Dubai Parks and Resorts (Company and Industry Analysis Report)
EngGikandi
Harvard_Referencing_Guide_1.pdf
i
EAHM GUIDE TO THE
HARVARD SYSTEM OF
REFERENCING:
2012- 2013
ii
Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1
When and what to reference ................................................................................... 1
Reasons for referencing .......................................................................................... 2
What is Plagiarism? ................................................................................................. 2
Use of capital letters and italics .............................................................................. 2
Missing details and commonly used abbreviations .............................................. 4
General format for In-text referencing: ............................................................ 4
Sources, Format and Examples ........................................................................... 5
A book by single author .................................................................................... 5
An e-book ........................................................................................................... 5
A book by two authors ...................................................................................... 5
A book by three authors ................................................................................... 5
A book by four or more authors ....................................................................... 6
Several publications with same author and date ............................................ 6
One author, multiple publications. ................................................................... 6
Organization as author ...................................................................................... 6
No author name known or given ...................................................................... 6
No date of publication ....................................................................................... 7
Section/chapter of an edited book ................................................................... 7
Editions .............................................................................................................. 7
A book by editor (s) ........................................................................................... 8
Reference Works- Dictionaries/Encyclopedias ............................................... 8
Journal articles .................................................................................................. 8
Newspaper/ magazine articles ......................................................................... 9
Website/web page ............................................................................................ 10
Conference and symposium: papers, and proceedings. ............................. 10
iii
Reports ............................................................................................................. 11
Theses and dissertations ................................................................................ 12
Government reports ........................................................................................ 12
Images, diagrams and tables. ......................................................................... 12
Personal communications .............................................................................. 14
CD-ROMS and Computer programs ............................................................... 14
Audio-visual sources ...................................................................................... 15
Video Sharing (e.g. YouTube, Dailymotion, Vimeo etc) .............................. 15
Podcasts and archived TV/Radio programmes ............................................. 15
Blogs ................................................................................................................. 15
Lectures ............................................................................................................ 16
Social networking sites (Facebook, Twitter, Bebo etc) ................................ 16
Secondary referencing .................................................................................... 16
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 17
1
Introduction
While writing your assignments, you should clearly acknowledge the use of other people’s
ideas and written material within your own work by providing citations/references of the
sources used. A reference is a comprehensive bibliographic description or details about the
information sources used to gain information. These details include, but are not limited to:
author, title, date of publication.
This guide describes how to use the Harvard referencing style to ensure clarity, accuracy
and consistency in your referencing. The Harvard style is an author-date referencing system
with two essential parts:
Citations in the text i.e.
the name of the author or authors
the year of publication
the page number (when the information/idea can be located on a
particular page, or when directly quoted)
A reference list at the end of the paper i.e.
a list of all the books, journal articles among other sources you used to
gather information.
When and what to reference
You must provide a reference
Whenever you quote, paraphrase or summarise someone else’s ideas, theories or data,
You must also reference any graphic information you use.
Referencing demonstrates for example, that you have undertaken appropriate literature search and are widely read. The following are examples of sources you might access and need to reference:
Books or chapters in books; Journal, newspaper or magazine articles; Electronic journal articles; World Wide Web pages, picture galleries, images, and diagrams; Emails; Video, films, CD-ROMs & audio tape recordings; Conference papers; Pamphlets; Radio/TV broadcasts (you must check that your lecturer is happy for
you to use this type of material in your assignment); Personal communication; Interviews (If this is a personal interview, you must always ask
permission of the interviewee before using such material); and, Theses and other academic work.
2
Reasons for referencing
To let the reader know whose work or ideas you used and be able to trace the sources used in the development of your work.
To avoid being accused of plagiarism for lack of acknowledging another writer’s work or ideas.
To enhance the presentation of your work since accurate referencing commensurate good academic practice.
To inform the reader that your work is based on research and not mere opinions.
What is Plagiarism?
According to Caroll (2009:9) plagiarism is defined as ‘passing off someone
else’s work, whether intentionally or unintentionally, as your own for your
own benefit’.
Note: EAHM takes plagiarism- both intentional and
unintentional - seriously and penalties do apply for such cases.
Poor time-management is often considered to be the cause of plagiarism, as a
result plagiarized work seems carelessly done or ‘hanging’ hence easily detected.
Use of capital letters and italics
Use capitals sparingly. Capitalize only the first word of the title, subtitle and any proper
nouns. Separate sub-titles from the main title using a colon (: ).Capitalize the first and all
major words of a journal/magazine name. Italicize the name of the journal and give the
journal/magazine name in full e.g. International Journal of Policy, Events and Tourism
Research not Int’l J Pol., Events & Tour. Rsch.
Use italics for the titles of all works individually published under their own titles:
Books: Tourism and sustainability: Development and new tourism in the Third World.
Journals: International Journal of Consumer Studies
Reports: What the bankers knew.
Policy papers: Australian foreign policy.
Pamphlets: 100 Things to do this Summer.
Leaflets: Make a date: Zumbathon! October 19, 2012.
Interviews: Work-study balance for EAHM students.
Films: The Kite runner.
Musical compositions: Eight folk songs arrangements for high voice and harp.
Music CDs: Country Christmas hits.
Works of art: The Scream
Television series: Pretty little liars.
Radio programme: The Breakfast show.
Websites: ThinkBuzan.com.
Any other entire published works
3
Tip – Saving Time
Take note of all the reference details you need while you still have the
information source (e.g. book) in front of you. This is to avoid wasting
time if later you have to go back and find the information. For example:
when you photocopy, check that you have the page numbers; if you
interview someone, make a note of the date; if you print a web page, make a note of the full
web address and the date on which you accessed it.
During your research take note of the following details of the information sources you
use:
For books:
Authors and/or editors
Year of publication
Title of book (in italics)
Edition (if provided and is not first edition)
Chapter title, its author and page numbers i.e. if the chapters have different
authors
Page numbers (for direct quotes)
Place of publication (if there are several provided, use the first on the list)
Publisher
Database or URL ( for electronic books only)
Date of access(for electronic books only)
For periodicals i.e. journals and newspaper articles:
Author(s)
Year of publication
Title of article
Name of newspaper/magazine/journal (in italics)
Volume , issue or part number (or day and month)
Page numbers of article
Database or DOI or URL ( for electronic periodicals only)
Date of access (for electronic periodicals only)
For web/ online resources e.g. websites:
Authors
Year of publication
Title of document (in italics)
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
Date of access
4
Missing details and commonly used abbreviations
If some elements are missing or require abbreviation, indicate this in your reference using
the following notes:
Examples:
Date unknown n.d.
Editor ed.
Editors eds.
Edition edn.
Number no.
Numbers nos.
Page p.
Pages pp.
Paragraph para.
Place of publication unknown s.l.
Publisher unknown s.n.
Reprinted rpt.
Series ser.
Supplement suppl.
Translated, translator trans.
Volume vol.
General format for In-text referencing:
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname, Year)
In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname, Year: page/paragraph number)
‘Use quotation marks when directly stating another person’s words and include the source in your list of references (doing none or only one of these is not acceptable.’ (Pears and Shields, 2010:2).
5
Sources Format Examples
A book by single
author
An e-book:
Author, A.A. (Year) Title of work. Place of publication: Publisher Author/Editor (Year) Online book title, edition. (if not first edition).Place of publication: (if available) Publisher (if available) Available from: include web site address/URL
(Uniform Resource Locator)
[Date accessed (dd Month year)]
On reference list : Rokeach, M. (1973) The nature of human values. New York: The Free Press. In text: According to Rokeach (1973:13), values are fundamental in the comparison of processes, where people use them as standards to determine whether they are as moral and competent as others. Swindall, C. (2010) Living for the weekday: What every employee and boss needs to know about enjoying work and life. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley Available from : ebrary database [Accessed 15 August 2012]
A book by two
authors
Author, A.A. and Author, B.B. (Year) Title of book. Location: Publisher.
Botsman, R. and Rogers, R. (2010) What's mine is yours: The rise of collaborative consumption. New York: Harper Business. In text : Shifts in global consumption patterns indicate that self- interest and collective good depend on each other. (Botsman and Rogers, 2010:44).
A book by three
authors
Author, A.A., Author, B.B. and Author, C.C. (Year) Title of book. Location: Publisher.
Fisher, R., Ury, W. and Patton, B. (1991) Getting to yes: Negotiating an agreement without giving in. London: Century Business. In text: (Fisher, Ury and Patton, 1991)
6
A book by four or
more authors
In your reference list or bibliography, list all the authors in the order shown on the title page. For the in-text citation of four or more٭٭٭ authors, use the first author listed on the title page followed by et al., which is Latin and stands for ‘and others’.
Licker, R., Johnston, M., Barford, C., Foley, J. A., Kucharik, C. J., Monfreda, C., and Ramankutty, N. (2010). Mind the Gap. Malden MA: John Wiley & Sons In text : Licker et al. (2010) (Licker et al., 2010:40)
Several
publications with
same author and
date
Add a letter sequence to the year (a, b, c, d, etc.), and arrange the references in the bibliography according to this sequence:
In text : In his series of published works, O’Connor (2007a) states that…………, but advance …… changed to….. (2007b).
One author,
multiple
publications.
If more than one publication from an author illustrates the same point and the works are published in different years, then the references should be cited in chronological order (i.e. earliest first):
as suggested by van Vicker (1994;1999;2004; 2010) human subjects…..
or : …research in the nineties (van Vicker, 1994; 1999) found that...
Organization as
author
For a publication created by an institution/corporation/government agency with no apparent individual author, use the name of the organization as you would use for a personal author.
UN Population Division (2001) World population monitoring 2001: Population, environment and development. New York: Author. In text : UN Population Division (2001)
No author name
known or given
When there is no author listed use the title. Do not use anon. or anonymous. If there is no author but the work has been produced by an organization or company, use the name of the organization as the author.
Oxford English dictionary (2009) Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. In text : (Oxford English dictionary, 2009) Department of Special Education (2002) Special education funding in Trans Nzoia and Bungoma districts. Nairobi, Kenya: Ministry of
7
Always try to identify the author if you intend to use a publication as supporting evidence in an academic submission.
Education Publications. In text : (Department of Special Education, 2002)
No date of
publication
If you cannot find a date for the publication, use (n.d.) to denote “no date”.
Fischer, R., Byerlee, D. and Edmeades, G. (n.d.) Can technology deliver on the yield challenge to 2050? Rome: FAO Expert Meeting. In-text: Fischer, Byerlee and Edmeades (n.d.)
Section/chapter of
an edited book
A single chapter within, an edited book of essays by different individuals, would be referenced as follows: Chapter author(s) surname(s) and initials. (Year of chapter) Title of chapter. In: Book editor(s) surnames and initials with( ed. or eds.) after the last name) Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Chapter number or first and last page numbers followed by full- stop. Use ‘p.’ before a single page number and ‘pp.’ when there are multiple pages.
Yoshioka, A. (2011) Fashion, self, postmodern consumer culture and sex and the city. In: Haghiria, P. (ed.) Japanese consumer dynamics. Basingstoke, USA: Palgrave Macmillan.pp.41-47. In-text: (Yoshioka, 2011)
Editions Where the publication used is not the first edition, include the edition statement. e.g. rev. edn. or new edn. or 4th edn. Author, Initials. (Year) Title of book, edition. Place of publication : Publisher
Sperry, L. (2011) Assessment Of couples and families: Contemporary and cutting edge strategies, 2nd edn. New York: Routledge.
8
A book by editor
(s)
To identify an edited work, use the abbreviation ed. (for one editor) or eds. (for multiple editors) should appear after the surname(s). Multiple editors must be listed in full.
Almond, K. (ed.) (2009) Fashion guide for the frugal buyer. Dubai: M2 Publications. O’Connor, P., Hopken, w. and Gretzel, U. (eds.) (2008) Information and communication technologies in tourism 2008. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Reference Works-
Dictionaries/Ency
clopedias
Use the format of a book. However, if an encyclopedia entry has a named author then the format for a chapter in a book should be used with the addition of the encyclopedia volume number. Author(S) (Year) Title of chapter. In: Author(s)/Editor(s) ed(s). Title of encyclopedia, Volume number (if applicable), Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, Pages. (use p. or pp.) If there is no author then the title (e.g. Collins English Dictionary) should be used both within the text and in the reference list. Title of dictionary. (Year) Volume (if applicable), Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.
Lück, M. (2008) The Encyclopedia of tourism and recreation in marine environments. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. Breaver, A. (2001) A Dictionary of travel and tourism terminology. Oxon, UK:CABI Publishing. Merriam-Webster (2008) Merriam-Webster online. Available from : http://www.merriam-webster.com/info/08words.htm [Accessed 9 September 2010] Oxford Dictionaries (2009) Ask Oxford.com .Available from: http://www.askoxford.com/?view=uk [Accessed 9 September 2010] Cambridge Dictionaries (2009) Cambridge Dictionaries online Available from: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ In-text: For example, Merriam-Webster (2008) considers engagement or engage to …………; Oxford Online (2009) considers engage to mean to ……………; and Cambridge Online (2009) considers engage to mean to ……………………..
Journal articles For journals in print version use: Author surname, Initials. (Year) Title of article. Title of Journal, volume(issue), page numbers Use ‘p.’ before a single page number and ‘pp.’
Ap, J. (1992) Residents perception of tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4), pp. 665-690.
9
when there are multiple pages. For electronic/online journal use: Author, A.A., Author, B.B. and Author, C.C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume (Issue), page numbers. Available from: Name of collection/database / URL - or if available provide the digital object identifier – DOI [Date accessed]
McEachern, M.G. and McClean, P. (2002) Organic purchasing motivations and attitudes: Are they ethical? International Journal of Consumer Studies, 26(2), pp. 85-92. Available from: EBSCOhost [Accessed : 17 October 2008] In-text: (McEachern and McClean,2002) Stone, G., Ramsden, B. and Pattern, D. (2011) Looking for the Link between library usage and student attainment. Ariadne, 67. Available from: http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue67/stone-et-al/ [Accessed: 20 July 2012] In-text: (Stone, Ramsden and Pattern,2011:105) Abstract: Nyaupane, G. P. and Poudel, S. (2011) Linkages among biodiversity, livelihood, and tourism(Abstract).Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4),pp. 1344-1366. In-text: (Nyaupane and Poudel 2011)
Newspaper/
magazine articles
The format is similar to that of a scholarly journal article, but for a newspaper, the exact date of publication must be provided while for a magazine you ought to provide the volume and issue details. In print: Author surname, Initial. (Year) Title of article. Newspaper/Magazine title, full date {for a magazine include the volume/issue numbers}, page number(s) of article.
van Laarhoven, B. (2012) Time for a travel ‘Marshall Plan’. Arabian Travel News, August 2012, pp. 18-19. In-text: (van Laarhoven 2012) Anyanzwa, J. (2012) Harsh weather conditions take toll on tea production. The Standard Newspaper, 26 July 2012, p. 25.
10
Online: Authors, Initials. (Year) Title of article. Full Title of Newspaper/ Magazine, full date {for a magazine include the volume/issue numbers}, page number(s) of article{if available}. Name of collection/database/ Available from: web address (quote the exact URL for the article) [Accessed date].
Crawley, J. (2012) Survey results of hotel clients’ environmental concerns. Hotel & Motel Management, April 2012, pp. 10 -14. Available from ProQuest. Pathak, S. (2012) Cross contamination common cause of food borne illnesses. Gulf News, 13 September 2012. Available from : http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/health/cross-contamination- common-cause-of-food-borne-illnesses-1.1074448 [Accessed 14 September 2012]
Website/web page
When referencing a website it is essential to provide all the details that a reader would need to be able trace the information that is referred to if they so wished. Author (person or organisation) (Year (site created or revised. If there is no date, use the abbreviation n.d), Title of page/document. Name of sponsor of the site and place (if applicable). Available from: URL [Date accessed] To find elements for referencing a website, check the foot of the page, copyright information and ‘about this website’ link
Jaber, F. A. (2012) Cupcake designs. Available from: http://www.sugardaddysbakery.com/ [Accessed 2 August 2012] In-text: (Jaber, 2012)
Department of Health (2011) Winter flu vaccination begins. Available from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/health/2011/10/winter-flu/ [Accessed 20 October 2011].
In-text: (Department of Health, 2011)
Conference and
symposium:
papers, and
proceedings.
The format of citing papers from conference proceedings is similar to that of book chapters; however, you will have to provide additional information like the ‘when’ and ‘where’ the conference was held. Print (published conference paper): Author(s)/Presenter(s) (Year) Title of paper/section.
Smith, R.T., Thomas, B.H. and Piekarski, W. (2008) Tech note: Digital foam. In: IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces, 2008. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE,pp. 35-38. In-text: (Smith, Thomas and Piekarski, 2008) Peacock, S. and Sharp, J. (2006). A Holistic approach to deploying Turnitin UK that encourages sustainable change in institutional plagiarism practice. In: Duggan, F. (ed.) 2nd International
11
In: Editor(s) (ed.) or (eds.) Title of Conference/Symposium. Place of publication: Publisher, page number(s) of paper: use ‘p.’ before a single page number and ‘pp.’ when there are multiple pages. Online : Author(s)/Presenter(s) (Year) Title of paper. In: Conference title, location of conference, date of conference Available from: URL [Date of access]
Plagiarism Conference 2006 Proceedings. Newcastle: North Umbria Learning Press, pp. 237 - 238. In-text: (Peacock and Sharp, 2006) Clarke, R. and Lancaster, R. (2006) Eliminating the successor to plagiarism? : Identifying the usage of contact cheating sites. In: Second International Plagiarism Conference. Gateshead, Newcastle, UK, June 9 – 11 2006. Available from: http://www.jiscpas.ac.uk/conference/2006/proceedings.html [Accessed 27 May2010]. In-text: (Clarke and Lancaster, 2006)
Reports Author(s) of report [person / organization] (Year) Title of report, report number (if available). Place of publication: Publisher/ Institution. Available from: URL - if accessed electronically. [Accessed ] Market research reports Corporate author name (Year) Title, date if available or report no. (if relevant). Place of publication: Publisher. Available at: [Date accessed]
World Bank (1991) Environmental assessment sourcebook: Volume III: Guidelines for environmental assessment of energy and industry projects. Technical report no. 154. Washington, DC: World Bank Environmental Department. Available from : http://www- wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/ 1991/10/01/000009265_3971126124410/Rendered/PDF/multi_pag e.pdf [Accessed: 12 March 2012] In-text: (World Bank, 1991) Euromonitor (2012) 100% Home delivery/takeaway in Germany, 11 September 2012.London: Euromonitor. Available from: Euromonitor Passport GMID [Accessed 13 September 2012] In-text: (Euromonitor, 2012)
12
Business Monitor International (2012) Costa Rica tourism report, Q3 2012. London: Business Monitor International. Available from: Business Monitor International [Accessed 10 August 2012]
Theses and
dissertations
For print version use : Author (Year) Title of thesis. Title of award, Name of awarding institution. For electronic version use: Author (Year) Title of thesis. Title of award, Name of awarding institution. Available from: URL / database [Date accessed]. Always include the level of academic qualification and the awarding body.
Schukowski, K. (2009) Are you being served? : A comparison of international hotel’s [sic] response behavior to email enquiries. BSc dissertation, Emirates Academy of Hospitality Management. In-text: (Schukowski, 2009) Malhotra, S. (2011) Movement and intervention effects: Evidence from Hindi/Urdu. PhD dissertation, University of Maryland. Available from: http://ling.umd.edu/assets/publications/Shiti_Malhotra.pdf [Accessed 17 August 2012]
Government
reports
Most often government departments, agencies, committees or commissions author and publish official government publications. Name of issuing body (Date) Title, report number [if applicable]. Place of publication: Publisher. Available from: URL/database [If online] [Date accessed].
Energy Information Agency (2010) Annual energy outlook 2010: With projections to 2035, no. DOE/EIA-0383(2010). Washington, DC: US Department of Energy. Available from: http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/pdf/0383(2010).pdf [Accessed 7 February 2011] In-text: (Energy Information Agency ,2010)
Images, diagrams
and tables.
Generally, details of books or other sources that contain an image, diagram or table should be should also be included in the references. Exception to the rule are ‘standalone’ photographs, postcards billboards etc. The latter may have limited details, however, aim at providing as much information as you possibly can. Apart from the citation,
13
remember to add a descriptive caption to the adapted image in your text. Image from website/database Author/photographer/creator name (Year the image or photo was taken/posted online) Title of image or photo: Title of online collection (Omit if the image is not part of a collection) Available from: URL [Date of access] Maps and other cartographic material Wherever possible the reference of a map should be in following format and include these details. Originator/author (if stated on the publication) (year) Title, scale of the map (e.g. 1:1,000,000).Place: Publisher Image in a book Originator/artist/photographer’s name (if known), (Year of production) Title/description of image, number of image (if relevant) [type of medium]. In:Author, Initials. (Year) Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, page number. Note: Beware of any copyright restrictions on images you wish to use. Always check the ‘Terms and Conditions’ of the source that
Larkin, J. (2010) Earth Hour 2010 recognized around the world [Photograph]. Getty Images. Available from: http://edina.ac.uk/purl/eig2/getty_stills.98087633.jpg [Accessed 29 May 2010]. In-text: Source: “Earth Hour 2010 recognized around the world” (Larkin, 2010:3) Mason, J. (1832) Map of the countries lying between Spain and India, 1:8,000,000. London: Ordnance Survey. In-text: Source: “Map of the countries lying between Spain and India” (Mason, 1832) Duveneck, F. (1872) Whistling boy [oil on canvas],Cincinnati Art Museum. In: Neuhaus, R. (1987) Unsuspected genius: The art and life of Frank Duveneck. San Francisco: Bedford Press. p.227.
14
holds the image; sometimes one might need to request for permission from original creator of the image. You are therefore advised to consider using sources which offer images under Creative Commons licenses (for example, Flickr Creative Commons or sites suggested at http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Image).
Personal
communications
Often times through correspondence with subject specialists or group work, one maybe required to reference personal communications. Include the following information in this order: Author/sender/speaker (Year) Title-use subject line [type of communication: (e.g. e- mail, letter, conversation, telephone, text message, fax].Receiver of communication Day/month of communication. Location (if relevant). Note: You are strongly advised to seek permission from the other person/s involved before citing personal information communicated to you. Copyright in an email belongs to the sender or their employer.
Face-to-face interview Natembeya, J. (2010) Benevolent fund for orphans [Interview].By: Bushnell, C., 20 August 2010 .Precious Blood Riruta, Nairobi Kenya. Email: Franklin, B. (2011) The Raid that went wrong [email]. To: Archibald, S. 12 May 2011. In-text: (Franklin, 2011)
CD-ROMS and
Computer
programs
Author/Originator name (Year) CD-ROM title / title of program/ (Version number) [Media format] e.g. [Computer program] [multi-media CD-ROM]. Series Title (if relevant) Place of production: Publisher/Producer.
Flinn, K. (2007) The sharper your knife, the less you cry : [Love, learning and tears at the world's most famous cooking school] [audio CD]. Westminster, CA.: Books on Tape. Powers, David (2013) Adobe Dreamweaver CS6 [CD-ROM]. Learn by video. Berkeley, CA: Video2brain, Adobe Press and Peachpit Press.
15
Audio-visual
sources
Give as much information as possible to help researchers trace the information you have used. 6.1 Film Film/movie title (Year-Date of release) [medium: format] Directed by: Director(s) name (not reversed). Place of publication: Production company name(s)
Four weddings and a funeral (1999) [DVD] Directed by Mike Newell. Santa Monica, CA: MGM Home Entertainment. In text: (Four weddings and a funeral, 1999)
Video Sharing
(e.g. YouTube,
Dailymotion,
Vimeo etc)
The required elements for a reference are: Name of person/organisation posting the video. (Year) Video Title, Series Title. (if relevant) [type of medium] Available from: URL [Accessed date].
HyperionBooksVideos (2009) Jamie Oliver makes the perfect omelette [video file]. Available from : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgHgbn_sVUw [Accessed 12 December 2009] In text: In HyperionBooksVideos (2009), celebrity chef Jamie Oliver demonstrates…
Podcasts and
archived TV/Radio
programmes
The standard is: always describe items as fully and clearly as you possibly can, consistently. In the case of TV/radio programmes, note the date and channel of transmission. The format of the item should always be provided: Broadcaster (if available) (Year) Title of podcast [type of medium]. Date of transmission. Available from: URL [Date accessed].
Hopkin, K. (2008) The mythical daily water requirement [podcast]. 2 April 2008. Available from: http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=0BD1C F72-E411-2EE5-A4CDEE3447E81C93 [Accessed 3 May 2011]. In-text: Hopkin, 2008
Blogs Reference blogs as follows: Author/User name (Year) Title of individual
Smith, M. (n.d.) All aboard the Caledonian Sleeper train to Scotland... The Man in Seat Sixty-One . . .[web log]. Available from: http://www.seat61.com/CaledonianSleepers.htm
16
blog entry. Title of the site [type of medium] full date of blog posting (if available). Available from: URL [Date accessed].
[Accessed: 24 September2011].
Lectures
Use the following layout for lectures: Author /person delivering the lecture (year) Title for the lecture/discussion or printed material: [type of medium]. Course/module name, course code. Institution, place and date lecture was delivered. Available from: URL or LMS(learning management system e.g. Moodle, Blackboard)
Saulwick, M. (2011) Growth and development of the MICE industry in Dubai [PowerPoint slides]. Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Events, TOUR 308, Emirates Academy of Hospitality Management, Dubai,29th March 2011. Available from: Moodle [Accessed 30 March 2011]. In-text : (Saulwick, 2011)
Social networking
sites (Facebook,
Twitter, Bebo etc)
These are web pages so will be referenced as
such.
Authors (s) (Year) Title of page. [Title of web site] Day/month of posted message. Available from: web address. [Date accessed].
Jones, L. (2012) Contemporary living [Facebook] 14 April. Available from: www.facebook.com.[Accessed 16 April 2012] In-text: (Jones, 2012)
Secondary
referencing, or
citing authors
whose original
work you have not
read
When citing secondary sources (i.e. an author refers to a work and the primary source is unavailable), cite the secondary source but include the name and date of the original publication. If possible, avoid using secondary references, use them sparingly or try to find the primary source.
In-text : De Pelsmacker et al. (2005) as cited in Weeden (2008:56), commented on the difference between attitude and actual behavior of individuals. Also gave the example of how high the number of people who claim to be concerned about ethical consumption is , versus the significantly low number of ethical products (less than 1 percent) available in the market. On reference list: Weeden, C. (2008) The values of ethical and responsible tourists. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, UK. Available from: http://theses.gla.ac.uk/187/ [Accessed 12 December 2010].
17
REFERENCES
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2010) Cite them right: The essential referencing guide. 8th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
University of Melbourne Library (2010) Harvard Style general notes, online guide. University of Melbourne, Available from:
http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/printableDocs/Harvard%20Style%20General%20Notes.pdf [Accessed 13 June 2012]
