Media Systems and Communication Technology
natalia.na
Hanson7e_PPT10.pptx
1
Chapter 10
The Internet: Mass Communication Gets Personal
2
#DisabledAndCute
Disabled author Keah Brown decided she liked who she saw in the mirror and proclaimed she was #DisabledAndCute on social media
3
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
#DisabledAndCute
Critics in disability community saw “cute” as a diminutive term. Brown realized she couldn’t make everyone happy
Seen as a conversation starter between disabled community and media
Trying to get disabled actors to play disabled characters
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
4
What Is the Internet?
New mass medium incorporating elements of interpersonal, group, and mass communications
“A diverse set of independent networks, interlinked to provide its users with the appearance of a single, uniform network”
5
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
5
Development of the Internet
How do we make incompatible computers talk with each other?
How do we share information?
Can we maintain military communication after nuclear war? (But this system was never built!)
6
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
6
Packet Switching
1964: Paul Baran develops decentralized computer network for Air Force
Messages are broken into small data packets, which are sent independently across the network
Receiving computer reassembles message
Air Force chooses NOT to build this network
Donald Davies proposes similar civilian network for Britain; also not built
7
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
7
How Packet Switching Works
8
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
8
ARPAnet
Pentagon’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
Networking incompatible computers across the country
Went online in 1969, same year as the moon landing
Intended for primarily academic use
9
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
9
Connecting Incompatible Networks
ARPAnet led to multiple packet-switching networks
How do you link these small networks together?
Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf created rules for networks to communicate with each other, a protocol known as TCP/IP
10
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
10
The Internet
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
How data are transmitted and how computers can locate each other
Internet
Internetworking of networks
Data exchange follows specific rules
11
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
11
Online/Mobile Media
Electronic mail (e-mail)
A message sent from one computer user to another across a network
Texting and direct messaging
Electronic message systems that allow two or more users to communicate in real time
12
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
12
World Wide Web
Hypertext
The format of material containing links that allow the reader to move from one section to another and from one document to another
Tim Berners-Lee, Enquire Within Upon Everything: wouldn’t it be a good idea to be able to share documents located on computers anywhere in the world?
Created the World Wide Web and gave the software away for free
13
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
13
Major Components of the Web
Uniform resource locator (URL)
The address of the content placed on the web
Hypertext transfer protocol (http)
The standard set of rules for sending web content over the Internet
Hypertext markup language (HTML)
The programming language used to describe the content on web pages
14
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
14
Key Web Principles
One address to take users to a document
Everything should be accessible/linkable
Any type of data should be available on any type of computer
The web should be a tool for interaction, not just publication
No central control
15
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
15
Accessing the Web
Mosaic – the first graphical web browser
Growth of high-speed continuous (broadband) access to the broadband Internet access
Expansion of mobile access to Internet
16
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
16
Search as Medium
Many countries put limits on search
Limits on Nazi materials in parts of Europe
Major online companies struggle with ethics of trying to do business in China
17
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Mobile Apps
Is the web dead?
Apps are big part of how we interact online
Mobile devices becoming dominant method of going online
18
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Blogs
Collection of links and commentary in hypertext
Blog reports brought down former CBS anchor Dan Rather after he mishandled a story on President George W. Bush
Blogs let writers talk directly to readers, bypassing legacy media
19
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Podcasts and Streaming Media
Online tools such as YouTube let non-journalists post video news stories online
Streaming media gets long-tail movies and video in front of a larger audience
Distributing audio and video programming no longer requires a broadcast network
20
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Social Media
User-generated content
Comments
Tagging
Social networking
Customization
21
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
21
Video Games as Mass Communication
Video game consoles: media content devices
Mario, Sonic and Pikachu – video game stars
New venue for advertising
Center for online community
Profitable part of popular culture
Protected form of speech
22
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
22
Media Transformations: Video Games as Spectator Sport
Through streaming services such as Twitch, video games are now a spectator sport
“Esports” championships occasionally broadcast on cable sports channels
Ability to stream via Twitch built into many top video game consoles
Top streamers can make $500,000 per month from subscribers
23
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Diversity and Representation in Video Games
LGBT and Asian-American consumers slightly more likely than public at large to play video games
Same groups feel that they are underrepresented in video games
24
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Diversity and Representation in Video Games
Most video games offer limited range of body type diversity
25
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
The Hacker Ethic
As defined in Steven Levy’s book, Hackers:
“Access to computers should be unlimited and total”
“All information wants to be free”
“Mistrust authority – promote decentralization”
People should be judged by skills, not by “bogus criteria such as degrees, age, race, or position”
26
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
26
Hacking to 2016 Presidential Election
Russian Internet Research Agency set up fake social media accounts to promote dissention on controversial issues
Russia Today (RT) at Sputnik spread false stories on social media.
Russian hackers stole 1,000s of Democratic e-mails and shared them through WikiLeaks
Russian hackers broke into voter registration systems. No sign they changed votes, however
27
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
The Notion of Cyberspace
Taken from word cybernetics – science of communication and control theory
Originally used in 1982 magazine story by William Gibson
Gibson also coined cyberpunk – a style of writing and movies that deal with the blurring of the lines between humans and computers
28
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
28
Conflicts Over Digital Media
Controlling online content
Protecting intellectual property
Privacy and the web
29
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
29
Media Convergence
Bringing together traditional legacy media with online media
Reverse synergy
When you get the worst of both by combining old and new media
30
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
30
Everything Is Data
More and more media being delivered digitally
Mobile phones often have unlimited talk time and text messages, but definite limits on data use
Streaming services replacing satellite/cable for many subscribers
Cable companies experimenting with streaming apps to replace set-top cable boxes
31
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
