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C h a p te r s ( h tt p s : //co l o r s t a te .g r l co n te n t .co m /we s te r n c i v p re m o d e r n /pa g e /c h a p te r s ) C h a p te r 9 : I s l a m a n d t h e L a t i n We s t I I ( h tt p s : //co l o r s t a te .g r l co n te n t .co m /we s te r n c i v p re m o d e r n /pa g e /c h9 )

Chapter 9: Agriculture and Social Order GO

The First Crusade: The Fall of Jerusalem, 1099 (https: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=xvQzARhEGw0)

Chapter 9

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Islam and the Latin West II July, 1099. An army of soldiers from the Latin West has traveled

thousands of miles across land and sea to capture the city of

Jerusalem. Four years earlier, the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I

Comnenus (ruled 1081–1118) had appealed for help against the

Seljuk Turks, the leading Muslim power in the eastern

Mediterranean, because their expansion threatened the Byzantine

Empire’s eastern frontier. But Pope Urban II (ruled 1088–1099) had

transformed the emperor’s appeal into a quest to rescue Jerusalem

from Muslim control. After a lengthy siege and fierce attack, the

Franks (a collective term for all of the western Europeans) breached

the city walls and won the battle. The religious and military

enterprise known as the First Crusade (1096–1099) ended in

victory for the Franks, though their governance of Jerusalem and

other areas of the Holy Land would not go unchallenged for long.

The First Crusade thus brought

together the three “heirs of Rome”:

the Latin West, the Byzantine Empire,

and the civilization of Islam, a new

religion which began in the seventh

century. The Crusades offer an

example of warfare driven by religious

fervor and conflict, along with

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Krak des Ch evaliers Medieval Crusa der Castle in Syria. Image © Shutterstock, Inc.

political and economic motives. But as

we shall see, not all contacts among

these three groups were hostile.

During the period between the eighth and eleventh centuries, Muslim scholars made

contributions in mathematics, philosophy, and medicine that built upon the legacies of

Rome and Byzantium, and that would influence Western Civilization to the present day.

At the same time, the participation of nobles, soldiers, peasants, and clerics in the First

Crusade reflected the Latin West’s gradual recovery from the invasions of the ninth and

tenth centuries, as well as a powerful movement for religious reform. We turn now to

these developments.

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