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Chapter 5: Sexual Orientation

Donna M. Gollnick and Philip C. Chinn

Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society,

9th Edition

any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

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Sexual Identity

Sexual orientation is a pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes.

Recent data indicates that 3.5% of the population identifies as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender.

The visibility of LGBTQ individuals as a group is higher than ever.

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Diverse Sexual Orientations

The American Psychiatric Association classified homosexuality as a mental illness until 1973.

There are differing opinions on the causes of homosexuality:

Nature/Heredity

Does it Matter?

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Diversity of Sexual Orientations

LGBTIQ

L-Lesbian
G-Gay
B-Bisexual
T-Transgender (Transvestite or Transsexual)
I-Intersex
Q-Questioning or Queer

Individuals must have the freedom to determine their own sexual identity using the terms that have the most meaning for themselves.

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Self-Identity

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Intersection with Race, Ethnicity, and Religion

Individuals have multiple identities that influence our membership in different cultural groups.

Students’ membership in multiple groups also has an impact on their relationships with other students and their treatment by these students.

LGBTQ students are helped with their identity struggles and societal obstacles by supportive educators and peers.

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Fighting for Sexual Equity

Throughout the 20th century, literature and music were sources of expression for the youth who broke the sexual norms.

The Lavender Scare was a period the 1950s when homosexuals were thought to be more of a threat to national security than Communists.

A gay rights movement was born in 1969 at Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village.

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Struggles for Sexual Equity

Progress for gay rights and the elimination of discrimination against gays has occurred since 1969 although numerous obstacles periodically halted significant changes.

Differences between conservatives, feminists, and LGBT persons fueled “cultural wars”.

In the 1980s, members of the LGBT community mobilized against AIDS and growing homophobia in society.

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One Step Forward, One Step Backward

Disagreements exist within the LGBT community about strategies and tactics, but most agree to fight against discriminatory laws and practices.

Debates about civil unions and marriage continue in both religious and secular arenas, but the public is becoming more accepting of gay and lesbian relationships.

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Continuing Challenges

Even though a growing number of gays and lesbians are open about their sexual identity, many continue to fear reprisal from employers, neighbors, or friends.

A number of policy and political changes have been made over the past two decades, but these changes are often limited to a few communities or states.

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A Targeted Minority

Heterosexuality is the privileged sexual identity in U.S. society and the world.

LGBTQs are now the victims of hate crimes more than any other group in the United States.

LGBTQ youth may experience invisibility and isolation in their homes, communities, and schools.

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The School Climate

Heterosexism can lead to harassment in schools.

Harassment can occur through electronic means such as text messages and e-mails.

Professional educators have the responsibility to provide a safe and inclusive environment for all students.

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LGBTQ Teachers

Gay and lesbian educators often separate their personal and professional lives for fear of losing their jobs.

Fear of reprisal prevents many teachers from serving as role models for gay and lesbian students.

Several recent court cases are focusing on working conditions related to teachers’ sexual orientation.

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Schools that Value Sexual Diversity

The formal and informal curricula usually reinforce the values of the dominant culture.

Reasons for supporting an inclusive curriculum include:

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Queering the Curriculum

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Supporting LGBTQ Students

LGBTQ information is generally legal in most states, but some southern states limit how it is incorporated into sex education classes.

Teachers can provide a safe environment that promotes diversity and embraces differences.

Safe school policies should be comprehensive.
Gay-straight alliances may help students feel safer and more secure.