Media Systems and Communication Technology
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Hanson7e_PPT07.pptx
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Chapter 7
Audio: Music and Talk Across Media
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Lin-Manuel Miranda: Bringing Hip-Hop to Broadway
Kendrick Lamar and Miranda both win Pulitzers for hip-hop
Hamilton uses hip-hop to tell story of American revolution Uses “language of youth and energy and rebellion”
Hip-hop now most popular musical genre in United States based on sales
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Storing Sound
1877: Edison invents phonograph, records sound on foil cylinders
1888: Emile Berliner develops gramophone, plays music on mass produced discs
1953: Hi-Fi is combination of technologies to create better music reproduction
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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Signals at a Distance
1844: Samuel Morse’s telegraph allowed messages to be sent over wires
1888: Theoretical work by Heinrich Hertz lays the groundwork for wireless telegraph
1890s: Guglielmo Marconi develops wireless telegraph
1905: Reginald Fessenden makes Christmas Eve broadcast with voices and music
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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Radio Music Box Memo
Written in 1915 by American Marconi engineer David Sarnoff
Suggested major uses for radio as mass communication tool including news, music, and sports
More receivers than transmitters
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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RCA Monopoly
Created to bring together patents, develop radio as medium
Composed of General Electric, AT&T, Westinghouse, and United Fruit Company
Why United Fruit Company? Held many radio patents to communicate with ships carrying fruit
1920: KDKA in Pittsburgh launched as first commercial radio station
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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Growth of Radio Networks
Sarnoff saw NBC as source of programming
William Paley saw CBS as advertising medium
ABC was splintered off from NBC
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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Growth of Radio Networks
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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Golden Age of Radio
Music
Drama
Little Orphan Annie, The Lone Ranger, The Shadow
Soap operas
Guiding Light started on radio in 1937, moved to television in 1952, ran until 2009
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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Radio’s New Look
HD tried to bring new life to broadcast radio, but few receivers; to date a commercial failure
Satellite Radio – XM and Sirius merge. Single service more successful
Mobile streaming increasingly used in vehicles
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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Online & Mobile Audio
Streaming audio – can be connected to conventional radio stations/networks or online-only services (Pandora, Spotify, Apple Music)
Podcasting – portable audio you can download to a device and take with you
Podcasts bring programing from both the short head and the long tail
Named after Apple’s iPod – mostly discontinued, replaced by smartphones
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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Smart Speakers
Amazon Echo, Google Home, Apple HomePod
Deliver audio programing, control of “internet of things” devices, online shopping
Essentially a full-time listening device in your home connected to large external servers
“Living in the future” or “Creepy surveillance culture”?
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Rock ‘n’ Roll and Musical Integration
Race Records: Rhythm & Blues
1950s: Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry
Dewey Phillips attracted multi-racial audience for Red, Hot & Blue radio show
1950s and 1960s: Motown & girl groups
Music helped to drive the civil rights movement
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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British Invasion
A ‘rougher edge’ sound from British bands
The Beatles
The Rolling Stones
The Who
Dusty Springfield
Many others
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
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Role of Producers
What does a producer do?
Rise of concept albums
Growing role of producer with disco
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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Hip-Hop Culture
MCing – rapping over recorded music
DJing – playing recorded music from multiple sources
B-boying – hip-hop dancing, often referred to as breakdancing
Graffiti art – the visual images of the culture
Hip-hop gives voice to protest movements around the world
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
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Country Music
Grew out of folk, hillbilly, and “old timey” music
Songs often relay a story about people in suburban or rural settings
Revitalized in 1980 by movie Urban Cowboy
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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Finding a Niche: Popular Radio Formats
Country 13.2%
News/talk 12.3%
Adult contemporary 8.1%
Pop contemporary hit 7.1%
Classic rock 5.9%
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
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Radio Business: Talk Radio
Political talk radio
Most political talk is conservative; Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity most popular
Shock Jocks
Howard Stern, Bubba the Love Sponge
All-sports radio
Passionate listeners who won’t change channel
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
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Public Radio
NPR founded in 1967
All Things Considered goes on the air in 1971
NPR’s Morning Edition news show has bigger audience than any of the morning TV programs
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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Public Radio
NPR’s website is key part of network’s strategy
Is no longer National Public Radio, just NPR
Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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Effects of Music on Young People
There have always been concerns about effects of lyrics on young people
Adults and young adults have different interpretations of lyrics and meanings
Hip-hop has attracted lots of controversy
Adults maintain connections with music from their youth
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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The Changing Musical Experience
Death of social music, played and performed in home for entertainment, with the invention of phonograph and the rise radio
Rise of “personal soundtrack” with Sony Walkman, then iPod and other MP3 players
Personalized media use continues with downloads, podcasts and streaming audio
Can lead to “withdrawal from social connections”
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Rise of Digital Music
LPs versus 45s
With analog recordings, quality of copies degrades with each generation
Digital recordings allow consumers to make perfect copies
CDs introduced in early 1980s, sold for premium price
Resurgence of analog/vinyl in 2010s
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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Consequences of Digital Music
Consumers “share” music over the Internet, possible violations of copyright law
Artists can use Internet to promote music directly to consumers, bypassing record labels and moving to “long tail”
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
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Radio Consolidation
Broadcast ownership largely deregulated with Telecommunications Act of 1996
Prior to 1985, could own no more than 7 AM and 7 FM stations nation-wide
After 1996, could own unlimited number of radio stations
By 2003, Clear Channel owned 1,200+ stations. As of 2014, renamed iHeartMedia, owned 862 stations
But radio economics remain difficult
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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Radio Without Radio
Audio shows no longer need radio stations to get widespread distribution
Podcasting gives both senders and receivers new opportunities for programming
What can we hear (see, watch) if we get away from legacy media?
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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Media Transformations: Working and Living in the Long Tail
Doug and Telisha Williams perform as the band Wild Ponies
Indie musicians can make a middle-class living by engaging with listeners
Kevin Kelly’s Theory of 1,000 True Fans
Digital technology puts creative media power in hands of individuals
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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New Economic Models for Music Industry
File sharing, user-generated content, and YouTube changing marketplace
But report in 2017 notes revenue from recorded music has been steadily increasing in recent years
Driving force is streaming services
Artists seeking range of options to make money
Touring, sale of merchandise, commercial endorsements, direct sales of music to consumers
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Hanson, Mass Communication: Living in a Media World, 7e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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