Reserved for Hifsa

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C h a p te r s ( h tt p s : //co l o r s t a te .g r l co n te n t .co m /we s te r n c i v p re m o d e r n /pa g e /c h a p te r s ) C h a p te r 9 : I s l a m a n d t h e L a t i n We s t I I ( h tt p s : //co l o r s t a te .g r l co n te n t .co m /we s te r n c i v p re m o d e r n /pa g e /c h9 ) C h a p te r 9 : Co n c l u s i o n ( h tt p s : //co l o r s t a te .g r l co n te n t .co m /we s te r n c i v p re m o d e r n /pa g e /c h9 p g 5 )

Conclusion

The period between the tenth and the twelfth centuries produced important changes in

the relationship among Rome’s “three heirs.” The religion of Islam, founded by

Muhammad in the seventh century, unified disparate peoples in North Africa, the

Arabian Peninsula, Asia Minor, and the Near East. During the Abbasid caliphate, Muslim

scholars combined the intellectual and cultural heritage of ancient Greece, Rome, and

Persia with their own achievements to produce a powerful legacy for future centuries,

especially in the fields of medicine, mathematics, and the natural sciences. But political

unity was more difficult to sustain: after Baghdad fell to the Mongols in 1258, leadership

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of the Muslim world passed to the Seljuk Turks and then to the Ottoman Turks

[C h a p t e r 1 0 ( / w e s t e r n c i v p r e m o d e r n /p a g e /c h 1 0 ) ]. Similarly, the Byzantine

Empire was weakened by several centuries of internal religious and political struggles—

a situation made worse by the Crusades. The Fourth Crusade, in which an army from

western Europe sacked Constantinople and then ruled it for over fifty years,

undermined the Byzantine Empire’s role as a buffer between the Islamic rulers to the

east and the kingdoms of the .

In the wake of invasions by the Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims during the ninth and

tenth centuries, feudal relations between lords and vassals provided governance at the

local level throughout much of western Europe. But feudal relationships also produced a

revival of monarchy in England, France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire. We examine

those developments, along with the economic revival and cultural achievements of the

High Middle Ages, in our next chapter.

TIMELINE Date Ran ge Event

610 Muhammad experiences revelations later recorded in the

Qur’an

622 Hijra (Muhammad travels from Mecca to Medina; start of

the Muslim calendar)

661–750 Umayyad Caliphate

750–1258 Abbasid Caliphate

910 Founding of Cluny

1037 Death of Ibn Sina (Avicenna)

1049–1054 Pope Leo IX

1095 Council of Clermont; Pope Urban II calls for the First

Crusade

1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem

L a t i n We s t ( / w e s t e r n c i v p r e m o d e r n /p a g e /c h 8 p g 2 )

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1187 Saladin recaptures Jerusalem

1198 Death of Ibn Rushd (Averroës)

1204 Fourth Crusade ends with sack of Constantinople

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