General Phycology II
Yailin1983
GPIIModule22.pptxModule 2
Memory and Cognition
PSYC 122
General Psychology II
Objectives
At the end of the module, the student will be able to:
Argue about Bandura’s “Bobo Doll” studies.
Explain the major types of learning, the key factors in observational learning, and the cognitive-social learning theory and its application.
Discuss the principles and applications of classical conditioning and operant conditioning and the contribution of Pavlov and Watson to classical conditioning.
Distinguish between the concepts of reinforcement versus punishment and the concepts of retention, recovery, and learning.
Analyze the biological factors in memory loss, the levels of processing model, and the Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Model.
Differentiate between Short-Term Memory (STM) and Working Memory and between false memories versus repressed memories.
Distinguish the varieties of Long-Term Memory (LTM) and their functions.
Explain the major theories of forgetting and the key factors involved in forgetting.
Learning is a generally permanent change in behavior or mental processes brought about by experience.
Some of the recognized theories of learning are as follows:
Learning
Cognitive-social learning
Observational Learning
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Cognitive-social learning is a theory recognizing the importance of thinking and social learning.
This theory incorporates the broad notions of conditioning. Still, rather than focusing on the stimulus and response framework, it emphasizes the comprehension or processing within the organism: stimulus-organism-response.
Cognitive-Social Learning Theory
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Observational Learning
Learning new behavior or information through seeing and imitating others.
Observational Learning
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(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Bandura proved, through his Bobo doll studies and other studies, that observational learning involves at least four steps: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation (Sanderson and Huffman, 2020).
Bobo Doll Studies
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Classical Conditioning:
Classical conditioning is a type of learning that occurs due to involuntary paired associations. A previously neutral stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus to induce a conditioning response.
• John B. Watson- Little Albert experiment
• Ivan Pavlov- Dogs experiment
Classical Conditioning
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(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
The learning that occurs due to voluntary conduct and its consequences is called operant conditioning. Reinforcing consequences increase behavioral tendencies while punishments reduce them.
Operant Conditioning
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Parallel distributed processing (PDP) model:
Memory model in which processes related to memory take place concurrently over a vast network of brain connections (Ciccarelli and White, 2020).
The complex organization of the human brain reveals a variety of distinct regions that are important for memory procedures.
Amygdala
Cerebellum and basal ganglia
Hippocampus (and surrounding areas)
Thalamus
Cerebral cortex
Neurological Bases of Learning and Memory
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Short-Term Memory (STM): temporarily stores sensory memory information, sends, and receives information to and from Long-term memory (Sanderson and Huffman, 2020).
Working memory: an active system that processes the information present in short-term memory (Ciccarelli and White, 2020).
Information is transferred from STM, organized, and integrated into LTM. It stores information relatively permanently. Long-term memory sends information to STM when needed (Sanderson and Huffman, 2020).
Neurological Bases of Learning and Memory
A variety of circumstances, including illnesses and injuries, can have an impact on memory loss.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Alzheimer Disease (AD)
Memory Loss
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(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
False memories can result from change in both waking, conscious state and in alternated states (Ciccarelli and White, 2020).
According to the expert, Dr Elizabeth Loftus people's memories can be distorted, contaminated, or altered when you give them false information about an experience they may have had. (NPR TED Radio Hour, 2017).
Repressed memory: Repression, dissociation, or both can be mechanisms used to unconsciously suppress traumatizing memories that are deemed too severe to remain in conscious awareness. These memories may resurface at a later time, often in an innocuous manner, and become consciously recalled (Lego, 1996).
False Memories and Repressed Memories
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Forgetting is the inability to remember information that was previously available.
Theories of forgetting:
Decay theory- the phenomenon of forgetting occurs due to the gradual waning or deterioration of memory traces over time in the absence of utilization or reinforcement.
Interference theory- forgetting is caused by the interference of other memories. There are two types of interference: retroactive and proactive.
Motivated forgetting theory-people forget certain information for a reason. According to Freud's theory, we occasionally forget unpleasant experiences that cause anxiety.
Forgetting
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Ciccarelli, S. K., & White, J. N. (2020). Psychology (6th ed.). Pearson. ISBN-13: 9780137497928 https://www.vitalsource.com/products/psychology-saundra-k-ciccarelli-j-v9780135182789
Lego S. (1996). Repressed memory and false memory. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 10(2), 110–115. https://www-sciencedirect-com.librarylogin-carolina.uagm.edu/science/article/pii/S0883941796800732?via%3Dihub
NPR TED Radio Hour. (2017, October 13). Elizabeth Loftus: How can our memories be manipulated?. NPR. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/557424726
Sanderson, C. A., & Huffman, K. (2020). Real world psychology (3rd ed.). Wiley. ISBN-13: 978-1119577751 https://bulk-store.vitalsource.com/products/real-world-psychology-catherine-a-sanderson-karen-v9781119577737
References
Review as many times as required the information contained in the module folder (includes this presentation).
Read the reference material to clarify any questions.
Carry out all the activities according to the instructions.
Submit assignments on the indicated date through the educational platform.
Congratulations you have reviewed the theoretical summary of this week's topic!
Actively participate in collaborative sessions.
Remember that to successfully build your learning it is important that:
