COMPONENT

Caledonian College of Engineering

A Guide to using Harvard Referencing

(CCE Style)

First Edition 2013

Guide to Using Harvard Referencing (CCE-Style) CCE-LTAS 2013

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction to Harvard referencing – CCE style ................................................................... 3

Scope & Key Features of the Document ............................................................................... 3

What is referencing? ............................................................................................................. 3

What is Harvard style of referencing? ................................................................................... 3

Academic Honesty and Plagiarism ........................................................................................ 3

When do we use Referencing? ............................................................................................. 4

How should I use references? ............................................................................................... 4

Reference list versus Bibliography ........................................................................................ 4

Quotes and Ellipses .............................................................................................................. 5

How should a Reference be structured? ............................................................................... 5

Formatting and your references using Microsoft Word ® ........................................................ 5

Sorting your references using Microsoft Word ® ..................................................................... 6

How do I reference when some details are missing?........................................................... 19

Turnitin® ............................................................................................................................. 19

Notes from Compilers ......................................................................................................... 19

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Introduction to Harvard referencing – CCE style

The Caledonian College of Engineering encourages the use of Harvard referencing style. This document provides general guidelines and examples to help you use Harvard referencing - CCE style. Please note that this document is to be specifically used by CCE staff and students to ensure consistency in referencing across the college. This will vary from other versions of Harvard referencing widely available on the internet and with other institutions. The main purpose of this document is to properly record information of your sources and enable others to locate them easily.

Scope & Key Features of the Document

This document is comprehensive in its scope even though its main purpose is to provide a quick point of reference to its users. It may not encompass all the sources used for reference but effort has been made to include the most frequently used as well as the most relevant.

This document is arranged in the alphabetical order of the types of sources, along with examples of full and in-text references, for each of the type. Effort has also been made to ensure that one reference is fully presented in a table to ensure clarity of data contained. It is hoped that this document will prove useful to all its users.

What is referencing?

Referencing means acknowledging the sources of information or ideas you have used in an assignment, journal article or a report or any similar academic work. It is the standardised method which indicates that you have read widely, understood how to find and use information from various sources (including books, journals, tables, diagrams, illustrations, web-pages and so on). It also demonstrates your academic scholarship in that you have used a range of ideas from various sources to support your arguments in your work. Referencing also helps you to show your academic honesty and avoid unintentional plagiarism.

What is Harvard style of referencing?

The Harvard style of referencing is an author-date system of citing your sources of information. In this system, the author's surname and year of publication are cited in the text of your work. The full details of the book are included in a reference list at the end of your assignment or academic work.

Academic Honesty and Plagiarism

CCE has a zero tolerance policy towards plagiarism. It is expected that students and staff display the highest standards of academic integrity and honesty and avoid plagiarism of any form. Plagiarism is the act of deliberately passing on someone else’s work, published or unpublished, as your own, without substantially acknowledging the work so incorporated. Failure to appropriately reference could result in unintentional plagiarism. Some examples of what constitutes plagiarism are given below.

 extensive use of another person's material without reference or acknowledgement,  summarising of another person's work by simply changing a few words or altering the

order or presentation without acknowledgement,  substantial and unauthorised use of the ideas of another person without

acknowledgement of the source,  copying the work of another student with or without that student's knowledge or

agreement,

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 Deliberate use of commissioned material from work place presented as the student's own work.

Please refer to Page 55 of the Student Guide (2013-14) for detailed information relating to Penalties for Student Misconduct / Academic Irregularities.

When do we use Referencing?

You need to include a reference,

a. every time you use other people’s ideas, information or work within your work, for example, assignments, project reports and papers,

b. when you re-write or paraphrase someone else’s ideas, opinions or theory in your own words,

c. when you re-write in brief or summarise someone else’s ideas, opinions or theory in your own words,

d. when you use someone else’s ideas exactly in their own words or quote (usually termed as verbatim quote),

e. reproduce or copy diagrams, graphs, statistics, drawings or tables from someone else’s work

How should I use references?

In your academic work you must include references in two ways:

a. as a short reference within the text of your assignment each time you use someone else’s idea, theory or work. This is called in-text reference or in-text citation. This usually has the author’s surname or family name and year of publication and sometimes the page number for verbatim quotes. For example,

 A recent study undertaken (Brown, 1999) supports this claim.

 A recent study undertaken by Brown (1999) supports this claim.

 ‘This theory is supported by a recent study’ (Brown, 1999, p. 25).

b. as a complete list at the end of your assignment or academic work. This usually has

full details of the sources of information which will enable your tutor or the reader to find the sources easily. This is called the Reference List. Reference List is not the same as Bibliography (see next section for full details).

Reference list versus Bibliography

The Reference List must include details of all the sources that you have cited in your assignment or academic work. When putting up the reference list you should take care of the following:

a. Use the title ‘References’ and not Reference List. b. Include all the works cited, that is, the works that you have used for your assignment

(e.g. books, journals, diagrams, tables, videos and electronic sources) in a single list. You must not separate journals, books etc., into separate lists under separate headings.

c. Arrange all the references in alphabetical order by author’s surname or family name. d. You must include all the details – author, date, title, publisher, place of publication

and page numbers (if any).

Bibliography is a list of all the works you have consulted / read to prepare yourself for the assignment but not necessarily used in writing or cited in your assignment. You need not include a bibliography unless you are specifically asked to do so (for example, a research proposal for your dissertation). Usually bibliography contains works that are not cited but are relevant and of interest to the reader.

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A reference list is limited to only those items that you have used within your assignment and given in-text citation.

Quotes and Ellipses

If you are using exactly the same words from an original literature in your academic work with reference it is called a quote or a quotation. A quotation can be short or long depending on its length, which is the number of words.

Short quotations are usually a few words in length and do not exceed 30 words. Short quotations should be put in single quotation marks (‘…’) and as part of a sentence. They are followed by an in-text citation including the page number from which it is taken. For example,

A recent report showed that ‘the levels in the soil were at critical levels’ (Ang, 2005, p.6)

Or

Ang talks about a recent report that showed ‘the levels in the soil were at critical levels’ (2005, p. 6)

Long quotations usually have a length of more than 30 words. Long quotations should be written without any quotation marks and as a separate paragraph indented on both sides. Long quotes should be introduced in your own words. You can use a smaller font size. They should be followed by an in-text citation including the page number from which it is taken. For example,

Bloggs (2007, p. 348) is more critical:

I don’t agree with this at all, the argument is poorly made and does not hold up to any scrutiny. One begins to wonder if we shall ever see any sense from this organisation on this subject at any time in the next one hundred years.

Sometimes you can leave out some words that are not essential in a quote by using three dots (…). This is called ellipses. For example,

Australians have developed:

An emerging interest in values, vision, meaning and purpose which is the common characteristic of societies facing the end of a chronological era … each new decade is approached as if it holds some new promise (Mackay 1993, p.231).

The three dots after era indicate the ellipses, which mean that a word or words have been left out.

Note: Avoid quoting excessively in your academic work as this is considered poor academic authorship and there is no substantive argument from your side.

How should a Reference be structured?

A reference generally has the following key information

Author’s Surname, A. A. and Second-Author, B. B. Date. Title of the work. Location: Publisher’s Name

Please check the appropriate format for various types of sources from the table given in this booklet.

Formatting and your references using Microsoft Word ®

References are formatted with a ‘hanging indent’ in all academic and professional work. You can use Microsoft Word

® to format

all your references with hanging indent. First, type all the references using the Harvard referencing system in your document. Then select all the references either using Shift+  or Ctrl + A by selecting the text with the mouse. Now, right-click on the selection to get this context-menu and click on ‘Paragraph…’

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You will get the following screen prompt. In the indents and spacing tab, select ‘Hanging’ by clicking on the drop-down list (See highlighted areas in the picture below). That is it, you have got all your references formatted in the way it should be!

Sorting your references using Microsoft Word ®

In Harvard referencing all the references are sorted in the alphabetical order. You can use Microsoft Word

® to sort all your references with just a few clicks. First, select all the

references either using Shift+  or Ctrl + A or by selecting the text with the mouse. Now, in

the ‘Home’ tab look for the ‘sort’ button and click it.

You will get the following screen prompt. In the ‘Sort by’ section select paragraph, in the ‘Type’ section select ‘Text’, click ‘Ascending’ and finally click ‘OK’. Voilà, all your references are sorted alphabetically!

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Order Type of Source Format for Full Reference Full Reference [Example] In-text [Indirect quotes Example]

A

Archive material/Special collections

Family/Surname, Initials., Year of publication. Title-in italics [Material type–in square brackets]. Collection. Shelfmark. Archive/Library, City.

Turner, P.S., 1906. Image of an Artist [Manuscript] Holden Collection. 600. Holden Library, London

(Turner, 1906)

B

Blog

Family/Surname, Initials., Year of posting. Title of blog entry - in italics [Online – in square brackets] Date the blog entry was written. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets].

Batts, S., 2007. Antioxidants in Berries Increased by Ethanol (but are daiquiris healthy). [Online] 24th April 2007. Available from: Scienceblogs.com http://scienceblogs.com/retrospectacle/2007/ 04/antioxidants_in_berries_increa_1.php. [Accessed: 2nd May 2008].

(Batts, 2007)

As can be seen in Batts (2007) results...

Book [1 Author]

Family/Surname, Initials., Year of publication. Book Title - in italics. Series title and volume - if applicable. edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Neville, C., 2010. The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism. 2nd edition. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

(Neville, 2010)

Neville (2010) commented that…

Book [2 Authors]

Family/Surname, Initials. & Family/Surname, Initials., Year of publication. Book Title - in italics. Series title and volume - if applicable. edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Middleton, V. T. C. & Hawkins, R., 1998. Sustainable Tourism: A Marketing Perspective. Oxford: Butterworth- Heinemann.

(Middleton & Hawkins, 1998)

As stated by Middleton & Hawkins (1998)…

Book [3 Authors]

Family/Surname, Initials., Family/Surname, Initials. & Family/Surname, Initials., Year of publication. Book Title - in italics. Series title and volume - if applicable. edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Bradbury, I., Boyle, J. & Morse, A., 2002. Scientific Principles for Physical Geographers. Harlow: Prentice Hall.

(Bradbury, Boyle & Morse, 2002)

As noted by Bradbury, Boyle & Morse (2002)…

Book [4 or more Authors]

Family/Surname, Initials. et al., Year of publication. Book Title - in italics. Series title and volume - if applicable. edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Campbell, N. A. et al., 2008. Biology. 8th edition. London: Pearson.

(Campbell et al., 2008)

As concluded by Campbell et al. (2008)…

Book [Chapter in a book]

Family/Surname, Initials., Year of publication. Title of chapter/contribution. In: Author or Editor of Publication - Surname, Initials with (ed.) or (eds.) –

Marshall, W. A., 1975. The Child as a Mirror of his Brain’s Development. In: Sants, J & Butcher, H. J. (eds). Development

(Marshall, 1975)

As noted by Marshall

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in brackets, if relevant. Book Title - in italics. Series title and volume - if applicable. edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Psychology. Aylesbury, Bucks: Hazell Watson & Viney Ltd.

(1975)...

Book [Editor/s]

Family/Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.) - in brackets for editor(s), Year of publication. Book Title - in italics. Series title and volume - if applicable. edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Fontana-Giusti, G. (ed.), 2008. Designing Cities for People: Social, Environmental and Psychological Sustainability. London: Earthscan.

Brenner, N. & Keil, R. (eds.), 2006. The Global Cities Reader. London: Routledge

(Fontana-Giusti, 2008)

(Brenner & Keil, 2006)

Book [Part of a series]

Family/Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.) - in brackets for editor(s), Year of publication. Book Title - in italics. Series title and volume - if applicable. edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.

McIlroy, D., 2003. Studying @ University: How to be a Successful Student. Sage Essential Study Skills Series, Volume 3. London: Sage.

(McIlroy, 2003)

The evidence supports McIlroy’s (2003) theory…

Book[Multiple works by an Author in the same year]

Family/Surname, Initials., Year of publication and lowercase alphabetical letter. Book Title - in italics. Series title and volume - if applicable. edition - if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.

Carlson, N. R., 2007a. Foundations of Physiology and Psychology. 7th edition. Boston, Mass: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.

Carlson, N. R., 2007b. Physiology of Behaviour. London: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.

(Carlson, 2007a)

Carlson (2007a) commented that…

(Carlson, 2007b)

Carlson (2007b) indicated that…

Book [Electronic]

Family/Surname, Initials., Year of publication. Title - in italics. [Online – in square brackets] City of publication: Publisher. Available from: URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets].

Sadler, P., 2003. Strategic Management. [Online] Sterling: VA Kogan Page. Available from: http://www.netlibrary.com/Reader/. [Accessed: 6th May 2012].

(Sadler, 2003)

As identified by Sadler (2003)…

C

CD-ROMs[Accompanying Books]

Family/Surname, Initials. or name of originator of item if no author present, Year of publication. Title of the main publication - in italics. [CD-ROM – in square brackets]. Place of Publication: publisher.

Barnes, C., 1997. Working with Technology. [CD-ROM] London: TechPress.

Who’s who 1897-1998., 1998. [CD-ROM]

(Barnes, 1997)

(Who’s who, 1998)

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London: Oxford University Press.

Computer Games/Programmes

Originator/Author, Year of publication. Game or program title - in italics. [Medium of item - in square brackets]. Series information and any dates or numeric information - if necessary. Place of Publication: Publisher

Electronic Arts, 2003. The Sims. [DISC] PlayStation2. London: Electronic Arts Inc.

If you refer to a game or program in the body of your work, the title will need to be underlined or placed in italics: ....as can be seen in The Sims (2003).

Conference Papers

Family/Surname, Initials. or Authoring Body or Group., Year of publication. Title of Paper. In -Full Title of Conference - in italics. Series title and numbers if applicable. Location and Date of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher. Page numbers of paper.

Fish, J., 2008. Managing changes in the workplace. In Professional Managers Conference. Blackpool, Monday 18th to Wednesday 20th February 2008. Blackpool: PubM. pp. 42-45.

(Fish, 2008)

Fish (2008) noted that…

Conference Proceedings

Family/Surname, Initials. or Authoring Body or Group., Year of publication. In Full Title of Conference Report - in italics. Series title and numbers - if applicable. Location and Date of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Harris, C. and Murton, J. B., 2005. Cryospheric Systems: Glaciers and Permafrost: Selected Contributions to a Conference of the same name. Geological Society Special Publication 242. The Geological Society of London. January 2003. London: The Geological Society.

Management Centre International, 2002. Third European conference on Knowledge Management. Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, 24-25 September 2002. Reading: MCIL.

(Harris & Murton, 2005)

Harris & Murton (2005) support this theory…..

(Management Centre International, 2002)

As indicated by research from Management Centre International (2005)…

Corporate Author

Country. Name of Issuing Body, Year of publication. Title of publication – in italics. Place of publication: Publisher. (Report Number – if applicable in brackets).

Great Britain. Department Of Energy, 1977. Tidal Power Barrages in the Severn Trent Estuary: Recent Evidence on their Feasibility. London: H. M.S. O. (Energy Papers 23)

(Great Britain. Department of Energy, 1977)

The Great Britain Department of Energy (1977) concluded that…

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D

Dictionary[Author/Editor]

Family/Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.) - in brackets for editor(s), Year of publication. Dictionary Title – in italics. Series title and/or volume - if applicable. edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Hawkins, J. M. (ed.), 1986. The Oxford Reference Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. McGraw-Hill.

(Hawkins, 1986)

As noted by Hawkins (1986)…

Dictionary [No Author]

Title of Dictionary – in italics, Year of publication. Series title and/or volume - if applicable. edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Dictionary of Engineering, 2003. 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

(McGraw-Hill, 2003)

McGraw-Hill (2003) indicated that….

E

E- Book

Family/Surname, Initials., Year of publication. Title - in italics. [e-book – in square brackets] Place of publication: Publisher. Available from: URL of e- book provider or database. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets].

Sadler, P., 2003. Strategic Management. [e- book] Sterling: VA Kogan Page. Available from: http://www.netlibrary.com/Reader/.[Accessed : 6th May 2012]

(Sadler, 2003)

As identified by Sadler (2003)…

Email Communication

Family/Surname, Initials., Year of communication. Title of communication – in italics. [Medium of communication – in square brackets] Receiver of Communication – Surname, initials. Day and month of communication.

Morgan, K., 2008. Refzone. [E-mail]. Message to: Hatton, A. 10th April 2008.

(Morgan, 2008)

If you use personal email communication to support your assignment please ensure that you have the consent of those involved in the email.

Encyclopaedia Entry

Family/Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s), Year of publication. Title of entry or article. In Author or Editor of Publication – Family/Surname, Initials with (ed.) or (eds.) - if relevant. Title of Encyclopaedia - in italics. Series title and/or volume - if applicable. edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Ghiselin, M. T., 2001. Darwin, Charles (Darwinism). In: Levin, S. A. (ed.) Encyclopaedia of Biodiversity. Volume 2 D- FI. London: Academic Press.

(Ghiselin, 2001)

As suggested by Ghiselin (2001)…

F

Film on Video/DVD

Title - in italics, Year of distribution. Format type i.e. film, animated film. Directed by – name of directors. [Material type – in square brackets]. Place of distribution: Distribution Company.

Requiem for a Dream, 2000. Film. Directed by Darren Aronofsky. [DVD]. UK: Momentum Pictures.

Chicken Run, 2000. Animated Film.

…this is highlighted by Harry’s character in the film Requiem for a Dream (2000).

(Chicken Run, 2000)

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Directed by Peter Lord and Nick Park. [VHS] UK: Pathe Distribution.

Foreign Language Books

Provide the English translation of the title, together with details of the language the book or article was originally written in.

Same as a book entry- see relevant section above.

Remarque, E.M., 1974. All Quiet on the Western Front (in German). Berlin: Ullstein.

(Remarque, 1974)

As suggested by Remarque (1974)...

Foreign Language Books in Translation

Provide the English translation of the title, together with details of who translated the book or article, Year of Translation.

Same as a book entry- see relevant section above.

Remarque, E. M., 1974. All Quiet on the Western Front. Translated from German by Murdoch, B., 1996. London: Vintage.

(Remarque, 1974)

As suggested by Remarque (1974)...

I

Image in Book[art, graph/charts]

Family/Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s), Year of publication. Book Title - in italics. Series title and volume - if applicable. edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Fish, J., 2004. Photographs and Art. London: Brown and Sons.

The photograph Night time by Bloggs in 2001 (Fish, 2004, p.67) shows.....

This was highlighted in Blogg’s Night time (Fish, 2004, p. 67).

Interview [conducted by Self]

Name of person interviewed – Family/Surname, Initials, Year of interview. Title of interview – in italics. [Interview – medium of source]. Date the interview was conducted.

Hatton, A., 2008. Development of library support for early years students. [Interview]. 24th April 2008.

(Hatton, 2008)

...as indicated by Hatton (2008)

Interview [recorded]

Name of person interviewed - Family/Surname, Initials, Year of interview. Interview with Author and Date – in italics. Place of interview. [Recording in possession of author].

Hatton, A., 2008. Interview with A. Hatton on 15th April 2008. Stoke on Trent. [Recording in possession of author].

(Hatton, 2008)

….as noted by Hatton (2008)

J

Journal Article [printed]

Family/Surname, Initials., Year of publication. Title of article. Title of journal - in italics. Volume number. (Part number/issue number/month – in brackets). p. followed by page numbers.

Trefts, K. & Blaksee, S., 2000. Did you hear the one about Boolean operators? Incorporating comedy into library instruction. Reference Services Review. 28 (4). p. 369- 378.

(Trefts & Blaksee, 2000)

This supports Trefts & Blaksee’s (2000) evidence

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that…

Journal Article [online/electronic]

Family/Surname, Initials., Year of publication. Title of article. Title of journal - in italics. [e-journal] Volume number. (Part number/issue number/ month – in brackets). p. - followed by page numbers. Available from: URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets].

Wilson, J., 1995. Enter the cyberpunk librarian: future directions in cyberspace. Library Review. [e-journal]. 44 (8). p. 63-72. Available from: http://www.emeraldinsight.com. [Accessed: 30th January 2012].

(Wilson,1995)

According to Wilson (1995)….

L

Lecture

Family/Surname, Initials., Year of lecture. Title of lecture – in italics. [Lecture]. Title of Module. Name of teaching organization. Department: the location and date.

Fish, J., 2011. Future of Information [Lecture] Academic Futures. Information Management Module. Staffordshire University. Library: Room OX33, 18th July 2011.

(Fish, 2011)

As indicated by Fish (2011)...

Lecture Notes

Family/Surname, Initials., Year of Lecture. Title of Lecture, Module Code - capitalised, [Lecture notes or handouts in square brackets] Title of Lecture notes distributed – in italics. Title of Module. Name of teaching organization. Department: the location, date.

Fish, J., 2011. Future of Information, CC- FOINFOY2. [Lecture notes] Academic Futures. Information Management Module. Staffordshire University. Library: Room OX33, 18th July 2011.

(Fish, 2011)

As indicated by Fish (2011)...

M

Magazine [online]

Family/Surname, Initials., Year of publication . Title of article. Full Title of Magazine.[online]. Available

from: URL for the article. [Accessed: followed by the date-in square brackets].

Kipper, D., 2008. Japan’s new dawn, Popular Science and Technology, [online] Available from: http://www.popsci.com/popsci37b144110vgn /html [Accessed 22 June 2009].

(Kipper, 2008)...

As is seen in Kipper (2008)…

Magazine [print] Family/Surname, Initials., Year of publication. Title of article. Title of Magazine - in italics. Day and month of article. Volume number, issue no., Page number of article - if applicable.

Kolbert, E., 2011. The acid sea, National Geographic. vol. 219, no. 4, pp. 100-121.

As is shown in Kolbert (2011)…

(Kolbert, 2011)

Maps

Family/Surname, Initials or Issuing Organisation. Year of publication. Title of map in italics. Sheet number – if applicable. Scale details. Series – if applicable. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Ordinance Survey, 1956. Map of Roman Britain, Scale sixteen miles to one inch. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.

(Ordnance Survey, 1956)…

As can be seen in the Map of Roman Britain (Ordnance

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Survey, 1956)

Market Survey Report

Family/Surname, Initials. Or Corporate Author/Research Group, Year of publication. Report Title including dates and series if applicable - in italics. edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Mintel, 2008. Pizza and Pasta Restaurants - UK. London: Mintel.

(Mintel, 2008)

The trends highlighted by Mintel (2008)

Market Survey Report[online/electronic]

Family/Surname, Initials., or Corporate Author/Research Group, Year of publication. Report Title including dates and series if applicable - in italics [Online – in square brackets]. edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher. Available from: URL. [Accessed: followed by the date – in square brackets].

Mintel, 2007. Leisure Venue Catering UK March 2007 [Online]. London: Mintel. Available from: http://academic.mintel.com/. [Accessed: 25th April 2011].

(Mintel, 2007)

As highlighted by Mintel (2007)…

Modern Editions Author, A. (year of original publication) Title of Book, Editor, A. and Editor, B. (eds), Place of publication, Publisher (this edition year).

Hume, D. (1839) A Treatise of Human Nature, Selby-Bigge, L. and Nidditch, P. (eds), Oxford, Clarendon Press (this edition 1978).

(Hume, 1839)

N

Newspaper Article [printed]

Family/Surname, Initials., Year of publication. Title of Article. Title of Newspaper - in italics. Day and month of article. Page number of article - if applicable.

Randerson, J., 2008. Researchers find fish that can count up to four. The Guardian. 26th February.

(Randerson, 2008)

Randerson’s (2008) article indicates that…

Newspaper Article [online]

Family/Surname, Initials., Year of publication. Title of Article. Title of Newspaper - in italics. [Online] Day and month of article. Page number of article - if applicable. Available from: URL of database supplier. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets].

Randerson, J., 2008. Researchers find fish that can count up to four. The Guardian. [Online]. 26th February. p. 14. Available from: http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk. [Accessed: 22nd May 2012].

(Randerson, 2008)

Randerson’s (2008) article indicates that…

Newspaper Article [no author]

Title of Newspaper – in italics, Year of publication. Title of Article. Day and month of article. Page number of article - if applicable.

The Guardian, 1997. Exploration of the Coast. 24th November.

(The Guardian, 1997)

The Guardian (1997) article indicates that…

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No Author/Anonymous

Anon, Year of publication. Book Title - in italics. Series title and volume - if applicable. edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Anon, 2002. Atlas of Anatomy. Cobham, Surrey: Taj Books.

Human anatomy can be seen in this way (Anon, 2002)...

No Publication Date

If the item you are referencing has no publication date or only an approximate or dubious date, use the following information to best describe the item:

• If there is no date available use the abbreviation [n.d.] in brackets

• If there is only an approximate date available precede the approximate date with a lowercase c. (for circa) in brackets, for example (c.1903).

Dundee City Art Gallery And Museum. [n.d.]Dundee Tiles 1880-1930. Dundee: Dundee City Art Gallery and Museum.

Roosevelt, T. (c.1886). Thomas Hart Benton. Boston and New York: Houghton-Mifflin and Company.

(Dundee City Art Gallery and Museum, n.d.)

This was shown at the exhibition hosted at the Dundee City Art Gallery and Museum [n.d.]

O

Official Publications

Country. Name OF Committee, Department or Royal Commission, Year of publication. Title of publication - in italics. Place of Publication: Publisher. (Paper number – if applicable in brackets).

Great Britain. Healthcare Commission, Audit Commission for Local Authorities in England and Wales. National Audit Office, 2006. Tackling Child Obesity: First Steps. London: Stationery Office.

Great Britain. Department Of Health, 1995. London’s Ambulance Service: Government Response to the Second Report from the Health Committee Session 1994-95. London: H.M.S.O (Cm 3009).

(Great Britain. Healthcare Commission, Audit Commission for Local Authorities in England and Wales. National Audit Office, 2006)

Statistics from the Great Britain Healthcare Commission, Audit Commission for Local Authorities in England and Wales. National Audit Office. (2006) show that...

(Great Britain. Department of Health, 1995).

As shown by the Great Britain Department of Health (1995)…

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Online Videos

Family/Surname, Initials or Organisation if no Named Person is Available, Year of distribution. Title of Online Video – in italics. If applicable indicate the Number and/or title if part of a series. [Online video – in square brackets]. Date of the online video. Available from: URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets].

Berkley University of California Events, 2007. Building Academic Library 2.0. [Online Video]. 19th November. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_uOKFh oznI. [Accessed: 19th May 2012].

…as can be seen in Berkeley’s presentation Building Academic Library 2.0 (2007).

P

Patents[print]

Organisation, Year of publication. Number: Title of the Standard - in italics. Place of publication: Publisher.

BSI, 2005. BS EN ISO 17707: Footwear. Test Methods for Outsoles. Flex Resistance. London: BSI.

(BSI,2005)

Podcasts

Family/Surname, Initials or Organisation if No Named Person is Available, Year of distribution. Title of Podcast – in italics. Number and/or title of the episode – if needed. [Online – in square brackets]. Date of the Podcast. Available from: URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets].

BBC Radio 4, 2008. Material World: Severn Barrage & Palaeopathology introduced by Quentin Cooper. [Online]. Thursday 15th May. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/themate rialworld.shtml. [Accessed: 19th May 2012].

...examined in BBC Radio 4’s podcast Material World: Severn Barrage & Palaeopathology (2008).

Poems [from an Anthology]

Family/Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s), Year of publication. Book Title - in italics. Series title and volume - if applicable. edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Fish, J., 2004. The Art of Poetry. London: Fish and Sons.

The poem Spring Time by Bloggs (Fish, 2004, p.67) shows...

R Religious / Sacred Texts a. Bible – Book and Chapter: Verse, version of Bible

b. Qur’an – Surah: Verse c. Torah – Book and Chapter: Verse

a. Matthew 5: 3–12, Revised standard version of the Bible.

b. Qur'an 20: 26. c. Torah. Shemot 3: 14.

a. (Matthew 5: 3–12) b. (Qur'an 20: 26) c. (Shemot 3: 14)

S

Standards (print) Organisation (year) Number: Title of the Standard, Place of publication: Publisher.

BSI (2005) BS EN ISO 17707: Footwear. Test Methods for Outsoles. Flex Resistance. London: British Standards Institution.

(BSI, 2005)

Standards (on-line) Organisation (year) Number: Title of the Standard, Place of publication: Publisher [online]. Available from: URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square

BSI (2005) BS EN ISO 17707: Footwear. Test Methods for Outsoles. Flex Resistance, British Standards Online, British Standards Institution [Online]. Available at https://bsol-

(BSI, 2005)

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brackets]. bsigroup-com/libezproxy.open.ac.uk/en/Bsol- Item-Detail-age/?pid=000000000030105824 (Accessed 4 January 2012).

Secondary Referencing

There are two ways you can approach a secondary reference:

1. You locate the original research so that you can read, use and cite directly from this. This is often the preferred method as this shows that you have widened the research for your own work.

2. In some instances this may not be possible as the original research may be difficult to find or gain access to. If you are confident that the secondary source is reliable and accurate you can refer to it in your own work using the Harvard rules for secondary referencing.

Referencing Format for secondary is the same as primary sources in bibliography.

Jones, B., 2007. Modern Organisations. London: Routledge.

Jean Smith (1987), as summarized by Jones (2007) highlights the application of ‘organisational devolution’…

Sound Recording [Audio/Vinyl Records/Cassettes]

Family/Surname, initials., Year of publication. Title - in italics [Material type–in square brackets]. Place of Distribution: Distribution Company.

Dylan, B., 2001. Love and Theft [CD] UK: Columbia Recordings.

(Dylan, 2001)

…as influenced by Dylan’s Love and Theft (2001)…

T

Tables/Diagrams Full reference order is the same as a book source

If the table/diagram is reproduced in its entirety, place the citation as a footnote at the bottom of the page. [e.g. *National Statistics Office 1985 cited in Amazon, 2005, p.267]

Amazon, R., 2005. Management in the Media: Decision Makers. 4th edition. Harlow:

FT Prentice Hall.

…historical figures demonstrate that only sixty per cent of households had

televisions in Britain by the 1970s (National Statistics Office 1985 cited in

Amazon, 2005, p. 267).

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Television Broadcasts

Series title – in italics. Number and/or title of the episode – if needed, Year of distribution. Transmitting organisation and channel, full date and time of transmission.

Panorama. The Challenge of the Sixties, 2008. BBC4. 15th May. 17:45.

(Panorama, The Challenge of the Sixties, 2008)

…as examined in Panorama’s The Challenge of the Sixties (2008).

Thesis

Family/Surname, Initials., Year of submission. Title of Thesis - in italics. Degree statement. Degree Awarding Body. Location: Name of University.

Barnes, D. L., 2000. An Investigation into the Process of Formation of Operations Strategy in Small Manufacturing Companies. A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the Requirements of Staffordshire University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Stoke- on-Trent: Staffordshire University.

(Barnes, 2000)

…indicated by Barnes (2000)

U

Unpublished Work

Family/Surname, Initials., Year of publication. Item title – in italics. Unpublished

Brick, C., 2002. The Local. Unpublished. (Brick, 2002)

This was the conclusion supported by Brick (2002)

W

Websites

Family/Surname, Initials., or name of website if no author is available, Year of publication. Title of website – in italics. Any numbers if website is part of a series – if needed. [Online – in square brackets] Available from: URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets].

BBC News, 2008. Factory Gloom Worst Since 1980. [Online]. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7681569. stm. [Accessed: 10th June 2012]

(BBC News, 2008)

…as reported on BBC News (2008).

Web Documents

Family/Surname, Initials., or name of website if no author is available, Year of publication. Title of web document – in italics. Any numbers as indicated on the web document, i.e. if part of a series - if needed. [Online – in square brackets] Date of document – if specified. Available from: URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets].

English Heritage, 2005. Wind Energy and the Historic Environment. [Online]. October 2005. Available from: http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/upload/pdf/Wind_Energy_ (final).pdf. [Accessed: 20th May 2012]

(English Heritage, 2005)

…as indicated by English Heritage in their report Wind Energy and the Historic Environment (2005).

Name Of Wiki, Year of publication. Title of Wiki – Subject Wiki for Geography Library (Subject Wiki for Geography

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Wikis in italics. [Online– in square brackets]. Available from: URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets].

Resources –Staffordshire University, 2012. [Online]. Available from: http://crwnwiki1.staffs.ac.uk/subjectwiki/Geo graphy. [Accessed: 19th May 2012].

Library Resources – Staffordshire University, 2012)

Web Based Image / table / figure

Title of Image- in italics, Year of publication. [Online-in square brackets]. Available from: URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]

The Lunar Interior, 2000. [Online]. Available from:

http://www.planetscapes.com/solar/browse/ moon/moonint.jpg. [Accessed: 28th November 2000].

(The Lunar Interior, 2000)

Y YouTube Videos Same as Online Videos

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How do I reference when some details are missing?

When you cannot find an obvious publication date, you should check the content and references to work out the earliest likely date and indicate that in the reference, both in-text and in the reference list. The following are some examples on how you can do it:

1. 1995? (a question mark after the year indicates probable year) 2. ca. 1995 (ca. before the year indicates approximately 1995) 3. 199- (a hyphen in the year place indicates that you are certain of the decade but not

the year) 4. 199? (a question mark in the year place indicates probable decade)

On some occasions it may not be possible for you to identify an author, place or publisher. This is usually the case with ‘grey literature’ where it is difficult to trace via traditional channels like journals, databases and so on. More often than not government documents, leaflets and other less official (informal) materials fall into this category. The following are some examples on how you can reference these:

1. Anon (using Anon indicates that the author is not identifiable and therefore anonymous)

2. s.l. (Latin: sine loco indicates that the location cannot be ascertained) 3. s.n. (Latin: sine nomine indicates that no named publisher could be ascertained) 4. n.d. (simply mean there is no date of publication found)

Information such as place and publisher not found on the document, but traced from other sources, should be placed in square brackets.

Note: You should, however be very careful about using the above mentioned documents as supporting evidence material where you cannot identify the author, date or source in your assignments or academic work.

Turnitin®

CCE subscribes to Turnitin®. Turnitin is a web-based tool that will assist you in identifying potential plagiarism where you have used original material by generating a similarity index. This similarity index helps you ensure that all original work is correctly referenced in your assignment before the final submission.

Notes from Compilers

This guide has been compiled with reference to the BS ISO 690:2010 Information and documentation – guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources. Primarily Staffordshire University guide on Information Services Academic Skills know how and Anglia Ruskin University Library guide to Harvard Style of Referencing are used. The BS ISO 690:2010 document is sourced from the above mentioned documents. The following are the references of all the sources either directly or indirectly used are given below. Most of the examples quoted in this document adhere to the Creative Commons License and any similarity with published work is purely coincidental and unintentional.

References:

Academic Skills Tutors, 2013. Information Services Academic Skills know how. [Online]. Staffordshire University. Updated: 10

th May. Available from:

http://harvard_referncing_example_tem44-39847.pdf. [Accessed: 20 th May 2013].

Anglia Ruskin University, 2010. University Library: Guide to the Harvard Style of Referencing. [Online]. 2

nd edition. Available from:

http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/eferencing/harvard.htm. [Accessed: 8 th May 2013].

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British Standards Institute, 2010. BS ISO 690:2010. Information and Documentation — Guidelines for Bibliographic References and Citations to Information Resources. Geneva: ISO.

Neville, C., 2010. The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism. 2 nd

edition. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Pears, R. & Shields, G.J., 2010. Cite Them Right: The Essential Referencing Guide. 8 th

edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

This document was compiled by: Bindu Annie George and Bhaskar Mallubhotla on behalf of the Learning Teaching Committee, Caledonian College of Engineering.

Update History

Dated First Compiled: 2 nd

June, 2013

First Update: 9 th June, 2013

Second Update: 15 th September 2013

Third Update: 17 th September 2013

Final update: 26 th September 2013

Caledonian

College of Engineering

A Guide to using Harvard Referencing (CCE Style)

First Edition

2013