Sociology of Sport Unit VI Compare & Contrast Assignment

Journal of Business Behavioral Sciences

Vol. 27, No. 1; Spring 2015

3

GOLD RUSH GAMES IN POLITICS, ECONOMICS AND

BUSINESS WITH AN EMPHASIS ON VIOLENCE IN SPORTS

Keynote Speech presented at the

American Society of Business and Behavioral Sciences

Harrah’s Hotel and Casino Las Vegas, Nevada

February 21, 2015

C. Kenneth Meyer

Drake University

“Win if you can, lose if you must, but always cheat. It

ain’t cheatin’ unless you get caught…those are American

rules, the American way!”

-Governor Jesse Ventura,

Minnesota

“It is hard to imagine an ethical situation in public

affairs becoming as bad as during the late Roman Empire.

There, politics was viewed as being so costly that it was

impossible to get enough people to fill the empire’s local

offices, and so the Emperor Maxentius had to make

government service a punishment for certain crimes.”

Brunk and Meyer, 2000

It is an honor to be here this evening and be asked to deliver the

Keynote Address for the 22nd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Business

and Behavioral Sciences. I have presented many papers at the ASBBS conferences

over the years and this is a conference that I attend because it is my first choice

among all others that are relevant to my teaching, research, and publication

interests. Besides the congeniality of participants, I find that Wali Mondal has

been able to draw competent scholars from around the world in the many business,

accounting, management, economics and behavioral sciences, and provide a

scholarly venue in which truly “trandisciplinary” research and visions can be

realized and future research paradigms realized. It is essential that we move from

multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research to a new model of knowledge

acquisition, exploration, and understanding.

Over the years, principally my research has been quantitatively

and empirically based, so I am daring to venture into the philosophical arena

tonight and suggest a theoretical perspective that, hopefully, will help explain what

is happening in business, government, economics and sports.

I begin with Dorothy in the Wizard of Oz asking Glenda, the good

witch, “Where do I begin?” Glenda responds, “My dear, most people begin at the

beginning!” And so in the beginning, my initial interest in violence was triggered

when I wrote a number of articles on violence directed against law enforcement

officers. I was a novice then, in l973, and as I freely acknowledged then and now,

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I had a great deal to learn if I was ever to understand the nature of violence in

American society. Later, I co-authored “Sports, Politics and Other Gold Rush

Games: Why Bad Buys Increasingly are the Winners,” Public Integrity, and it

began to candle an interest in violence and, especially, a type of game called a gold

rush. Captured by the transdisciplinay nature that undergirds the holistic study

of violence, I then directed my interested toward violence directed against

authority, and researched areas arranging from municipal police assault, robbery-

related attacks on police , ambush attacks, and bombings—all inextricably violent

incidents.

More recently, I have turned my interest to the theories of a special

type of game called a gold rush where the chance of winning is low, but the prize

is great. In contrast, the lottery is a game of chance or luck alone, but a gold rush

the chance of winning can be manipulated by the actions of the players. In a gold

rush, following ethical rules is detrimental to winning the big payoff; indeed

following the rules of game threatens the “good” of one’s teammates. In the U.S.,

the gold rush scenarios have become so common that participation in politics,

business and sports, no longer seems to have much ethical content. Historically,

we used to pronounce: “When the Great Scorer comes to write beside your name,

He asks not if you won or loss, but how you played the game”; today, it has become

“When the devil calls your name, all he asks is “Did you Win?” Indeed, as I have

argued in other venues, sports, politics, economics and business are increasingly

viewed as morally free zones where there are few norms of right and wrong. In

short, if you can get the gold, rules become irrelevant because those who have the

gold rule. And winning becomes everything—the prized brass ring! So we follow

the rules, or often, the powerful make-up the rules that can be used to their

advantage, and the rules are to be strategically ignored or manipulated when doing

so increases one’s chance of winning (Brunk and Meyer, 2000).

In studying gold rush scenarios, I learned that gold rushes favor

amoral people who are likely to break the rules. A gold rush does not favor the

proliferation of ethical people whether in economics, politics, sports, or even

religion. Although these people are not necessarily immoral in the sense that they

are inherently evil (if they were they would be hated); rather, they are conditionally

amoral. Lacking a strong internal ethical compass that would restrain their

behavior, they, instead see formal rules and ethical values as those which they can

manipulate in order to win the jackpot—which is in the end what they value.

Similarly in business and politics, there is a pretense of being moral, because the

pretense is advantageous at the time, but when the pretension and true motives and

values are exposed, it produces even higher levels of public cynicism. Take for

one instant Bear Bryant: When asked if he had ever violated NCAA rules and

regulations while at Tuscaloosa, he said no but added that he didn’t need to since

he had such a great winning team--although he often broke the formal rules while

at Texas A and M.

There are three defining characteristics of all gold rush situations:

Exorbitant potential payoffs, very low probabilities of gaining the ultimate prize,

and an outcome based to some extent on one’s skills. In gold rushes the outcomes

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are not totally random processes such as the luck involved in lotteries. The new

gold rush associated with the information pioneers and the Internet Revolution in

the Silicon Valley, where the “Holy Grail” was IPO’s and their skills were the

brain ware of speed, state-of-the art technology and entrepreneurship, replacing

the tools of the past: axes, shovels, hammers, and picks. Then, as now, the

conversation of the week turned on who has become the latest billionaire and only

those who stake their claims early do well—just like the gold rushes of the past150

years.

At this dinner, I am concentrating largely on gold rush games that

are being played in the arena of sports--amateur to professional, although I will

provide a backdrop on gold rush games in business and politics as well.

Today, there is a low level of confidence and trust and a high level

of cynicism and verbal abuse for those in positions of authority: police,

government employees, teachers; social workers, librarians, members of Congress

and the judiciary. Indeed, over the last thirty years, this trend is augmented by the

declining confidence in the basic institutions of society, such as medicine,

colleges/universities, journalism, large companies, and, of course, the U.S.

Congress.

In business and in politics there has been a deterioration of trust

in social, institutional, and organizational relationships that has been well

documented by the Reina’s and Clapham (Reina and Reina, 1999; Clapham et.al,

2013). Landmark events associated with the demise of Enron, Arthur Andersen,

HealthSouth, WorldCom, the LIBOR scandal, GlaxoSmithKline healthcare fraud

have offered painful testimony of the broad scale of consequences when trust is

violated. Of course, the rationale that underpins moral and ethical lapses is often

used to justify or excuse behavior because of the enormous pressures under which

businesses operate today: excessive industry regulations, a burdensome tax

structure, unfair labor conditions, currency valuations, and governance structures.

Complimentary to this decay is the personal greed that has led some executives to

betray trust with unethical and fraudulent behaviors. Without an ethical

foundation, trustful relations within and between organizations is not only lost, but

nearly impossible to recover (Clapham, et.al. 2013).

Turning now to the behavior of athletes, coaches, fans and owners,

I shall, for a moment, explore the role of violence in sports and how it figures into

unethical behavior and the winning at any cost ethos. Is there any wonder why

people don't trust/respect referees, umpires, coaches, and other players or fans?

The legitimacy of coaches, umpires, referees, etc., as authority figures is

challenged when they are spit upon, cursed, punched, shoved, and in a myriad of

other ways, have pain, injury or suffering intentionally inflicted upon them by

players and managers--and these acts take place in the non-combative sports. On

the extreme side of the sports industry exist the totally obscene, decadent, and

sought after forms of behavior and "entertainment" displayed in boxing--"an ear

or so for an alleged bunt," or in basketball, "a threat and choke for a reduction in

pay and a short suspension"--"professional" wrestling or "psycho-sexual sadism,"

twisted around the themes of female objectification and the crudest forms of

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barbarism and human debasement , and the other combative "sports" of "Ultimate

fighting," "kick boxing," and the totally cruel and vicious "tough man" contests.

These later "sports" go well beyond the concern of this speech. Indeed, as I have

often mused, the religion of the realm today is sports; its cathedrals are the billion

dollar arenas and stadiums that house the contests.

It is common to see players fighting one on one or as a "gang" on

the field. Coaches routinely curse, rant and rave, and scream at players; they even

throw clipboards, chairs, or other objects that are within immediate reach onto the

playing floor, and get “close and physical” with their charges. The players scrawl

and act viciously at the umpires and other players, fight with, trip, hit, kick and

physically and verbally lash-out at the spectators, and throw their bats, sticks,

racquets, hats, etc., to the ground as if they are millionaire spoiled kids having a

tantrum--which they largely are. Winning at any costs means making illegal

tackles, putting “bounties” on players, forging birth certificates, deliberate fowls,

stick swinging, pulling at face masks, cheating, taking aim at a batter’s head, drug

use that enhances athletic performance, trash talking, deliberately inflicting

injuries and off the field, physical assaults and death threats, not getting caught for

their bad actions and behavior, such as in Spy Gate, or Flation Gate, etc., and

thinking that the rules of game apply to others, not to themselves—for they are

superior to the common people who are obliged to follow the rules, but these

behaviors and antics, unfortunately, increases attendance. After all, organizations

are interested in the colloquial, but crude statement: “It’s all about putting asses

in seats.” Some commentators refer to this out of control violence and general

unsportsmanlike conduct and behavior, as discussed here, as “sports rage” acted

out within an environment of “entitlement.”

Mothers of cheerleaders fight with one another and one went so

far as to put a contract for murder on another girl's mother, and this behavior got

trumped by a father of a player who beats a hockey coach to death; and,

predictably, parents act violently toward their own kids who are involved in "little

league" play. Most recently, the player agents have entered into the fray and some

even attempt to show that the spectators desire to see players snarl, scratch, and

claw, be physically and mentally brutal and purposively violent in the arena. In

fact, members of The Associated Press voted three out of the top twelve national

sports stories in 1997 as ones dealing with violence: Tyson bites Holyfied (Rank

2), Marv Albert sex (biting) scandal (Rank 10), and Sprewell attack on Coach

Carlesimo (Rank 12). Perhaps, violence and winning, in a perverted way, have

become the "brass ring."

Then skipping to 2010, the top stores were on returning the

Heisman Trophy, Michael Vick returns to play, Tiger Woods demise. In 2011,

Penn State Scandal, and brain concussions. In 2012, concussions, doping scandals,

and Penn state child sex scandal. In 2013, Boston marathon, concussions, A-Rod

and the biogenesis scandal, Mateo Teo’s invisible girlfriend, and murder charges

brought against the Patriots Aaron Hernandez. Next, in 2014, Ray Price and

Adrian Peterson and NFL domestic violence, and NASCAR’s violence on the race

track (Tony Stewart) and Donald Sterling and zero tolerance for racial bigotry.

Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences

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And, if this list isn’t already too long, the coaches and parents that cheated on the

“Chicago Little League” and had to return the national championship which the

youth they coached thought they had won “fair and square.” With this legacy, isn’t

sad to see how adolescents who often view sport figures as heroes, also attempt to

receive their ten-minutes of fames by staging and then filming peer fights and

placing them on YouTube which subsequently receive millions of hits and views.

In fairness, it should also be acknowledged that the media

selectively picks and chooses what to report and dramatize, whether positive or

negative, and there is no shortage of misbehavior for nearly all stakeholders of

competitive games. On the contrary, there are the many positive, underreported

contributions which sports professionals make as mentors, helping under-served

populations, and hosting charitable events, etc., and these activities are also

newsworthy. However, empirical evidence (data) need to be carefully collected

and scrutinized to determine if there are more assaults and domestic abuse

incidents associated with athletes than are connected with their respective age and

racial cohorts nationally on either a per capita or per 10,000 populations base.

Nevertheless, there is a display of aggressive and violent behavior that spectators,

coaches, and fans that appear to be demanded while at play, and it is problematic

that this misbehavior is calmed while off the playing field/floor. One thing we

reasonable understand about the nature of violence, is that when aggressive and

violent behavior is reinforced by society, augmented with a combustible mixture

of alcohol use and binge drinking, that violent behavior often is the end result for

players and fans alike.

Management, union officials and player agents all too frequently

portray these attacks and outbursts as lapses in character or that the player "was

driven over the edge," by some unidentifiable cause, as if to justify a temporary

aberration; they then do everything possible to keep them on the team so that a

"win" can be marked-up, because winning is everything. The character and

discipline formation of athletics gets lost in this "win-at-any-cost" mentality. And,

to add to the problem, some club owners and sports announcers deride other

owners, players, associations, and even engage in a unique type of violence--

racism. One example, among many, into the culture of spectator approved

violence were the simulated violent attacks by the San Diego Chicken against a

purple dinosaur figure who resembles "Barney" --an icon of Sesame Street fame.

As the chicken attacks, pounces upon, and strikes the dinosaur, the cheers and

applause are palpable from the stands. These, of course, are all acts of violence.

And, lest we forget, the irreversible brain damage to players, and the “Comboy”

fans stabbing several “Bear” fans on the stadium grounds.

It is not uncommon to see the type violence portrayed in the media

(assault, punches, pushing, dragging, threatening behavior, swearing) carried out

in sports. Perhaps it is controlled and accepted violence versus uncontrolled and

random violence which we have come to fear and associate with urban living. We

don't know what the social-economic background profile of professional players

is, but if it is anything like that of the police who are disproportionately drawn from

the upper levels of the lower class, which we suspect it is, perhaps we have

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situations where players have learned to engage in disputes and settle

disagreements with aggressive and uncontrolled violent behavior. Generally, men

don't know how to behave toward others especially when the other person is

perceived as weaker or if they have their personal goals blocked. Further, what

constitutes appropriate civil behavior maybe further complicated if one grows up

in a family structure where a male role model is largely missing or absent. This

point may apply equally to a large number of coaches as well as players.

Violence does not end on the field or in the arena. Too often,

violence continues after the game and some players get involved in acts of

domestic spousal abuse against wives, girlfriends, and paid or unpaid sexual

partners, and engage in other types of violent behavior (drug pushing, physical

assault, and even rape). Even some of the "all-stars" on the U.S. Olympic Hockey

Team "trashed" their hotel room in Nagano, Japan, when they found out that their

crude, violent and bullying behavior was not successful against their opponents.

One might reasonably conclude that we spend more time reading the indictments

by grand juries of those engaged in sports, than we spend reading about "play of

the day" and the ultimate "slam dump."

Violence in sports might be categorized as a type of workplace

violence (similar to violence that occurs in offices, factories, lumber mills, farms,

taxicabs, warehouses, schools, and in "stop and robs"--convenience stores). If the

safety and health of workers (players, umpires, coaches and agents) and spectators

is of concern, then the level of violence taking place on the court, field, floor, track,

or in the arena might appropriately be addressed by the U.S. Center for Disease

Control, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and by

professional labor unions, management and team owners. The rationale

underpinning a governmental policy that deals with sports violence is easily

justified

Sports are not the sole proprietor of violent behavior in society.

Generally, it is easy to uncover varying levels or intensities of violence in politics

(injury by infringement, profanity, outrage, distortion, and need to control--

electoral politics and the actions of special prosecutors come to mind); in musical

lyrics (country to rap music); the media; public policy (laws directed against

women, minorities, children, elderly, lower income, immigrants, and the

underclass); video games, and in such areas as police-citizen interaction. It is

noteworthy to mention that the last three major urban riots have resulted from what

occurred in police-citizen interactions, whether in Las Angeles, New York or

Ferguson, Missouri. More years of life are loss to violence each year than the total

losses associated with cancer, strokes, and heart disease, according to the

American Medical Association, although the level of violence in the United States

has reached a near 20 year low, it still is at pandemic levels and is a major medical

and public health problem. Each year, nearly one-half million visits to trauma and

ER care centers involve violence. Further, some aspects of our society have

become so violent that we can't seem to have the two sexes trained together, as is

suggested as a means of dealing with the recent allegation of rape, sexual abuse

and harassment in several of the military branch services. Replete with numerous

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other examples, lest the gold rush theme gets over shadowed by a discussion of

violence, it is important to realize that much of this violent behavior is goal directed

violence; it is instrumental since it enables those who use it most successfully to

succeed and to be treated differently than the average Joe and Mary.

In professional sports, we have fully grown adult males controlled

by a paternalistic authority figure, in a hierarchical and competitive organizational

structure--not unlike that found in the military and protective services (corrections

and law enforcement). The athletes, therefore, tend to develop dependent rather

independent, active and responsible personalities. Some athletes display child-

like, immature outbursts and are mercurial in their behavior. One would not think

it very rational or professional for rich CEOs, surgeons, college presidents and the

like to resolve their disputes with fist fights or by throwing furniture and kicking

debris and spitting upon each other, or physically choking and threatening to kill

one another; yet we witness millionaire, "professional" ball players routinely doing

it in public and under the watchful eye of eager spectators--and for some of these

viewers, especially children, they constitute the penultimate authority figure--their

role models. One must ask the question: "What are we really doing to our

children?"

It seems strange that as America's social fabric unravels in the area

of civil, polite, human behavior, sport figures, members of Congress, and many

other so called professionals, act out in violent ways. Certainly, the attitude that

violence should ever serve as a mark of authority, prestige, and honor in society

should be examined. And, if it is, this would be a hard pill to take and digest. After

all, we have a long tradition in America of making our heroes those who use the

instruments, language, and methods of violence most successfully. Tradition and

culture are difficult to change, but violence can no more be justified in the sports

we play and watch, than it can be excused when it happens in tour home or in the

workplace. Perhaps it is painfully evident for most to see how far we have

permitted our society to depart from those idealized standards that ought to govern

basic relationships among us--trust, caring, civility, compassion, and

understanding.

This Keynote would be incomplete if I did not proffer at least some

suggestions on how to deal with violence in sports, and so we might begin with

these several steps:

1. Deal with violence from both an organizational and individual

basis and do so simultaneously. Define what constitutes violence (behaviorally

and legally); measure it; evaluate what is happening; and reduce it.

2. Enforce zero tolerance for violence in sports' play as in other

aspects of the workplace.

3. Realize that most violence in sports is male centered.

4. Get players, managers, and owners involved in the definition,

assessment and reduction of violence.

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5. Parents should teach their children that neither the

pronouncements of authority figures, nor the goals of one’s group are

automatically good or bad. Instead, they should always be viewed with suspicion

in contemporary times because the moral declarations of groups and authority

figures often are just strategic ploys designed to advance their own ends (Brunk

and Meyer, 2000).

6. Effectively deal with the consumption of alcohol before, during

and after the competition.

7. Realize that violence is basically a learned behavior. Since we

learn it, we can also unlearn it--we can engage in behavioral change that helps

defuse violence: Be honest, truthful, open, calm, and attentive to what others are

saying. Ask questions, ask for examples, and demand change!

Conclusion and Discussion

For centuries, Males physical prowess and aggression have been

put on display for the enjoyment of spectators: gladiatorial fights, mock battles,

boxing, etc., and now football, basketball and hockey at the high school to

professional levels. Interestingly, is it the basic nature of athletic contests to be

violent or has sports become increasingly violent because it sells and has

commercial and financial value. When observing high schoolers, and even

younger groups at play, one observes a hyper-competitiveness at work among the

teams, coaches, parents and fans. And, sometimes it turns even uglier when fans

interject racism into the event by holding up signs which proclaim “White” and

“Power” inextricably and purposively linked—speech that is meant to be

intimidating and psychologically offensive.

Further, in addressing athleticism and sports there are the positive

corollaries that often remain unheralded: solidarity, discipline, cohesiveness, team

building, team work and the many positive attributes associated with purposive

training. Nevertheless, the multibillion dollar business of sports has promoted the

“win –at-any-cost” mentality and other adult goals to be increasingly embraced by

parents, coaches, managers, and fans at the expense of what their children wish to

get out of participation in sports. Yet, what parents desire in terms of winning is

future monetary success, scholarships, and even a chance to get a bite at the

biggest “guacamole”—professional status—the ultimate realization of the gold

rush thesis.

In analyzing the behavior of sports figures, fans, coaches,

managers, and parents, the role that parents play in the “sports gold rush game”

cannot be over stated, for they too have powerful influences over their children and

serve as important role models to be emulated. And it is at this critical juncture,

that their expectations of success do not coincide with reality and the odds of a

high schooler getting a professional NBA or NFL contract—odds that are less than

three (3) out of every 10,000 or so—given that nearly 40 million children are

involved in youth sports. Lesley paints the picture poignantly when he suggests

that kids who play sports are not having much fun doing so because of the pressure,

stress, and winning is everything mentality and “…more and more kids would

rather play FIFA or NBA live on the X-Box or PlayStation in the safety of their

Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences

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basements rather than subject themselves to the behavior of coaches, and parents

out on the sports fields or gym floor” (Lesley, 2013).

If we are going to continue to have sports, businesses, economic

systems, and political systems that resemble gold rushes, then we are going to have

their associated problems. It does no good to preach to athletes, coaches, CEOs, or

politicians that they should become better role models if they rationally understand

that by so doing they unacceptably decrease their chances of winning.

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