SF Earthquake

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GSA Reference Guidelines and Examples

 In the References Cited section, list all references mentioned in the text, figures, captions, tables, and appendices.

List references mentioned in the Data Repository as well, unless the DR item has its own reference section.

 Do not cite papers that are unpublished, in preparation, submitted, in review, or in revision. If a reference has not

been formally accepted, cite it as a personal communication along with the year of communication.

 Citations of sources from pre-print servers: GSA does not consider manuscripts that have not been formally accepted

as equivalent to scientific advances published within the peer-reviewed literature. As such, GSA discourages the

citation of such works. Final decisions on allowable citations are in the purview of the editors.

 In the References Cited section, list references alphabetically by author’s surname. For references with two authors,

list alphabetically by first author and then alphabetically by second author. For references with more than two

authors, list alphabetically by first author and then chronologically, earliest year first.

 For references with more than 10 authors, shorten the author list to the first author’s name plus “et al.” If author list

includes co-chief scientists, please include all of their names, with the rest of the author names shortened to “et al.”

See example in the “Book” section below.

 Spell out journal titles and book publishers. Include the city of publication for books.

 Include DOI numbers when available.

 For website citations, include the month and year the site was accessed in parentheses at the end of the reference.

 For translated works, please see the Varnavskiy et al., 1995, example in the “Journal Article” section below.

 For references that do not match any of the examples given here, include all information that would help a reader

locate the reference.

Abstract

Fitzgerald, P.G., 1989, Uplift and formation of

Transantarctic Mountains: Applications of apatite fission

track analysis to tectonic problems: International

Geological Congress, 28th, Washington, D.C., Abstracts,

v. 1, p. 491.

LeMasurier, W.E., and Landis, C.A., 1991, Plume related uplift

measured by fault displacement of the West Antarctic

erosion surface, Marie Byrd Land [abs.]: Eos (Transactions,

American Geophysical Union), v. 72, p. 501. [Previous

format for AGU abstracts. See Reusch et al., 2013, for new

format.]

McKinnon, W.B., and Schenk, P.M., 2000, Chaos on Io: A

model for formation of mountain blocks by crustal heating,

melting, and tilting: Houston, Texas, Lunar and Planetary

Institute, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI, CD-ROM,

abstract 2079.

Reusch, D.B., Karmosky, C.C., Lampkin, D.J., and Schneider,

D.P., 2013, Will a warmer west Antarctic also bring a

wetter ice sheet?: Abstract C21E-07 presented at 2013 Fall

Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, California, 9–13 December.

Sears, J.W., 2012, Making Nuna and breaking Rodinia:

Implications of Siberia-Laurentia connections for

supercontinent cycles: Geological Society of

America Abstracts with Programs, v. 44, no. 7, p.

378.

[Note: Beginning with volume 21 (1989), Geological Society

of America Abstracts with Programs started numbering the

pages of each Section Meeting book and the Annual Meeting

book separately (not sequentially). Therefore, issue numbers

should be included starting with volume 21 but can be

skipped for years before that.]

Book

Allmendinger, R.W., Cardozo, N., and Fisher, D., 2011, Structural

Geology Algorithms: Vectors and Tensors in Structural

Geology: New York, Cambridge University Press, 304 p.

Burchfiel, B.C., Chen Zhiliang, Hodges, K.V., Liu Yuping,

Royden, L.H., Deng Changrong, and Xu Jiene, 1992, The South

Tibetan Detachment System, Himalayan Orogen: Extension

Contemporaneous with and Parallel to Shortening in a

Collisional Mountain Belt: Geological Society of America

Special Paper 269, 41 p.

Coffin, M.F., Frey, F.A., Wallace, P.J., et al., 2000, Proceedings of

the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial reports, Volume 183:

College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, CD-ROM.

[Instance above is an exception to GSA style. Include names of

co-chief scientists; additional names may be substituted with

“et al.”]

Hatcher, R.D., Jr., Carlson, M.P., McBride, J.H., and Martínez

Catalán, J.R., eds., 2007, 4-D Framework of Continental Crust:

Geological Society of America Memoir 200, 632 p.

Vogt, P., and Tucholke, B., eds., 1986, The Western North

Atlantic Region: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of

America, Geology of North America, v. M, 696 p., 11 pl.

Chapter in a Book/Paper in a Multiauthor Volume

Elburg, M.A., Smet, I., and De Pelsmaeker, E., 2014, Influence of

source materials and fractionating assemblage on magmatism

along the Aegean Arc, and implications for crustal growth, in

Gómez-Tuena, A., Straub, S.M., and Zellmer, G.F., eds.,

Orogenic Andesites and Crustal Growth: Geological Society,

London, Special Publication 385, p. 137–160,

doi:10.1144/SP385.1.

Sawyer, D.S., Buffler, R.T., and Pilger, R.H., 1991, The crust

under the Gulf of Mexico basin, in Salvador, A., ed., The Gulf

of Mexico Basin: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of

America, Geology of North America, v. J, p. 53–72.

Shipboard Scientific Party, 1987, Site 612, in Poag, C.W., Watts,

A.B., et al., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project,

Volume 95: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing

Office, p. 31–153.

Taylor, J.C.M., 1990, Upper Permian—Zechstein, in Glennie,

K.W., ed., Introduction to the Petroleum Geology of the North

Sea (third edition): Oxford, UK, Blackwell, p. 153–190.

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Comment, Discussion, Reply

Retallack, G.J., 1993, Classification of paleosols: Discussion:

Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 105, p. 1635–

1636, doi:10.1130/0016-

7606(1993)105<1635:COPDAR>2.3.CO;2.

Retallack, G.J., 2014, How well do fossil assemblages of the

Ediacara Biota tell time?: Comment: Geology, v. 42, p.

e332, doi:10.1130/G34781C.1. [Modern example with e

page number.]

Saltzman, M.R., 2001, Earliest Carboniferous cooling step

triggered by the Antler orogeny?: Reply: Geology, v. 29, p.

93, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0093:R>2.0.CO;2.

Computer Program

Lahr, J.C., 1999, HYPOELLIPSE: A computer program for

determining local earthquake hypocentral parameters,

magnitude, and first-motion pattern: U.S. Geological

Survey Open-File Report 99-23.

Lindquist, W.B., Lee, S.M., Oh, W., Venkatarangan, A.B.,

Shin, H., and Prodanovic, M., 2005, 3DMA-Rock: A

software package for automated analysis of rock pore

structure in 3-D computed microtomography images:

Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, State

University of New York, Stony Brook,

http://www.ams.sunysb.edu/~lindquis/3dma/3dma_rock/3d

ma

_rock.html.

Database

Schweitzer, P.N., 1993, Modern average global sea-surface

temperature: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series

DDS- 10.

U.S. Geological Survey, 2006, Quaternary fault and fold

database for the United States:

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/qfaults/ (accessed June

2012).

Wentworth, C.M., Fisher, G.R., Levine, P., and Jachens, R.C.,

1995, revised 2007, The surface of crystalline basement,

Great Valley and Sierra Nevada, California: A digital map

database:

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-96, v. 1.1, 18

p. and database (available at

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/96/).

Guidebook

Aslan, A., Karlstrom, K.E., Crossey, L.J., Kelley, S., Cole, R.,

Lazear, G., and Darling, A., 2010, Late Cenozoic evolution

of the Colorado Rockies: Evidence for Neogene uplift and

drainage integration, in Morgan, L.A., and Quane, S.L.,

eds., Through the Generations: Geologic and Anthropogenic

Field Excursions in the Rocky Mountains from Modern to

Ancient: Geological Society of America Field Guide 18, p.

21–54, doi:10.1130/2010.0018(02).

Barton, C.C., and Hsieh, P.A., 1989, Physical and

hydrologic- flow properties of fractures, in International

Geological Congress, 28th, Field Trip Guidebook T385:

Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, 36 p.

Blackstone, D.L., Jr., 1990, Rocky Mountain foreland

exemplified by the Owl Creek Mountains, Bridger Range and

Casper Arch, central Wyoming, in Specht, R., ed., Wyoming

Sedimentation and Tectonics: Wyoming Geological

Association, 41st Annual Field Conference, Guidebook, p.

151–166.

In Press [Manuscript has been formally accepted, but not

published.]

Thomson, O.A., Cavosie, A.J., Moser, D.E., Barker, I., Radovan,

H.A., and French, B.M., 2014, Preservation of detrital shocked

minerals derived from the 1.85 Ga Sudbury impact structure in

modern alluvium and Holocene glacial deposits: Geological

Society of America Bulletin, doi:10.1130/B30958.1 (in press).

[Include DOI number if available.]

Journal Article

Arias, O., and Denyer, P., 1991, Estructura geológica de la región

comprendida en las hojas topográficas Abras, Caraigres,

Candelaria y Río Grande, Costa Rica: Revista Geológica de

América Central, no. 12, p. 61–74.

Balco, G., Stone, J.O., and Mason, J.A., 2005, Numerical ages for

Plio-Pleistocene glacial sediment sequences by 26Al/10Be dating

of quartz in buried paleosols: Earth and Planetary Science

Letters, v. 232, p. 179–191, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.12.013.

Brown, J.R., Beroza, G.C., Ide, S., Ohta, K., and Shelly, D.R.,

2009, Deep low-frequency earthquakes in tremor localize to

the plate interface in multiple subduction zones: Geophysical

Research Letters, v. 36, L19306, doi:10.1029/2009GL040027.

Coogan, L.A., and Hinton, R.W., 2006, Do the trace element

compositions of detrital zircons require Hadean continental

crust?: Geology, v. 34, p. 633–636, doi:10.1130/G22737.1.

Newell, A.J., Sennikov, A.G., Benton, M.J., Molostovskaya, I.I.,

Golubev, V.K., Minikh, A.V., and Minikh, M.G., 2010,

Disruption of playa–lacustrine depositional systems at the

Permo-Triassic boundary: Evidence from Vyazniki and

Gorokhovets on the Russian Platform: Journal of the

Geological Society, v. 167, p. 695–716, doi:10.1144/0016-

76492009-103.

Varnavskiy, V.G., Kirillova, G.L., Krapiventseva, V.V., and

Kuznetsov, V.Y., 1995, Deltaic complexes of the sedimentary

basins (far northeast) [translated from Litologo-

petrofizicheskiye kriterii neftegazonosnosti: Moscow, Nauka,

1990, p. 127–137]: Petroleum Geology, v. 29, p. 54–66.

Walter, L.M., Bischof, S.A., Patterson, W.P., and Lyons, T.L.,

1993, Dissolution and recrystallization in modern shelf

carbonates: Evidence from pore water and solid phase

chemistry: Royal Society of London Philosophical

Transactions, ser. A, v. 344, p. 27–36.

Map

Bayley, R.W., and Muehlberger, W.R., compilers, 1968,

Basement rock map of the United States, exclusive of Alaska

and Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey, scale 1:2,500,000, 2

sheets.

Bedford, D.R., Miller, D.M., and Phelps, G.A., 2010, Surficial

geologic map of the Amboy 30′ × 60′ quadrangle, San

Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey

Scientific Investigations Map 1309, scale 1:100,000.

Ernst, W.G., 1993, Geology of the Pacheco Pass quadrangle,

central California Coast Ranges: Geological Society of

America Map and Chart Series MCH078, scale 1:24,000, 1

sheet, 12 p. text.

Guth, A., 2014, Maps of the Southern Kenya Rift: Geological

Society of America Digital Maps and Charts Series

DMCH016, 6 PDFs, http://www.geosociety.org/maps/2014-

DMCH016/.

Long, S.P., Henry, C.D., Muntean, J.H., Edmondo, G.P., and

Thomas, R.D., 2012, Preliminary geologic map of the southern

Eureka mining district, Eureka and White Pine Counties,

Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File

Report 12-6, scale 1:24,000.

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Online PDF

Bureau of Land Management, 2010, Plan amendment/final

EIS for the Genesis Solar Energy Project, Vol 1:

http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/nepapub/nepa_documents

/Re dDont/EIS-0455-FEIS-01-2010.pdf (accessed March

2014).

Open-File Report

Choquette, A.F., 2014, Pesticides and nitrate in groundwater

underlying citrus croplands, Lake Wales Ridge, central

Florida, 1999–2005: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File

Report 2013-1271, 35 p.,

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1271/pdf/of2013-1271.pdf.

Lotspeich, R.R., 2007, The quality of water and bottom

material in Lunga Reservoir, Virginia, September 2004

through August 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File

Report 2007-1053, 52 p.

Wilson, A.B., 2001, Compilation of various geologic time

scales:

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-0052,

http://greenwood.cr.usgs.gov/pub/open-file-reports/ofr-01-

0052/ (accessed July 2001).

Paper in a Government or University Serial Publication

Hay, R.L., 1963, Stratigraphy and zeolitic diagenesis of the John

Day Formation of Oregon: University of California

Publications in Geological Sciences, v. 42, p. 199–262.

Smith, D.C., Fox, C., Craig, B., and Bridges, A.E., 1989, A

contribution to the earthquake history of Maine, in Anderson,

W.A., and Borns, H.W., Jr., eds., Neotectonics of Maine:

Maine Geological Survey Bulletin 40, p. 139–148.

Willingham, C.R., Rietman, J.D., Heck, R.G., and Lettis, W.R.,

2013, Characterization of the Hosgri Fault Zone and adjacent

structures in the offshore Santa Maria Basin, south-central

California: Chapter CC of Evolution of Sedimentary

Basins/Onshore Oil and Gas Investigations–Santa Maria

Province: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1995-CC, 105 p.,

http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1995/cc/pdf/bul1995cc.pdf.

Yager, R.M., 1993, Estimation of hydraulic conductivity of a

riverbed and aquifer system on the Susquehanna River in

Broome County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-

Supply Paper 2387, 49 p.

Proceedings from a Symposium or Conference

[Include year of conference if it differs from publication year.]

Baar, C., 1972, Creep measured in deep potash mines vs.

theoretical predictions, in Proceedings, Canadian Rock

Mechanics Symposium, 7th, Edmonton: Ottawa, Canada

Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, p. 23–77.

MacLeod, N.S., Walker, G.W., and McKee, E.H., 1976,

Geothermal significance of eastward increase in age of upper

Cenozoic rhyolitic domes in southeastern Oregon, in

Proceedings, Second United Nations Symposium on the

Development and Use of Geothermal Resources, San Francisco,

May 1975, Volume 1: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government

Printing Office (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of

California), p. 465–474.

Wang, Y., Forsyth, D.W., Rau, C.J., Carriero, N., Schmandt, B.,

Gaherty, J.B., and Savage, B., 2013, Fossil slabs attached to

unsubducted fragments of the Farallon plate: Proceedings of

the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of

America, v. 110, no. 14, p. 5342–5346,

doi:10.1073/pnas.1214880110.

Thesis

Wopat, M.A., 1990, Quaternary alkaline volcanism and tectonics

in the Mexican Volcanic Belt near Tequila, Jalisco,

southwestern Mexico [Ph.D. thesis]: Berkeley, University of

California, 277 p.

Website

MARGINS, 1999, The Seismogenic Zone Experiment (SEIZE):

Science plan:

http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/margins/SEIZE_sci_plan html

(accessed July 2001).

Johnson, A.B., 2001, Raw data for relay stations AB1–AB15 in

the Mojave Desert: http://www.seismo.berkeley.edu/mojave

(accessed December 2001).

[Websites should only appear in References Cited section when

referring to published entities offered on a website, including

articles, books, blogs, etc. When citing an entire website or

referring to general content on the site, mention the title of the site

in the main text of the paper with the web address appearing in

parentheses beside the title. It would not need to appear in the

References Cited section.]