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Gordon_10e_PPT_ch02_.pptBEGINNINGS AND BEYOND: FOUNDATIONS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION, 10TH EDITION
Ann Miles Gordon
Kathryn Williams Browne
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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TYPES OF PROGRAMS
Chapter 2
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© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- LO1 Examine the underlying theoretical principles of developmentally appropriate practices applied to a variety of early childhood programs.
- LO2 Describe the core programs of early childhood education, program types, and their defining philosophies.
- LO3 Identify the variation of program options and range of delivery systems that impact the lives of children and their families.
- LO4 Assess early childhood programs utilizing indicators of quality early childhood practices that support all children, including those with diverse characteristics.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
DEVELOPMENTALLY APPROPRIATE PRACTICE
Also known as DAP
Stresses the need for:
- Activity-based learning environments
- based on child development research
- and what we observe of children’s individual interests, abilities, and needs
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
THREE CORE CONCEPTS OF DAP
Decisions based on
What is known about child development and learning
What is known about each child as an individual
What is known about the social and cultural contexts in which children live
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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FIGURE 2-1 THERE ARE A VARIETY OF EARLY CHILDHOOD PROGRAMS TO FIT THE NEEDS OF CHILDREN AND THEIR FAMILIES.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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GUIDELINES FOR DAP
1) Creating a Caring Community of Learners
2) Teaching to Enhance Development and Learning
3) Planning Curriculum to Achieve Important Goals
4) Assessing Children’s Development and Learning
5) Establishing Reciprocal Relationships with Families
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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DEVELOPMENTALLY AND CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE PRACTICES (DCAP)
- Culturally appropriate practice: the ability to go beyond one’s own sociocultural background to ensure equal and fair teaching and learning experiences for all
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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EARLY CHILDHOOD CORE PROGRAMS (SLIDE 1 OF 2)
- Factors that determine types of programs:
- Ages of the children
- Philosophical, theoretical, or theological ideals
- Goals of the program
- Purpose of the program
- Requirements of the sponsoring agency
- Quality and training of teachers
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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EARLY CHILDHOOD CORE PROGRAMS (SLIDE 1 OF 2)
- Factors that determine types of programs continued:
- Shape, size, and location of the physical environment
- Cultural, ethnic, economic, and social makeup of the community
- Financial stability
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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SPECIAL PROGRAM FEATURES
- Mixed-Age Groupings
- Dewey, Piaget, Gardner, Vygotsky
- Looping: Continuity of Care
- Waldorf, Reggio Emilia, Montessori
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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TRADITIONAL NURSERY SCHOOL/PRESCHOOL
- Actively explore materials
- Centers organized based on development and interests
- Ages 2½ to 5
- Katherine Read Baker’s The Nursery School: A Human Relationships Laboratory
- Comenius
- Locke
- Rousseau
- Pestalozzi
- Froebel
- Montessori
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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FIGURE 2-2 A SAMPLE SCHEDULE FOR TRADITIONAL HALF-DAY NURSERY SCHOOLS IS THE CORE OF EARLY EDUCATION PROGRAMS.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
| Half-Day Schedule | |
| 9:00 | Children arrive at school |
| 9:00–9:45 | Free play (indoors) |
| 9:45 | Cleanup |
| 10:00 | Singing time (large group) |
| 10:15–10:30 | Toileting/snack time (small group) |
| 10:30–11:30 | Free play (outdoors) |
| 11:30 | Cleanup |
| 11:45 | Story time |
| 12:00 | Children leave for home |
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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TRADITIONAL NURSERY SCHOOL/PRESCHOOL
- The Role of the Teacher
- Individual attention to each student
- Personal, warm relationships
- Small teacher-child ratio
- Observation and direct interaction
- Universal Preschools
- Public pre-K
- English learners or low income students
- Promotes school readiness
- Full-Day Child Care
- Caretaking activities, play, and learning
- Private and public
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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CENTER-BASED CHILD CARE
- Scheduling
- Activities and naps
- Experiences outside of school
- Licensing
- Fulfilling legal requirements
- No national standards
- Staffing
- Parenting side of teaching
- Morning and afternoon shifts
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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FAMILY CHILD CARE HOMES
- Advantages
- Family-style setting
- Flexible hours
- Challenges
- Many homes are unregulated
- Providers can feel isolated
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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HEAD START
- Comprehensive—whole child
- Parent participation and involvement
- Services to families
- Community collaboration
- Multicultural/multiracial education
- Inclusion of children with special needs
- Ecology of the family
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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EARLY HEAD START
1. High quality
2. Prevention of developmental concerns/promotion of healthy development
3. Pos. relationships
4. Parent involvement
5. Inclusion
6. Culture
7. Comprehensiveness, flexibility, responsiveness, and intensity in response to needs
8. Smooth transition into HS
9. Collaboration with communities
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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FIGURE 2-5 HEAD START CONTINUES TO BE A VITAL PROGRAM THAT SERVES THE NEEDS OF A DIVERSE POPULATION. THIS INFORMATION IS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 2013 (SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, THE OFFICE OF HEAD START, 2014.)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
| A Picture of Head Start | |
| Enrollment | 1,130,000 children |
| Ages Enrolled | |
| 5-year-olds | 1% |
| 4-year-olds | 47% |
| 3-year-olds | 35% |
| Under 3 | 16% |
| Race/Ethnic Population | |
| Native American/Alaskan Native | 4% |
| Hispanic/Latino | 37% |
| Black/African American | 29% |
| White | 42% |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 0.6% |
| Biracial/Multiracial | 9% |
| Other | 13% |
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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EVALUATING EFFECTIVENESS
- Tracked students from preschool to age 27
- Significant differences
- Need for high-quality preschool programs
- Controversy over effectiveness
- Bachelor’s degrees in 2013
High/Scope Perry Preschool Study
Head Start Today
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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INFANT/TODDLER PROGRAMS
- Philosophy
- Routines to interact, develop trust and security, and provide educational opportunities
- Magda Gerber—educaring
- Unique characteristics (more listed on page 57)
- Low staff turnover and low ratios
- One-one-one physical care
- Follow up with parents/families daily
- Intentional learning
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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KINDERGARTEN
- Length of Day
- Consider purpose of program as well as students’, teachers’, and parents’ needs.
- School Entry Age
- Ages can range from 4-6
- Curriculum: Developmental or Academic
- Froebel’s “children’s garden” vs. today’s kindergarten
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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COMMON CORE STANDARDS
- Skills and knowledge for K-12
- Ensure success in college and/or workplace
- Almost all states have adopted some version of these standards or created their own.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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EARLY ELEMENTARY/PRIMARY GRADES
- Unique Characteristics
- Tasks require greater persistence and effort
- Become more independent
- The Challenge of Academic Standards
- Subject matter should be aligned with standards
- School-Age Child Care
- Necessary for millions of children
- Challenges with quality
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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HOMESCHOOLING
- Why?
- 1) concern of school environment
- 2) moral instruction
- 3) dissatisfaction with academic instruction
- 4) religious instruction
- Concerns from teachers
- 1) lack of quality control
- 2) lack of socialization opportunities
- 3) lack of sports opportunities
- 4) extreme time commitment of parents
- 5) lack of accountability
- 6) loss of revenue for public education
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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ASSESSING PROGRAM QUALITY
- Indicators of Quality
- Teacher-child ratio
- Total class size
- Staff
- Working conditions
- Professional leadership
- Salary and benefits
- Issues That Affect Quality
- Quality (turnover rate)
- Cost
- Compensation
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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THE PROCESS OF ASSESSING PROGRAMS
- Curriculum
- Materials and equipment
- The environment
- Children’s behavior
- Teacher effectiveness
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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WHY PROGRAM ASSESSMENT IS IMPORTANT
- To Gain an Overview
- To Establish Accountability
- To Make Improvements
- To Acquire Accreditation
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© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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ESSENTIAL STEPS
Set goals
Define expectations
Be inclusive
Define the objectives
Choose an evaluation instrument
Finally,
- Implement the Findings
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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