final paper

Chapter 3 Group Paper

Part 1:

· Hospitals:

Hospitals provide all the medical attention that is needed. there are some hospitals that specialize in certain areas, such as children’s health, mental health or for cancer patients. Hospitals are also crucial in the event that public problems arrive and need medical attention.

· Home and health care services: They offer healthcare services to people right in their homes. Types of people who might have in home care are chronically ill, mentally impaired, or the elderly might sometimes utilize these services.

· Insurance companies are a major stakeholder within the health industries, they often get blamed for a lot things that go wrong within the healthcare industries. This being because of a ton of uninsured people as well as underinsured people. There has also been a number of medical procedures that did not get approved for their insurance to cover the procedure.

· Professional Organizations: They also have an important role within the healthcare policy. They represent nurses, hospitals, physicians, long term care , ect. Most of the healthcare stakeholders are represented by other professionals that helps know where their role is in the healthcare industry. The AHA, AHCA, and AAHSA, are all some of the major stakeholders in this industry.

· A group of consumers is described as patients who are in need of medical services from a hospital, doctor or outpatient facility. “In some instances, healthcare providers will give care to someone who has no funding source and designate the care provided as a charitable care or bad debt”. This means that either the provider does not expect any payment from the consumer if the original attempt to charge them failed.

· Outpatient care centers can include dialysis centers, clinics and emergency rooms. “Ambulatory healthcare services include transport services, blood and organ banks, and smoking cessation programs”.

· Laboratories provide support for medical and diagnostic testing. Employees draw blood, take X-rays and do any other services that need to be done. Unfortunately, this field provides the least amount of jobs.

· Research organizations are typically government related such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). These organizations “not only provide regulatory guidance but also perform research activities to improve health care”. There are also private research organizations such as the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Pew Charitable Trusts, and the Commonwealth Fund. These are all organizations that support research with the help of grants.

· Employers consist of public and private employers. According to the text, “the healthcare industry is the largest U.S. employer”. There are several components in the healthcare industry such as ambulatory services, hospitals, and nursing facilities. Employers who are not in the healthcare industry are still considered stakeholders because many of them provide health insurance coverage to their employees.

Physicians and other healthcare practitioners:

· Physicians typically practice together to reduce administrative costs. Chiropractors, optometrists, psychologists, therapists, and alternative medicine practitioners are other healthcare practitioners. Many complementary and alternative health practitioners are typically not covered by health insurance companies. According to the NCHS, around 59 million people had expenditures for complementary health practices, which resulted in 30.2 billion dollars of total out-of-pocket expenditures.

Nursing and Residential Care Facilities

· Nursing and residential care facilities help people who need continuing care. Those facilities provide nursing, rehabilitation, and personal care to those in need.

· “There are 76,000 facilities nationwide.”

· Residential care facilities include places such as drug rehab centers, group homes, and assisted living facilities.

Government

· Because of Medicare and Medicaid, the federal and state governments hold the largest state in the US healthcare system

· As for who provides services the armed forces, the US Department of Veterans Affairs, or the VA, takes that role.

· The government is responsible for both financing health care, and it plays the public provider role.

Educational and Training Organization

· Medical schools, nursing schools, public health schools, and allied health programs play an important role in the US healthcare industry.

· They provide education and training to healthcare employees

Pharmaceutical Companies

· The pharmaceutical companies are an integral part of the healthcare systems.They provide drugs to hospitals and pharmacies

· There is an internal war between brand name drugs, and generic drugs.

· Many brand name drugs can cost the pharmaceutical companies more than 1 billion dollars to develop, that is why those brand name drugs can be very pricey

· Generic drugs must provide the same active ingredients as the brand name drugs, but the manufacturing is very different, causing them to be extremely cheaper.

Part 2:

Health is the the whole state of an individual including the mental, social, physical health.

The four indicators of health are, infant mortality rate, life expectancy, rates of disease and causes of death and disability. Infant Mortality Rate indicates how many infants die after birth. Life expectancy indicates how long an individual lives. Disease rate of obesity indicates how many people are suffering from obesity.

United States, Australia, and China comparison of Health indicators:

The life expectancy for the United States is 80 years, while Australia is 82.3 years and China is 75.7 years. This shows that people in United States live longer compared to the other two countries. Moreover, there is 5.8 deaths per 1000 live births in United States. It is larger than the number of deaths compared to Australia (4.3 death/1000 live births) and China (12 deaths/1000 live births). People suffer from obesity in United States more than Australia and China as obesity in United States is 36.2%, Australia is 29%, and China is only 6.2%.

Healthcare is defined as the maintenance and improvement of physical and mental health, especially through the provision of medical services. Indicators of healthcare are medical graduates, nursing graduates and hospital beds. In regards to medical graduates, the United states has 7.3 out of 100,000, Germany has 12.2 out of 100,000 and Ireland has the highest number of medical graduates at 20.3 out of 100,000. In the United States, there are 63 out of 100,000 nursing graduates. Korea has 97 out of 100,000, and Sweden has 40 out of 100,000. In the United States, the average amount of hospital bed per 1,000 is 2.9. In Italy, the average is 3.4 and in Poland the average is 6.6.