THE EFFECTIVE ADAPTATION OF SPORTS MARKETING STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE COMPANY PRODUCTS (BRANDS): THE CASE OF COCA COLA

Anatomy of Whales 1

ANATOMY OF WHALES

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Anatomy of Whales 2

Anatomy of Whales

Whales range in size from the 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) and 135 kilograms (298 lb) dwarf sperm

whale to the 34 metres (112 ft) and 190 metric tons (210 short tons) blue whale. Overall, they

tend to dwarf other cetartiodactyls; the blue whale is the largest creature on earth. Several species

have female-biased sexual dimorphism, with the females being larger than the males. One

exception is with the sperm whale, which has males larger than the females.

All whales have a thick layer of blubber (Ford 1985, p.3). In species that live near the

poles, the blubber can be as thick as 11 inches. This blubber can help with buoyancy (which is

helpful for a 100-ton whale), protection to some extent as predators would have a hard time

getting through a thick layer of fat, and energy for fasting when migrating to the equator; the

primary usage for blubber is insulation from the harsh climate. It can constitute as much as 50%

of a whale’s body weight. Calves are born with only a thin layer of blubber, but some species

compensate for this with thick lanugos.

Whales have a two-to-three-chambered-stomach that is similar in structure to terrestrial

carnivores. Mysticetes contain a proventriculus as an extension of the oesophagus; this contains

stones that grind up food. They also have fundic and pyloric chambers (Cook and Wisner 1963).

Locomotion

Whales have two flippers on the front, and a tail fin. These flippers contain four digits.

Although whales do not possess fully developed hind limbs, some, such as the sperm whale,

possess discrete rudimentary appendages, which may contain feet and digits. Whales are fast

swimmers in comparison to seals, who typically cruise at 5–15 kn (9–28 km/h or 6–17 mph); the

fin whale, in comparison, can travel at speeds up to 47 kilometres per hour (29 mph) and the

sperm whale can reach speeds of 35 kilometres per hour (22 mph). The fusing of the neck

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Anatomy of Whales 3

vertebrae, while increasing stability when swimming at high speeds, decreases flexibility; they

can't turn their head. When swimming, whales rely on their tail fin propel them through the

water. Flipper movement is continuous. Whales swim by moving their tail fin and lower body up

and down, propelling themselves through vertical movement, while their flippers are mainly used

for steering. Some species log out of the water, which may allow then to travel faster. Their

skeletal anatomy allows them to be incredibly fast swimmers. Most species have a dorsal fin.

Whales have several adaptions for diving to great depths. In addition to their streamlined

bodies, they can slow down their heart rate to conserve oxygen, blood is rerouted from tissue

tolerant of water pressure to the heart and brain among other organs, and hemoglobin and

myoglobin store oxygen in body tissue; they have twice the concentration of myoglobin than

hemoglobin.

Senses

Whale Ear

The whale ear has specific adaptations to the marine environment. In humans, the middle

ear works as an impedance equalizer between the outside air's low impedance and the cochlear

fluid's high impedance. In aquatic mammals, such as whales, there is no great difference between

the outer and inner environments. Instead of sound passing through the outer ear to the middle

ear, whales receive sound through the throat, from which it passes through a low-impedance fat-

filled cavity to the inner ear. The whale ear is acoustically isolated from the skull by air-filled

sinus pockets, which allow for greater directional hearing underwater.

Eyesight

The whale eye is relatively small for its size, yet they do retain a good degree of eyesight.

As well as this, the eyes of a whale are placed on the sides of its head, so their vision consists of

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Anatomy of Whales 4

two fields, rather than a binocular view like humans have. When belugas surface, their lens and

cornea correct the nearsightedness that results from the refraction of light; they contain both rod

and cone cells, meaning they can see in both dim and bright light, but they have far more rod

cells than they do cone cells.

Visual pigments

Whale lack short wavelength sensitive visual pigments in their cone cells indicating a

more limited capacity for color vision than most mammals. Most whales have slightly flattened

eyeballs, enlarged pupils (which shrink as they surface to prevent damage), slightly flattened

corneas and a tapetum lucidum; these adaptations allow for large amounts of light to pass

through the eye and, therefore, a very clear image of the surrounding area. In water, whales can

see around 10.7 metres (35 ft) ahead of itself, but, of course, they have a smaller range above

water. They also have glands on the eyelids and outer corneal layer that act as protection for the

cornea.

Conclusion

Whales are a widely distributed and diverse group of fully aquatic marine mammals.

They comprise the extant families Cetotheriidae (whose only living member is the pygmy right

whale), Balaenopteridae (the rorquals), Balaenidae (right whales), Eschrichtiidae (the gray

whale), Monodontidae (belugas and narwhals), Physeteridae (the sperm whale), Kogiidae (the

dwarf and pygmy sperm whale), and Ziphiidae (the beaked whales). There are 40 extant species

of whales. The two suborders of whales, Mysticeti and Odontoceti, are thought to have split up

around 34 million years ago. Whales belong to the clade Cetartiodactyla and their closest living

relative is the hippo having diverged about 40 million years ago.

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Anatomy of Whales 5

References

Britt, R.R. (2004). Unlikely cousins: whales and hippos. [Online] (updated 2004) Available at:

<http://www.livescience.com/102-cousins-whales-hippos.html> [Accessed Aug. 5, 2015]

Cook, J.J., and Wisner, W.L. (1963). Killer whale! New York: Dodd, Mead.

Ford, J.K.B. (1985). Acoustic traditions of killer whales. Whalewatcher (Journal of the American

Cetacean Society), 19(3): 3-6.

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