Question Bank for the Mid-Term Exams

GSAS222Unit02_PPT.pptx

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Chapter

The Internet & the World Wide Web: Exploring Cyberspace

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Using Information Technology, 11e

Chapter 2 Topics

UNIT 2A: The Internet & the Web

2.1 Connecting to the Internet: Narrowband, Broadband, & Access Providers

2.2 How Does the Internet Work?

2.3 The World Wide Web

UNIT 2B: The Riches & Risks of Internet Use

2.4 Email & Other Ways of Communicating over the Net

2.5 The Online Gold Mine: Telephony, Multimedia, Webcasting, Blogs, E-Commerce, & Social Networking

2.6 The Intrusive Internet: Snooping, Spamming, Spoofing, Phishing, Pharming, Cookies, & Spyware

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UNIT 2A: The Internet & the Web

The Internet began in 1969 as ARPANET.

The Internet was text-only. In the early 1990s, multimedia became available on the Internet, and the World Wide Web (web) was born.

This is the first image uploaded to the web, in 1992.

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To connect to the Internet you need

1. An access device (computer with modem)

2. A means of connection (phone line, cable hookup, or wireless)

3. An Internet access provider

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2.1 Connecting to the Internet

Narrowband, Broadband,

& Access Providers

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However you connect to the Internet, the bandwidth will determine the speed of your connection.

Bandwidth: Expresses how much data can be sent through a communications channel in a given amount of time.

Baseband: Slow type of connection that allows only one signal to be transmitted at a time.

Broadband: High-speed connections.

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Physical connection to Internet—wired or wireless?

Telephone [dial-up] modem

High-speed phone line—DSL, T1/T3

Cable modem

Wireless—satellite and other through-the-air links

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Data Transmission Speeds

Originally measured in bits per second (bps)

8 bits are needed to send one character, such as A or a

Kbps connections send 1 thousand bits per second

Mbps connections send 1 million bits per second

Gbps connections send 1 billion bits per second

Uploading & Downloading

Upload—transmit data from local to remote computer

Download—transmit data from remote to local computer

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Narrowband (Dial-Up Modem): Low speed but inexpensive

Telephone line = narrowband, or low bandwidth, low speed

Dial-up connection—use of telephone modem to connect to Internet (used mostly in rural areas on POTS, or plain old telephone system)

Telephone Modems

Can be either internal or external

Maximum speed of 56 Kbps

Most ISPs offer local access numbers

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Telephone (Dial-Up) Modem

Panel 2.3

Page 55

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High-Speed Phone Lines

More expensive but available in cities & most towns

DSL line

Uses regular phone lines, DSL modem

Receives data at 7 ̶ 105Mbps; sends at about 384 Kbps – 1 Mbps

Is always on

Need to live no farther than 4.5 miles from phone company switching office

Not always available in rural areas

T1 line—very expensive

Traditional trunk line, fiber optic or copper; carries 24 normal telephone circuits

Transmission rate of 1.5 ̶ 6 Mbps (T3 = 6 – 47 Mbps)

The “last mile” can still be a problem

Generally used by large organizations

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High-Speed Phone Lines

Cable modem

TV cable system with Internet connection; company usually supplies cable modem

Is always on

Receives data at up to

100 Mbps; sends at

about 2-8 Mbps

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Basic DSL/Cable-PC system

Panel 2.4

Page 57

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Satellite Wireless Connections

Transmits data between satellite dish

and satellite orbiting earth

Connection is always on

Requires Internet access provider with 2-way

satellite transmission

User needs to buy or lease satellite dish and

modem and have them connected

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Other Wireless: Wi-Fi, 3G, & 4G

Wi-Fi—stands for “wireless fidelity”

Name for a set of wireless standards (802.11) set by IEEE

Transmits data wirelessly up to 54 Mbps for 300 – 500 feet from access point (hotspot)

Typically used with laptops and tablets that have Wi-Fi hardware

3G = “third generation”; uses existing cellphone system; handles voice, email, multimedia

4G = “fourth generation”; faster than 3G; built specifically for Internet traffic – but not standard yet

Both 3G and 4G used mostly in smartphones

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Internet Access Providers (ISPs)

ISP: Local, regional, or national organization that provides access to the Internet for a fee — e.g., Comcast, Charter, AT&T.

Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP) — e.g., AT&T, T-Mobile, Verizon Wireless, Sprint, Credo

Enables wireless-equipped laptop/tablet and smartphone users to access Internet

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2.2 How Does the Internet Work?

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The Internet is basically a huge network that connects hundreds of thousands of smaller networks.

Central to this arrangement are client/server networks

Client: computer requesting data or services

Server or host computer: central computer supplying data or services requested of it

Client

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Point of Presence (POP)

A collection of modems and other equipment in a local area

A local gateway (access) to an ISP’s network

ISP connects to an IXP

Internet Exchange Point (IXP)

A routing computer at a point on the Internet where several connections come together

IXPs are run by private companies

Allow different ISPs to exchange Internet traffic

(continued)

Internet Connections: POP & IXPs

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Internet Backbone

High-speed, high-capacity data transmission lines, usually

fiber optic

Uses the newest technology

Providers include AT&T, Sprint, Verizon, CenturyLink, and

Deutsche Telekom

Internet 2

Cooperative university/business education and research project

Adds new “toll lanes” to older Internet to speed things up

Advances videoconferencing, research, collaboration

Internet Connections: Backbone, & Internet2

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Panel 2.5

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How the Internet works

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Internet Communications: Protocols, Packets, & IP Addresses

Handshaking & Authentication: Connecting to your ISP’s point of presence (POP)

Handshaking—fastest transmission speed established

Authentication—correct password & user name

Protocols

The set of rules a computer follows to electronically transmit data.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the Internet protocol

Developed in 1978 by ARPA; used for all Internet transactions

Packets

Fixed-length blocks of data for transmission, determined by TCP/IP

Data transmissions are broken up into packets and re-assembled at destination (the IP—Internet Protocol— address)

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Every device connected to the Internet has an address

Each IP address uniquely identifies that device

The address is four sets of numbers separated by periods (e.g., 1.160.10.240)

Each number is between 0 and 255

Dynamic IP addresses change with every use; individual computer users are assigned static IP addresses when they log on

Static IP addresses don’t change (established organizations – including ISPs – and companies have static IP addresses, which they pay for)

IP (Internet Protocol) Addresses

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Who Runs the Internet?

Basically, no one owns the Internet

The board of trustees of the Internet Society (ISOC) oversees the standards

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) regulates domain names (such as .com, edu., .net) that overlie IP addresses; ICANN does not control content

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2.3 The World Wide Web

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The Face of the Web: Browsers, Websites, & Web Pages

The World Wide Web brought multimedia to the Internet.

The web and the Internet are not the same; the web is multimedia-based, and the Internet is not. The Internet is the infrastructure that supports the web.

A browser is software that gets you to websites and their individual web pages and displays the content in such a way that the content appears mostly the same regardless of the computer, operating system, and display monitor.

Examples = Internet Explorer

Mozilla FireFox

Apple Macintosh’s Safari

Google’s Chrome

Microsoft’s Bing

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Website

The location on a particular computer (server) that has a unique address; example = www.barnesandnoble.com, www.mcgraw-hill.com

The website (server) could be anywhere — not necessarily at company headquarters

Web Page

A document on the web that can include text, pictures, sound, and video

The first page on a website is the Home page

The Home page contains links to other pages on the website (and often other websites)

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Uniform Resource Locator (URL): address for a web page

A character string that points to a specific piece of information anywhere on the web

A website’s unique address

It consists of

The web protocol, http://

The domain name of the web server

The directory name or folder on that server

The file within the directory, including optional extension

How the Browser Finds Thing: URLs

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TCP/IP— As explained (p. 60), general Internet Protocol

HTTP—Protocol Used to Access World Wide Web

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

The “markup” language used in writing and publishing web pages

Set of instructions used to specify document structure, formatting,

and links to other documents on the web

Hypertext links connect one web document to another

The Nuts & Bolts of the Web: HTML & Hyperlinks

Tim Berners-Lee saw the possibility of using hyperlinks to link any information to any other information over the Internet.

hypertext link

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Web browsers interpret HTML and allow you to move around the Internet and the web

Come preinstalled on most PCs, but you can download others

5 basic elements

URL (address)bar

Menu bar

Toolbar

Workspace

Status bar

(displays current status of the

web age; 100% = fully loaded)

Using Your Browser to Get around the Web

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Browser’s Home Page

The page you see when you open your web browser

You can change the Home Page on your browser

Back, Forward, Home

Use the browser’s icons to move from one page to another (these icons can appear on different bars in different browsers)

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Navigation

History List

A list of websites you visited since you opened up your browser for this session

Allows you to easily return to a particular site

Bookmark

Allows you to store the URL from a site on your computer so you can find it again in another browser session

To save the URL for a site, click on “Favorites” in Internet Explorer, “Bookmarks” in Mozilla Firefox, or the star icon in the URL address bar in Chrome

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Interactivity with a web page

Click on hyperlinks to transfer to another page

Click on a radio button to choose an option

Type text in a text box

and then hit Enter

Click on scroll arrows to move up and down,

or side to side, on a page

Click on different frames

(separate controllable

sections of a web page)

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Web portals: Starting points for finding information

A portal is gateway website that offers a broad array of resources and services, online shopping malls, email support, community forums, stock quotes, travel info, and links to other categories

Examples: Yahoo!, Google, Bing, Lycos, and AOL

Most require you to log in, so you can

Check the Home page for general information

Use the subject guide to find a topic you want

Use a keyword to search for a topic

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Search Services & Search Engines

Organizations that maintain databases accessible through websites to help you find information on the internet

Examples: portals like Yahoo! and Bing, plus Google, Ask.com, Gigablast

Search services maintain search engines—programs that users can use to ask questions or use keywords to find information

Databases of search engines are compiled using software programs called spiders (crawler, bots, agents)

Spiders crawl through the World Wide Web

Follow links from one page to another

Index the words on that site

A search never covers the entire web

Search engines differ in what they cover

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1. Individual Search Engines

Compile their own searchable databases on the web

You search by typing keywords and receiving “hits”

Examples are Ask, Bing, Google, and Yahoo!

2. Subject Directories

Created and maintained by human editors, not electronic spiders

Allow you to search for information by selecting lists of categories or topics

Example sites are Beaucoup!, LookSmart, Open Directory Project, and Yahoo! Directory

(continued)

Four Web Search Tools

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3. Metasearch Engines

Allows you to search several search engines simultaneously

Examples are Yippy!, Dogpile, Mamma, MetaCrawler, and Webcrawler

4. Specialized Search Engines

Help locate specialized subject matter, such as info on movies, health, jobs

Examples are Career.com. WebMD, Expedia, U.S. Census Bureau

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Smart Searching: Three General Strategies

If you’re just browsing . . .

Try a subject directory

Next try a metasearch engine

If you’re looking for specific information . . .

Try a Answers.com “one-click” search

Or go to a general search engine, then a specialized one

If you’re looking for everything on a subject . . .

Try the same search on several search engines

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Wikis & Wikipedia

A wiki is a simple piece of software that can be downloaded for free and used to make a website (also called a wiki) that can be corrected or added to by anyone.

Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia that anyone around the world can contribute to or edit. It has more than 25 million articles in more than 285 languages; over 4.1 million articles appear in the English Wikipedia alone. However, Wikipedia is not considered reliable or authoritative by many academics and librarians.

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Still images—e.g., Google Image Search, Bing Images, Fagan Finder

Audio—e.g., Yahoo! Music, Lycos MP3 Search

Video—e.g., AlltheWeb, AOL.video

Scholarly—e.g., Google Scholar

Multimedia Search Tools

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Tags: Do-it-yourself labels that people can put on anything found on the Internet, from articles to photos to videos, that help them to find their favorite sites again and to link them.

Can be shared easily with other people

Tags are commonly used on blogs and YouTube – word listed at the bottom. Essentially tags are keywords used to classify content. (The # is a hash symbol; thus the Twitter term hashtag. )

Tag managing is available through delicious.com and BlinkList, among other companies.

Tagging

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UNIT 2B: The Riches & Risks of Internet Use

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2.4 Email, Instant Messaging, & Other Ways of Communicating over the Net

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Outgoing mail: sent from your computer to a Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) server run by your ISP

Incoming mail: Email sent to your computer: uses Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3)

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Two ways to send & receive email:

1. Email Program

Enables you to send email by running email software on your computer that interacts with an email server at your Internet access provider

Incoming mail is stored on the server in an electronic mailbox

Upon access (your ID and password), mail is sent to your software’s inbox

Examples: Microsoft Outlook, Apple Mail

2. Web-Based Email

You send and receive messages by interacting via a browser with a website

Advantage: You can easily send and receive messages while traveling, using any computer or equipped mobile device

Examples: Yahoo! Mail and Gmail (Google)

Disadvantages are ads and email hacking

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Using email

Get an email address from your ISP, following this format:

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Tips for Using Email

1. Use the address-book feature to

store email addresses

2. Use folders to organize email

3. Be careful with attachments

4. Be aware of email netiquette

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Email Attachments

A copy of a file or document that you send attached to an email to one or more people

Recipients must have compatible software to open the attachment; for example, if they don’t have Excel, they probably can’t read the spreadsheet you sent them.

Be careful about opening attachments:

Many viruses hide in them; scan them with antivirus software

Know who has sent the attachment before you open it

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Netiquette: Appropriate Online Behavior

Don’t waste people’s time.

Don’t write anything that you would not say to a person’s face.

Include helpful subject and signature lines.

Be clear and concise.

Avoid spelling and grammatical errors.

Avoid SHOUTING and flaming.

Also:

Be careful with jokes.

Avoid sloppiness, but avoid criticizing other’s sloppiness.

Don’t send huge file attachments unless requested.

When replying, quote only the relevant portion.

Don’t overforward (don’t copy emails to everyone you know).

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Instant Messaging

Instant messaging enables you to communicate by email with

specified other users (“buddies”) in real time.

Any user on a given email system can send a message and have it pop up instantly on the screen of anyone logged into that system.

To get IM: Download IM software from a supplier

Examples: AOL/AIM, Google Chat, Windows Messenger, Yahoo! Messenger

Done on computers; is not the same as texting.

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Discussion Groups

Mailing Lists:

One-way (to make announcements) or two-way (for discussions) email subscription lists

Email discussion groups on special-interest topics, in which all subscribers receive email messages sent to the group’s email address

Newsgroups:

Giant electronic bulletin board for written discussions about specific subjects

To participate you need a newsreader program

Message Boards:

Special-interest discussion groups without newsreaders

Accessed through a web browser

A collection of messages on a particular topic is called a thread

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FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

Software standard for transferring large files between computers, including those with different operating systems

You can also transfer files from an FTP site on the Internet to your PC

FTP sites offer many free files

FTP sites may be either public or proprietary

You can download using your web browser or FTP client programs, such as Fetch, Cute, FileZilla, and SmartFTP

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2.5 The Online Gold Mine

Telephony, Multimedia, Webcasting, Blogs, E-Commerce, & Social Networking

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Telephony: The Internet Telephone

Uses the Internet to make phone calls via VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)

Long-distance calls are either very inexpensive or free

With no PC, dial a special phone number to packetize your call for a standard telephone

Use with a PC that has a sound card, microphone, Internet connection with modem & ISP, and internet telephone software such as Skype and Vonage

Also allows videoconferencing

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Multimedia on the Web

Allows you to get images, sound, video, and animation

May require a plug-in, player, or viewer

A downloadable program that adds a specific feature to a browser so it can view certain files

Examples: Flash, RealPlayer, QuickTime

Multimedia Applets

Small programs that can be quickly downloaded and run by most browsers

Java is the most common Applet language

Text & Images: great variety available

Example: Google Earth

(continued)

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Animation

The rapid sequencing of still images to create the appearance of motion

Used in video games and web images that seem to move, such as banners

Video & Audio

Downloaded completely before the file can be played, or

Downloaded as streaming video/audio

Examples: RealVideo and RealAudio

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The Web Automatically Comes to You

Push technology: Software that automatically downloads information to personal computers.

Webcasting: Sending users customized text, video, audio on regular basis.

RSS newsreaders (RSS aggregators): Programs that scour the web, sometimes hourly, sometimes more frequently, and pull together in one place “feeds” from several websites. RSS is based on XML, or extensible markup language, a web-document tagging and formatting language that is an advance over HTML and that two computers can use to exchange information.

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XML and RSS have led to blogs and blogosphere.

Blogs (weblogs) are frequently updated sites on the web intended for public consumption that contain a writer’s observations, opinions, images, and links to other websites.

Podcasting: Internet radio or similar Internet audio program delivered via RSS feed to a subscriber to be played back on computer or digital audio device.

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E-Commerce: B2B, B2C, & C2C

E-Commerce (electronic commerce): conducting business activities online

E-commerce has led to showrooming, the phenomenon in which shoppers browse for products in stores, only to buy them from an online rival, frequently at a lower price.

B2B is business-to-business e-commerce.

Business-to-consumer commerce, or B2C, is the electronic sale or exchange of goods and services from the companies directly to the public, or end users (e.g., online banking, online shopping, online stock trading).

Consumer-to-consumer commerce, or C2C, is the electronic sale or exchange of goods and services between individuals (e.g., auctions).

Discussion Question: Have you every sold anything on eBay? Used PayPal? Did you have any problems? What would you warn people about?

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Web 2.0: The Social Web

Web 2.0 refers to the web viewed as a medium in which interactive experience, in the form of blogs, wikis, forums, social networking, and so on, plays a more important role than simply accessing information.

The move toward a more social, collaborative, interactive, and responsive web; has led to the “social web,” giving rise to:

Social networking sites: Online communities that allow members to keep track of friends and share photos, videos, music, stories, and ideas (e.g., Facebook, LinkedIn).

Media-sharing sites: Online social networks in which members share media such as photos, videos, music, ideas (e.g., YouTube, Flicker, Shutterfly).

Social-network aggregators: Collect content from all of a user’s various social network profiles into one place, then allow him or her to track friends and share other social network activities (e.g., Mugshot, Readr).

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In Web 3.0, information will be computer-generated with less human interaction required to discover and integrate that information.

Two ideas might form the basis for Web 3.0— semantic markup and a personal browser.

Semantic markup: Data interchange formats that will allow machines to understand the meaning—or “semantics”—of information on the web.

The Web 3.0 browser will probably act as a personal assistant because every user will have a unique Internet profile based on his or her browsing history. The more you use the Web, the more your browser learns about you and the less specific you'll need to be with your questions.

Web 3.0: Computer-Generated Information

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2.6 The Intrusive Internet

Snooping, Spamming, Spoofing, Phishing, Pharming, Cookies, Spyware, & Malware

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Snooping

Email is not private

Corporate management has the

right to view employees’ email.

Friends can send email anywhere.

Not all ISPs protect their customers’ privacy.

Deleted emails can be retrieved from a hard disk.

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Spam: Electronic Junk Mail

Unsolicited email that takes up your time.

Delete it without opening the message.

Never reply to a spam message.

Do not click on “unsubscribe” at the bottom of an email.

When you sign up for something, don’t give your email address.

Use spam filters.

Fight back by reporting new spammers to www.abuse.net or www.spamhaus.org.

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Spoofing

Using fake email sender names so the message appears to be from a

different source, so you will trust it.

If you don’t know the sender, don’t open it.

Phishing

Sending forged email directing recipient to fake website.

Purpose: to entice people to share personal or financial data.

Fake website looks like real website, such as a bank’s.

Pharming

Implanting malicious software on a victim’s computer that redirects the user to an impostor web page even when the individual types the correct address into his or her browser.

Use websites with URLs that begin with “https://

Some spyware removal programs can correct the corruption.

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Phishing examples

"YOUR NET ID ACCOUNT" Phishing Scam (3/31/2013)

https://wiki.library.ucsb.edu/display/SYSPUB/Latest+Phishing+Attempts

Phishing Examples

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Little text files left on your hard disk by some websites you visit.

Can include your log-in name, password, browser preferences, and credit card information.

Every time you load a particular website, the browser sends the cookie back to the server to notify the website of your previous activity.

Can make visiting these websites next time more convenient and faster.

But cookies can be used to gather information about you and your browsing habits and history; this information can be used without your consent.

A first-party cookie is a cookie from a website that you have visited. Third-party cookies are placed by trusted partners of the websites you visit. (Third-party cookies are frequently placed by ad networks.)

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Spyware is software surreptitiously installed on your computer via the web.

Spyware hides on your PC/device and captures information about what is on the it, such as keystrokes and passwords

Spyware : Adware, Browser & Search Hijackers, & Key Loggers

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Adware, or pop-up generator, is a kind of spyware that tracks web surfing or online buying so that marketers can send you targeted and unsolicited pop-up and other ads.

Browser hijackers change settings in your browser without your knowledge, often changing your browser’s home page and replacing it with another web page.

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Search hijackers intercept your legitimate search requests made to real search engines and return results from phony search services designed to send you to sites they run.

Key loggers, or keystroke loggers, can record each character you type and transmit that information to someone else on the Internet, making it possible for strangers to learn your passwords and other information.

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Malware

There are many forms of malicious software—so-called malware—that can harm a computer system, a common danger being viruses.

A virus is a rogue program that migrates through the Internet or via operating systems and attaches itself to different programs that spread from one computer to another, leaving infections.

The principal defense is to install antivirus software, which scans a computer to detect viruses and, sometimes, to destroy them.

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How to Reduce Malware Risks

Download virus protection software, such as McAfee VirusScan ( www.mcafee.com ) or Norton AntiVirus ( www.symantec.com/nav ); then follow instructions for installing it on your machine. (Don’t use antivirus software from companies you know nothing about.)

Scan your entire system with antivirus software the first time it’s installed; then scan it regularly after that. Also scan any new CDs and drives before using them.

Don’t open, download, or execute any files, email messages, or email attachments if the source is unknown or if the subject line of an email is questionable or unexpected.

Delete all spam and email messages from strangers. Don’t open, forward, or reply to such messages.

Use webmail sparingly, since viruses can hide in the HTML coding of the email. Even

the simple act of previewing the message in your email program can activate the virus

and infect your computer.

Don’t start your computer with a flash drive, USB thumb drive, or CD/DVD in place.

Back up your data files regularly, and keep at least one backup device in a location separate from your computer or use an online (cloud) backup service.

If you discover you have a virus, ask McAfee or Norton to scan your computer online; then follow its directions for cleaning or deleting the virus. (A computer tech person can do this, too.)

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Passwords

Never choose a real word or variations of your or your family’s name, address, phone number, Social Security number, license plate, or birth date.

Don’t use passwords that can be easily guessed, such as “12345” or “password.”

Avoid any word that appears in a dictionary. Instead, mix letters, numbers, and punctuation marks in an oddball sequence of no fewer than eight characters, such as 2b/orNOT2b% and Alfred!E!Newman7. Or choose a password that is memorable but shift the position of your fingers on the keyboard, so that, for instance, TIMBERWOLVES becomes YO,NRTEP;BRD when you move your fingers one position right. For sensitive sites, such as financial accounts, create long passwords, such as 15-character passwords.

Don’t use the same password for multiple sites, so that if someone obtains the password to one account, that person won’t have access to your entire online life.

Don’t write passwords on sticky notes or in a notebook or tape them under your keyboard. Don’t carry the passwords in your wallet. If you have to write down all your passwords, find a safe place to put the paper, or use a software password manager, such as Kaspersky Password Manager, RoboForm Everywhere, or Last Pass Premium.

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