieved from http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/HealthNeedsSurvey MacDorman, M. F., & Mathews, T. J. (2008). Recent trends in infant mortality in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db09.pdf MacDorman, M. F., & Mathews, T. J. (2011). Understanding racial and ethnic disparities in U.S. infant mortality rates. NCHS Data Brief no. 74. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2011. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db74.htm Macomber, J., & Pergamit, M. (2009). Vulnerable youth and the transition to adulthood. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. Retrieved from http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/09/VulnerableYouth/index.shtml Malik, V. S., Popkin, B. M., Bray, G. A., Despres, J. P., Willet, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2010, November). Metabolic syndrome and type 2 Diabetes: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 33(11), 2477–2483. Retrieved from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/11/2477.full Manchikanti, L., Caraway, D., Parr, A. T., Fellows, B., & Hirsch, J. A. (2011). Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010: Reforming the health care reform for the new decade. Pain Physician, 14, E35–E67. ISSN 2150–1149. March of Dimes. (2008). The cost of prematurity to U.S. employers. Retrieved from http://www.marchofdimes.com/peristats/pdfdocs/cts/ThomsonAnalysis2008_SummaryDocument_final121208.pdf March of Dimes Foundation. (2010). Census data on health insurance coverage of women and children. Retrieved from http://www.marchofdimes.com/censushighlights2009.pdf Marcy, J. (2011). Doctor shortages under health law may depend on geography. Kaiser Health News. Retrieved from http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/Stories/2011/March/17/primary-care-shortage.aspx Martin, J. A., Hamilton, B. E., Ventura, S. J., Osterman, M. J. K., Kirmeyer, S., Mathews, T. J., & Wilson, E. (2011). Births: Final data for 2009. National Vital Statistics Reports, 60(1). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr60/nvsr60_01.pdf#table06 Martin, J. A., Osterman, M. J. K., & Sutton, P. D. (2010). Are preterm births on the decline in the United States? Recent data from the national vital statistics system. NCHS Data Brief, No. 39. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db39.pdf Mathews, T. J., & MacDorman, M. F. (2007). Infant mortality statistics from the 2004 period linked birth/infant death data set. National Vital Statistics Reports, 55(14). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr55/nvsr55_14.pdf Mathews, T. J., & MacDorman, M. F. (2011). Infant mortality statistics from the 2007 period; linked birth/infant death data set. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr59/nvsr59_06.pdf Mathews, T. J., Menacker, F., & MacDorman, M. F. (2003). Infant mortality statistics from the 2001 period linked birth/infant death data set. National Vital Statistics Reports, 52(12). Medicare.gov. (2012) Retrieved from http://www.medicare.gov/ Milken Institute. (2007). An unhealthy America: The economic burden of chronic disease: Charting a new course to save lives and increase productivity and economic growth. Retrieved from http://www.milkeninstitute.org/healthreform/pdf/AnUnhealthyAmericaExecSumm.pdf Mitchell, R. J., & Bates, P. (2011). Measuring health-related productivity loss. Population Health Management, 14(2), 93–98. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3128441/ doi: 10.1089/pop.2010.0014 Mohanty, S. A., Woolhandler, S., Himmelstein, D. U., Pati, S., Carrasquillo, O., & Bor, D. H. (2004). Health care expenditures of immigrants in the United States: A nationally representative analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 95(8). 1431–1438. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449377/ doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.044602 National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI). (2007). Fact sheet: The uninsured. Retrieved from http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=Uninsured&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=44609 National Alliance to End Homelessness (NAEH). (n.d.). Research council. Retrieved from http://www.endhomelessness.org/section/aboutus/working_groups/research_council National Association of Community Health Centers. (2009). Primary care access: An essential building block of health reform. Retrieved from http://www.nachc.com/client/documents/pressreleases/PrimaryCareAccessRPT.pdf National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), National Vital Statistics System. (2012). America's children: Key national indicators of well-being, 2011. Retrieved from http://www.childstats.gov/pdf/ac2012/ac_12.pdf National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). (2011). Health, United States, 2010: With special feature on death and dying. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus10.pdf National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). (2012). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2003). Costs of intimate partner violence against women in the United States. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/pub-res/ipv_cost/ipvbook-final-feb18.pdf National Center for Victims of Crime. (2011). Crime victimization in the United States: Statistical overviews. Retrieved from http://ovc.ncjrs.gov/ncvrw2011/pdf/statoverviews.pdf National Center on Elder Abuse. (2006). 2004 survey of adult protective services. Retrieved from http://www.ncea.aoa.gov/Main_Site/pdf/021406_60FACTSHEET.pdf National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV). (2007). Domestic violence facts. Retrieved from http://www.ncadv.org/files/DomesticViolenceFactSheet%28National%29.pdf National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV). (n.d.). Domestic violence facts. Retrieved from http://www.ncadv.org/files/DomesticViolenceFactSheet%28National%29.pdf National Coalition for the Homeless (NCH). (2007). HIV/AIDS and Homelessness. Retrieved from http://www.nationalhomeless.org/publications/facts/HIV.pdf National Coalition for the Homeless (NCH). (2009). Mental illness and homelessness. Retrieved from http://www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/Mental_Illness.pdf National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL). (2011). State laws mandating or regulating mental health benefits. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/issuesresearch/health/mental-health-benefits-state-laws-mandating-or-re.aspx National Diabetes Education Program. (2012). The facts about diabetes: A leading cause of death in the U.S. Retrieved from http://ndep.nih.gov/diabetes-facts/index.aspx#gender National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). (2012). NIAID's HIV research program. Retrieved from http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/hivaids/Pages/Default.aspx National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2000). Women's mental health and gender differences research. Retrieved from http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-00-074.html National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2007). Suicide in the U.S.: Statistics and prevention. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/suicide-in-the-us-statistics-and-prevention/index.shtml National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2009). Economic analysis estimates cost of providing comprehensive mental health care following disasters: Study clarifies public health value of large-scale mental health recovery efforts. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/science-news/2009/economic-analysis-estimates-costof-providing-comprehensive-mental-health-care-following-disasters.shtml National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2011). Director's blog: The economics of health care reform. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/2011/the-economics-of-health-care-reform.shtml National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2012a). Mental illness exacts heavy toll, beginning in youth. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/science-news/2005/mental-illness-exacts-heavy-toll-beginning-in-youth.shtml National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2012b). Suicide in the U.S.: Statistics and Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/suicide-in-the-us-statistics-and-prevention/index.shtml National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2012c). Prevalence of serious mental illness among U.S. adults by age, sex, and race. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/statistics/SMI_AASR.shtml National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (n.d.). Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/statistics/index.shtml National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2010). InfoFacts: Methamphetamine. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/methamphetamine National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2011a). Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/drug-related-hospital-emergencyroom-visits National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2011b). Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/ National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2012). Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov National Institutes of Health (NIH). (2012). The Human Connectome Project. Retrieved from http://www.neuroscienceblueprint.nih.gov/connectome/ National League of Cities. (2010). Immigrant integration. Retrieved from http://www.nlc.org/find-city-solutions/center-for-research-and-innovation/immigrantintegration National Prevention Information Network (NPIN). (2012). Retrieved from http://www.cdcnpin.org National Safety Council. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.nsc.org/safety_work/Pages/Home.aspx New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. (2012). HIV Reporting/Partner Notification Law. Retrieved from http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/ah/ahn1.shtml NYU Stienhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development. (2012). Longitudinal immigrant student adaptation study. Retrieved from http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/immigration/lisa Office of Substance Abuse Services (OSAS). (2004). Gender differences and their implications for substance use disorder treatment. Virginia: Virginia Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation, and Substance Abuse Services. One-Hundred Eleventh Congress. (2010). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Retrieved from http://burgess.house.gov/UploadedFiles/hr3590_health_care_law_2010.pdf Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2011). Average length of stay: Childbirth. Health: Key tables from OECD, No. 52. doi: 10.1787/l-o-s-childbirth-table-2011-1-en Paquette, K. (2010). Unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness. Homelessness Resource Center. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from http://homeless.samhsa.gov/Resource/View.aspx?id=48807&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 Perri, J. (2010). D.A.R.E. generation wants marijuana legalized. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://articles.latimes.com/2010/feb/01/opinion/la-oew-perri2-2010feb02 Peterson, C. L., & Burton, R. (2007). U.S. health care spending: Comparison with other OECD countries. Federal Publications. Paper 311. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/key_workplace/311 Pew Research Center. (2012). Publications on immigration. Retrieved from http://pewresearch.org/topics/immigration/ Planned Parenthood Federation of America. (2012). Affiliate medical services summary. Retrieved from http://www.plannedparenthood.org/files/PPFA/PP_Services.pdf Post, R. E., Mainous, A. G., Gregorie, S. H., Knoll, M. E., Diaz, V. A., & Saxena, S. K. (2011). The influence of physician acknowledgment of patients' weight status on patient perceptions of overweight and obesity in the United States. Archives of Internal Medicine, 171(4), 316–321. Retrieved from http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/171/4/316/ Project Transitions. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.projecttransitions.org/ doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.549 Ranji, U., & Salganicoff, A. (2011). Women's health care chartbook: Key findings from the Kaiser Women's Health Survey. Retrieved from http://www.kff.org/womenshealth/upload/8164.pdf Reeves, W. C., Strine, T. W., Pratt, L. A., Thompson, W., Ahluwalia, I., Dhingra, S. S., et al. (2011). Mental illness surveillance among adults in the United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 60(3), 1–32. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6003a1.htm Rosenheck, R., Kasprow, W., Frisman, L. & Liu-Mares, W. (2003). Cost-effectiveness of supported housing for homeless persons with mental illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(9). Retrieved from http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=207801 Sampson, R. (2007). Domestic violence. Problem-Oriented Guides for Police: Problem-Specific Guides Series no. 45. Retrieved from http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/ric/publications/e12061550.pdf Schafft, K. A., Jensen, E. B., & Hinrichs, C. C. (2009). Food deserts and overweight children: Evidence from rural Pennsylvania. Rural Sociology, 74(2). Retrieved from http://www.dtc-wsuv.org/taverett/fooddesert/42009321.pdf Schiller J. S., Lucas J. W., Ward B. W., Peregoy, J. A. (2012). Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2010. Vital and Health Statistics, 10(252). Schnell, G., Joseph, S., Spudich, S., Price, R. W., & Swanstrom. (2011, October). HIV-1 replication in the central nervous system occurs in two distinct cell types. PLoS Pathog, 7(10), e1002286. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/science-news/2011/hiv-variants-in-spinal-fluid-may-hold-clues-in-development-of-hiv-relateddementia.shtml Sen, A. K. (1970). The impossibility of a Paretian liberal. Journal of Political Economy, 78(1), 152–157. Sharma, S. (2010). The need to serve rural America. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3008394/#b4-bth07_4_p024 Sharon, S. (2009). Ban lifted on federal funding for needle exchange. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121511681 Signs of Suicide. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.mentalhealthscreening.org/programs/youth-prevention-programs/sos/ Singh, G. K., & Yu, S. M. (1995). Infant mortality in the United States: Trends, differentials, and projections, 1950 through 2010. American Journal of Public Health, 85(7). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1615523/pdf/amjph00445-0063.pdf Siskin, A. (2010). Questions about health reform and noncitizens. Retrieved from http://www.coburn.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?a=Files.Serve&File_id=ce7e55f4-4290-4442-8ae4-70ce96885171 Siskin, A. (2011). Treatment of noncitizens under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Retrieved from http://www.ciab.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=2189 St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. About St. Jude. Retrieved from http://www.stjude.org Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2011a). Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. NSDUH Series H-41, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 11-4658. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2011b). Current statistics on the prevalence and characteristics of people experiencing homelessness in the United States. Retrieved from http://homeless.samhsa.gov/ResourceFiles/hrc_factsheet.pdf Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2012). Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Mental Health Findings, NSDUH Series H-42, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 11-4667. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2010a). National expenditures for mental health services and substance abuse treatment, 1986–2005. DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 10-4612. Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services and Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2010b). Mental Health, United States, 2008. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 10-4590, Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA) Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT). (n.d.). Treatment Improvement Protocols. Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA) Homelessness Resource Center (HRC). (n.d.). Best practices for providers. Retrieved from http://homeless.samhsa.gov/Channel/View.aspx?id=17&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA) Office of Behavioral Health Equity (OBHE). (n.d.). SAMHSA's office of behavioral health equity. Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/about/obhe.aspx Sutton, P. D., Hamilton, B. E., & Mathews, T. J. (2011). Recent decline in births in the United States, 2007–2009. NCHS Data Brief, No. 60. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db60.pdf Taussig, H. N. (2002, November). Risk behaviors in maltreated youth placed in foster care: A longitudinal study of protective and vulnerability factors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(11), 1179–99. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12398855 Thompson, M. (2008). Gender, mental illness, and crime. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/224028.pdf Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000). Extent, nature, and consequences of intimate partner violence. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/181867.pdf Torrey, E. F. (1997). Out of the shadows: Confronting America's mental illness crisis. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy. (2006). Immigration and U.S. health care costs. Retrieved from http://udallcenter.arizona.edu/immigration/publications/fact_sheet_no_2_health_care_costs.pdf United States Administration on Aging, National Center on Elder Abuse. (1997). Trends in elder abuse in domestic settings. Retrieved from http://www.ncea.aoa.gov/Main_Site/pdf/basics/fact2.pdf United States Administration on Aging, National Center on Elder Abuse. (2005). Fact sheet: Elder abuse prevalence and incidence. Retrieved from http://www.ncea.aoa.gov/Main_Site/pdf/publication/FinalStatistics050331.pdf United States Administration on Aging, National Center on Elder Abuse. (2006). The 2004 survey of Adult Protective Services: Abuse of adults 60 years of age and older. Retrieved from http://www.ncea.aoa.gov/Main_Site/pdf/021406_60PLUS_REPORT.pdf United States Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2006). Mental health problems of jail and prison inmates. Retrieved from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=789 United States Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2012). Homicide trends in the U.S. Retrieved from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/homicide/gender.cfm United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/ United States Census Bureau. (1996). National survey of homeless assistance providers and clients. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/www/nshapc/NSHAPC4.html United States Census Bureau. (2007). Population distribution in 2005. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/population/pop-profile/dynamic/PopDistribution.pdf United States Census Bureau. (2010). U.S. Census Bureau reports men and women wait longer to marry. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/families_households/cb10-174.html United States Census Bureau. (2011a). Overview of race and Hispanic origin: 2010. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf United States Census Bureau. (2011b). Age and sex composition: 2010. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-03.pdf United States Census Bureau. (2012a). Population profile of the United States. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/population/www/pop-profile/natproj.html United States Census Bureau. (2012b). Statistical abstract of the United States, 2012. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/population.html United States Census Bureau. (2012c). Substance abuse statistics. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0207.pdf United States Census Bureau. (2012d). America's families and living arrangements, current population reports: Family households by number of own children under 18 years of age. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0064.pdf United States Census Bureau. (2012e). Households and families: 2010. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-14.pdf United States Census Bureau. (2012f). Profile America, facts for features: How many fathers? Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/cb12-ff11.html United States Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). (2012a). Assuring access to affordable coverage: Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program final rule. Retrieved from http://www.medicaid.gov/AffordableCareAct/Provisions/Downloads/MedicaidCHIP-Eligibility-Final-Rule-Fact-Sheet-Final-3-16-12.pdf United States Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). (2012b). What is CHIP? Retrieved from http://www.insurekidsnow.gov/chip/index.html United States Conference of Mayors. (2010). Hunger and homelessness survey. Retrieved from http://www.usmayors.org/pressreleases/uploads/2010_Hunger-Homelessness_Report-final%20Dec%2021%202010.pdf United States Department of Health and Human Services (U.S. HHS). (2007). Maternal mortality and related concepts. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_03/sr03_033.pdf United States Department of Health and Human Services (U.S. HHS). (2011a). Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National health interview survey, 2010. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_252.pdf United States Department of Health and Human Services (U.S. HHS). (2011b). Depressions higher in wealthier nations. Retrieved from http://healthfinder.odphp.iqsolutions.com/news/newsstory.aspx?docID=655161 United States Department of Health and Human Services (U.S. HHS). (n.d.). National HIV/AIDS strategy. Retrieved from http://www.aids.gov/ United States Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau. (2011). Child Maltreatment 2010. Retrieved from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/index.htm#can United States Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. (2003). A coordinated response to child abuse and neglect: The foundation for practice. Retrieved from http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/usermanuals/foundation/foundatione.cfm United States Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Aging. (1998). The national elder abuse incidence study. Retrieved from http://aoa.gov/AoA_Programs/Elder_Rights/Elder_Abuse/docs/ABuseReport_Full.pdf United States Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2011). Health care costs and financing: HIV treatment costs much more when patients start treatment later in the disease. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/research/mar11/0311RA28.htm United States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. (2012). Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National health interview survey, 2010. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_252.pdf United States Department of Health and Human Services, Healthy People 2020. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. (2005). Overview of the uninsured in the United States: An analysis of the 2005 Current Population Survey. Retrieved from http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/05/uninsured-cps/ib.pdf United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Population Affairs. (2011). Title X family planning annual report: Forms and instructions. Retrieved from http://www.hhs.gov/opa/pdfs/fpar-forms-and-instructions-2011.pdf United States Department of Homeland Security. (2006). Retrieved from http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR06.shtm United States Department of Homeland Security. (2010). 2010 yearbook of immigration statistics. Retrieved from http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2010/ois_yb_2010.pdf United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (U.S. HUD). (2010). The 2009 annual homeless assessment report. Retrieved from http://www.hudhre.info/documents/5thHomelessAssessmentReport.pdf United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (U.S. HUD). (2011). The 2010 annual homeless assessment report. Retrieved from http://hud.gov United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (U.S. HUD). (2012). Retrieved from http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (U.S. HUD). (n.d.). HUD.gov. Retrieved from http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/comm_planning/homeless United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons. (2012). Substance abuse treatment. Retrieved from http://www.bop.gov/inmate_programs/substance.jsp United States Department of Justice, National Drug Intelligence Center. (2011). The economic impact of illicit drug use on American society. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/ndic/pubs44/44731/44731p.pdf United States Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2002). Drinking in America: Myths, realities, and prevention policy. Retrieved from http://www.udetc.org/documents/Drinking_in_America.pdf United States Department of Justice. (2012). Uniform crime reporting statistics. Retrieved from http://www.ucrdatatool.gov/Search/Crime/State/RunCrimeTrendsInOneVar.cfm United States Health Resources and Services Administration. (2012). Medically underserved areas and populations. Retrieved from http://bhpr.hrsa.gov/shortage/muaps/ United States Military HIV Research Program. (2012). About MHRP. Retrieved http://www.hivresearch.org/about.php United States National Cancer Institute. (2008). Contents of the SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2008. Retrieved from http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2008/sections.html United States National Center on Elder Abuse. (2005). Fact sheet: Elder abuse prevalence and incidence. Retrieved from http://www.ncea.aoa.gov/main_site/pdf/publication/FinalStatistics050331.pdf United States National Center on Elder Abuse. (2006). The 2004 survey of state adult protective services: Abuse of adults 60 years of age and older. Retrieved from http://www.ncea.aoa.gov/ncearoot/main_site/pdf/2-14-06%20final%2060+report.pdf United States National Center on Elder Abuse. (n.d.). Trends in elder abuse in domestic settings. Elder Abuse information series no. 2. Retrieved from http://www.ncea.aoa.gov/Main_Site/pdf/basics/fact2.pdf United States Public Health Service. (1999). Mental health: A report of the surgeon general. Retrieved from http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/chapter4/sec6.html United States Social Security Administration. (2011). What we mean by disability. Retrieved from http://www.ssa.gov/dibplan/dqualify4.htm United States Social Security Administration. (2012a). Social Security program fact sheet. Retrieved from http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/FACTS/ United States Social Security Administration. (2012b). Ticket to Work: Overview of the Ticket program. Retrieved from http://www.chooseworkttw.net/about-program/faq.html United States Social Security Administration. (2012c). Social security protection if you become disabled. Retrieved from http://www.ssa.gov/dibplan/index.htm University of Rhode Island. (2011, June 16). Effects of premature birth can reach into adulthood. ScienceDaily. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110615171408.htm Wiener, J. M., Hanley, R. J., Clark, R., & Van Nostrand, J. F. (1990). Measuring the activities of daily living: Comparisons across national surveys. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://aspe.hhs.gov/daltcp/reports/meacmpes.htm World Health Organization (WHO). (2003). Quality improvement for mental health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mental_health/resources/en/Quality.pdf World Health Organization (WHO). (2005). Landmark study on domestic violence. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2005/pr62/en/index.html World Health Organization (WHO). (2012). Retrieved from http://www.who.int Xu, J., Kochanek, K., Murphy, S., & Tejada-Vera, B. (2010). Deaths: Final data for 2007. National vital statistics reports, 58(19). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. |
