group assignment of international strategic managent

GUIDE TO ACADEMIC REFERENCING

Referencing is a convention of academic writing that students must follow for several reasons, including:

 acknowledging the ideas, information, and words of others;

 enabling readers to judge your understanding and use of existing knowledge;

 avoiding accusations of plagiarism. It is essential that students use a standard referencing style in their assignments – Holmes Institute uses the Harvard Referencing Style. There are two parts to referencing:

 in-text citations - In-text citations are used within your assignments whenever you use information from a source.

 list of references - for all assignments lecturers require a list of references rather than a bibliography - A reference list is usually the last page of your written assignment and is the list of sources that you have cited in your assignment (but before any appendixes you might include).

In-text citations  When you paraphrase or quote, always include the page number or page numbers in the in-text reference, placed after the year it was published.

 If you quote, enclose the text in double quotation marks: “ ”.

 If you quote more than one sentence, don’t use double quotation marks around the quotation – instead, place the quotation on a new line and indent it from the left margin.

 If an information source doesn’t have an author, the author detail is replaced by the title and is italicised.

 Unless a writer uses language that is particularly apt, it is a good idea to paraphrase – put the material into your own words – whenever you can. This shows that you are able to synthesise the ideas rather than merely repeat them.

 Examples are located in the table at the end of this document.

Reference List  The reference list should be in alphabetical order using either the author’s surname or the names of the authoring bodies.

 The titles are used if the author’s name is not known.

 The different details, or elements, of each citation are separated by commas. The whole citation finishes with a full stop.

 Examples are located in the table at the end of this document.

Books: The details you must include in the entry are as follows and must be presented in this order: 1. Author(s) – either a person(s) or an organisation – or editor(s). Surname first, initial(s) next. No full stops or spaces are used between initials.

2. Year of publication.

3. Title – plus the subtitle, if there is one. Place a colon between the title and subtitle – both in italics; minimal capitalisation.

4. Title of series and volume number, if applicable.

5. Edition – only if this is not the first edition of the book. Edition is abbreviated to ‘edn’.

6. Publisher.

7. Place of publication.

Articles from journals found in library databases: The details and order required are: 1. Author(s).

2. Year of publication.

3. Title of article – enclose in single quotation marks.

4. Title of journal – in italics, maximal capitisation.

5. Volume and/or issue number. Volume number is given a prefix of ‘vol.’, issue number a prefix of ‘no.’.

1. 6.. Page number(s), if they are included. Use the abbreviations p. for a single page, and pp. for a page range, eg pp. 11-12

6. Title of the database.

7. Date that you first viewed the online resource (day, month and year). Precede the date with the word ‘viewed’.

Information from the web: Include as many of the following details in the entry as possible: 1. Author(s), editor(s), compiler(s) or organisation responsible for the website – if given.

1. If there is no clearly identifiable author, do not use the name of the Copyright owner. If there is no author, use the title, in italics.

2. Year the information was created or year of the most recent revision, modification or update. Use the Copyright date of a webpage if there is no date of

creation.

3. If a range of dates is given, use the latest date.

4. Title of document.

5. Name of the organisation hosting the webpage on their website.

6. Date that you first viewed the webpage (day, month and year). Precede the date with the word ‘viewed’.

7. URL. The URL (website address) should be enclosed in angle brackets: < > .

Source In-Text (Paraphrase, that is, rewriting the topic) In-Text (Direct Quotation) Reference List Entry

Book with one author Cash has emerged as the most popular method of payment for goods at street markets (Jones 2009, p. 36).

“As credit risk has increased, street market vendors are becoming very cautious making cash the preferred method of payment”. (Jones, p. 36).

Jones, B 2009, Alternate markets: an introduction, New University Press, Melbourne.

Book with two authors A student’s performance will be influenced by many factors including their personality, their commitment and their ability to plan and focus. (Black & Brown 2010, p. 299).

Black and Brown (2010, p. 299) state that “a multitude of factors influence student performance such as: personality, commitment and ability to plan and focus”.

Black, A & Brown, P 2010, Successful students: common characteristics, New University Press, Melbourne.

Book with three authors There are some behaviours which are only displayed very rarely, making them hard to report (Black, Brown & White 2007, p. 36).

“Certain kinds of behaviour are difficult to observe because they occur only rarely” (Black, Brown & White 2007, p. 36).

Black, E, Brown, TD & White, RM 2007, Animal behavior, 6th edn, Advance Education, New Jersey.

Book with more than

three authors

A handbook will contain essential data and procedures (Jones et al. 2009, p. 11).

Jones et al. (2009, p. 11) explain it this way:

“A handbook provides crucial data and outlines procedures”.

Jones, JC, Smith, WS, Harris, RA, Brown, RE, Martin, JT & Carter, BT 2009, Documenting procedures: an introduction, Newcastle, USA.

Book with an editor(s) and the contributing writers are identifiable.

The Olympics can bring together diverse groups and during that time differences are forgotten. (Shelley & Edwards 2010, p. 113).

According to Shelley and Edwards (2010, p. 113), “The Olympics provide an opportunity for people to come together as one”.

Shelley, N & Edwards, D 2010, ‘The Olympics and unity’, in O Kane and I Crown (eds), Peace Tourism, Preston, Chesterville, pp. 99-117.

Book where an organisation is the author

Insurance must always be paid by the buyer if transport is by sea (International Business Chamber 2010, p. 105).

As for insurance is concerned, when transport is by sea “the onus falls on the buyer” (International Business Chamber 2010, p. 105).

International Business Chamber 2010, IBC Conference 2010: new trade terms for China, IBC Services, Paris.

ebooks Lake Supreme receives large quantities water but due to the slow arrival of incoming water and the high evaporation rate, it seldom fills (Newton & Carter 2008, p. 147).

It has been explained that: “The high evaporation rates and distance, mean that it only fills after extremely high rainfall.” (Newton & Carter 2008, p. 147).

Newton, F & Carter, I 2008, Hydrology and water resources: case studies from Africa, Aquatic University Press, ABC Ebook Library, viewed 6 May 2011.

Journal articles with an author (online)

China is likely to be the largest market for small cars by the end of this decade (Smith et al. 2010, p. 263)

Smith et al. (2010, p. 263) predict that “by the end of the decade the Chinese will emerge as the greatest buyers of small cars”.

Smith, P, Jones, A, Brown, C & Black, M 2010, ‘Small cars for the large population’, Advances in Marketing, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 257-269, Marketing Database, EBSCO, viewed 5 May 2011.

Journal articles with no author (online)

In the future libraries will have very few books and will be places where research is carried out online. (Libraries of the future 2008, p. 4).

“The modern library will no longer have the historical role of providing print materials. The new demand will be for digital resources and services” (Libraries of the future 2008, p. 4).

‘Libraries of the future’ 2008, Technology Week, 10 March, p. 4, ABI/INFORM, Proquest, viewed 8 May 2011.

Article from a newspaper website

Travel to Mars might be a reality in the near future according to the latest scientific research (AFP 2010).

“Scientists now believe that travel to Mars might be possible within the next few years” (AFP 2010).

AFP 2010, ‘New holiday destination’, The Age, 8 May, viewed 8 May 2010, http://www.age.com.au/news/science/new- holiday-destination/storye6fr76854>.