History essay 1000 words, due within 35 hours
Nancy 00001
GermanItalianUnificationKeyTerms.docxGerman Unification
Holy Roman Empire
Confederation of the Rhine
Germanic Confederation
Zollverein - 1834
Union Plan – 1849
“Humiliation at Olmutz” – 1850
Otto von Bismarck (1815-98)
· Monarchism
· Junker Class
· Prussian Nationalism
Bismarck’s Diplomatic postings:
· German Confederation (1851-59)
· Russia (1859-62)
· France (1862)
Kaiser Wilhelm (William) 1st:
· King of Prussia 1861-88
· Emperor of Germany 1871-88
“Realpolitik”
“Macht”
Wars of German Unification:
· Danish War (1864)
- Christian IX of Denmark (R: 1863-1906)
- Schleswig-Holstein
- Gastein Convention (1865)
· Austro-Prussian War (1966)
- Emperor Franz-Joseph (R: 1848-1916)
- Battle of Sadowa
- North German Confederation
- Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)
- Hohenzollern Dynasty
· Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)
- Hohenzollerns
- Ems Dispatch
- France declares war July 1870
-Battle of Sedan, Sept. 1870
- January 1871- Surrender of Paris
- Treaty of Frankfurt
-Alsace-Lorraine…. Versailles, 1919!
JANUARY 1871- Versailles – Wilhelm = Emperor of Germany…
Blood and Iron… or Coal and Iron? (J.M. Keynes 1883-1946)
Italian Unification
Wars of Italian Independence:
1848
1859
1866
(ALL against Austria)
Piedmont
Victor Emanuel ll (King of Peidmont, 1849-61; King of Italy, 1861-78)
PM Massimo d’Azeglio (1849-52)
Camillo di Cavour (1810-61)
· Risorgimento
· 1850 – Minister of Agriculture & Commerce
· 1851 – Minister of Finance
· “Modernization from Above”
· 1852- Becomes PM
Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-72) – Friends of Italy
Italian National Society (Org. Turin, 1855)
Napoleon lll – 1858 – attempted assassination – Felice Orsini (1819-58)
WAR of 1859:
· Battle of Magneta, June
· Battle of Solferino, June
July – Armistice (Cavour NOT consulted; resigns as PM)
April 1859 – Central Italian states rise against Austrian dominance
JAN 1860 – Cavour PM again
MARCH 1860 – Treaty of Turin (w/France)
· France gets Nice and Savoy
· Piedmont – a large north-Central Italian Kingdom…
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-82)
· Redshirts
· Liberation of Sicily
· May 15, 1860 – Calatafimi
· May 26 – Palermo
· July – All of Sicily
· September – Naples
Sept 1860 – Papal States (NOT Rome) = Italy
1861-
- Victor Emmanuel ll = King of Italy
- Cavour dies
1866 – PM Alfonso La Marmora (1804-78)
· Deal w/Prussia vs Austria
· Venetia gained 1866
1870 – French leave Rome to fight in Franco-Prussian War
· Italian troops occupy Rome
· Rome = Capital
· Italian Unification Completed
