(Site investigation report) 2500 ( civil and environmental engineering )

GEologicalinfluencesanddeskstudies1.pptx

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Click to edit Master title style Edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 11/02/2021 ‹#›

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Geological Influences & a desk study.

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From last week: Oceanic vs continental crust. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/crust/

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Learning outcomes. Explain the engineering properties and behaviour of soil and rock as engineering material Assess geological conditions for engineering purposes and identify geological engineering factors affecting civil and construction engineering Identify and report causes of geological failures and define future measures for protection Design basic site investigations and strategies Demonstrate (within context) the design and construction of foundations, earth works and excavations for infrastructures So this week: Geological features: faults, folds and igneous bodies Desk studies

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Definition and why? “Site investigation is the process by which ground engineering professionals such as geotechnical engineers, engineering geologists and geoenvironmental engineers and scientists obtain information on the ground beneath sites that are to be developed.” Effective Site Investigation, Clayton & Smith (2013) ICE Publishing Why? “There are known knowns . These are things we know that we know. There are known unknowns. That is to say, there are things that we know we don't know. But there are also unknown unknowns. There are things we don't know we don't know.” Donald H. Rumsfeld

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Unknown unknowns http://steampunk.wonderhowto.com/news/known-and-unknown-unknowns-is-all-history-you-know-wrong-0141511/ http://img.wonderhowto.com/img/original/10/00/63494855863261/0/634948558632611000.jpg style.visibility style.visibility

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What’s the point of a site investigation? To identify ground hazards, reduce geotechnical risk and minimise problems that affect: Project costs – can be as much as 100% Construction delays (time to completion) Durability (whole life cost of the project) Health and safety Environmental impact Loss of heritage Phase I Desk Study – should be detailed enough to provide a preliminary interpretation Walk-over Survey Phase II: Site visit Trial pitting, drilling, sampling, monitoring Laboratory work Interpretation of data Phase III: Site report

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Phase I: Desk study Air photography (current and historical satellite images) Historical land use (e.g. contamination from heavy industry), current land use and existing services Current and out-of-print topographical maps at various scales Current and out-of-print geological maps at various scales Meteorological conditions Surface water conditions Borehole records – BGS GeoIndex Potential Hazards (e.g. radon, landslide, earthquake, landfill, contamination, mining & quarrying, dissolution features) Current land use restrictions (e.g. SSSI, archaeological importance) Geochemical reports Issues that might affect ground investigation & proposed methods of ground investigation Often Search Agencies are employed to conduct searches e.g. Envirocheck , Groundsure .

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Walkover Walkover minimum requirements: Record existing topography (and evidence of excavation and filling) Note geological exposures Look for evidence of high groundwater table, ponds, streams, drains, erosion runnels / appearance after heavy rain. Evidence of contamination (bare ground, staining) Previous development and remnant foundations Signs of slope instability (tension cracks, hummocky ground, bent trees, uneven ground, displaced fences or poles) Structural problems with near-by buildings Services (Signage; trenches; scanning) Access: It is essential that access to the site can be easily obtained. Possible problems include low overhead cables and watercourses.

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Places for information {7DF18680-E054-41AD-8BC1-D1AEF772440D} Info Type Source Topography Digimaps , Google Earth Geology Papers, British Geological Survey (BGS) reports, BGS Maps, Digimap , BGS Borehole records, Mining Mining records, BGS Maps, Digimap Geomechanical values Papers, previous reports Groundwater conditions Environmental Agency (EA), papers, wells (EA & BGS) Meteorological conditions Met office, amateur records Surface water Maps, drainage boards EA flood maps Previous land use Historical maps, aerial photos, Google Earth, remote sensing, council records, mining records, historical societies Existing constructions Maps, construction drawings Existing services Utility records

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Plate tectonics. https://www.thinglink.com/scene/503624016406249472

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Normal faults / rifts https://vimeo.com/26595272

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Thrust faults https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xy0f_rubZJI

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Strike-slip system https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nG_0NnLtgLg

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Which type of fault is this? http://marlimillerphoto.com/090317-18.html

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Which type of fault is this? http://novostey.com/science/news167827.html

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Which type of fault is this? http://marlimillerphoto.com/SrF.html

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Faults on maps. Fattaruso et al., 2014

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Bedding planes. What is a bedding plane? How do we define a bedding plane? http://www.pemcoastphotos.com/_photo_12581995.html

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Inclined strata. Inclined strata are ‘dipping’ Angle of dip is maximum angle measured between strata and horizontal Dip given as compass bearing in degrees Shown on map as arrow pointing to the direction of dip with a number representing the angle https://www.geology.arkansas.gov/education/ouachita_mtns.htm

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Inclined strata on maps

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Folding. Strata that dip are usually part of larger structures Folds - where crustal deformation has taken place and rocks form a curved surface Results from crustal shortening but does not develop to the same extent everywhere Types of folds and severity depend on rock type and proximity to stress generation https://www.zmescience.com/science/geology/geological-folds/

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Anticlines. Younger Older

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Syncline. Younger Older

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Folding on maps

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Unconformities. Period of time during which no strata are deposited Existing rocks may be uplifted and tilted by tectonic processes Also weathering and erosion take place before subsidence and deposition start again At outcrop one set of beds rests on the eroded surface of an older set Useful for deciphering geological history http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/4343

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Types. https://quizlet.com/315934686/unconformity-types-diagram/

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Igneous types. Extrusive – lavas & pyroclastic deposits Intrusive– various intrusions Minor intrusions – sills, dykes Major intrusions – plutons, batholiths https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/ http://www.es.ucl.ac.uk/map/SWEngland/geo2.htm

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Discordant intrusions. Dykes – vertical or steeply dipping sheet-like intrusions, follow roughly straight paths across landscape regardless of topography Can be thin (mm) or thickish (few m) Can be dated relative to rocks it cuts – i.e. younger than youngest rocks it cuts but older than beds above it if it does not breach an unconformity May be numerous near volcanic centres = dyke swarm Rock types – often basalt or dolerite http://www.geologyin.com/2015/09/a-dyke-of-cenozoic-age-cutting-folded.html

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Dykes on maps

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Over to you. See the word doc.

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Phase II: Site visit Intrusive Ground Investigation - Relatively expensive – selection of appropriate equipment is key Non-intrusive - E.g. geophysics Intrusive and non-intrusive methods might be combined e.g. - boreholes might not find slope instability – aerial photography might - Geophysics might be able to locate unexploded ordinance whereas trial pits… http://www.geoenvironmentalengineering.com/ground_investigation_report.php http://btosullivan.co.uk/

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Phase III: Site report Executive summary Introduction Findings Interpretations Discussion Conclusions / recommendations References Appendices https://www.linkedin.com/topic/investigation-report http://www.inpaspages.com/siteinvestigation_report.html

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Summary. Bedding is identified by changes in colour, grainsize, sedimentary structures and composition Unconformties occur in 4 ways: paracon , non-con, discon , angular con. Extension = normal faults and divergent margins. Compression = thrust faulting, folding and convergent margins Side-by-side motion = strike-slip fault / transform faults Folding occurs do to compression and can occur on many scales. Geological features are on maps – we have seen a few Add an extra 3 points based on the practical exercise.

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identify the ground conditions which might affect the proposed development. 4

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Thrust fault in convergent setting, Tien Shan mountains, China offsets river terrace Movement is around 1 m/ ky 12

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Para Dis Angluar Non 26

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PowerPoint Presentation Hazel Beaumont Hazel Beaumont 137 2018-08-13T14:50:51Z 2021-02-11T18:45:42Z

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2857 1487 Microsoft Office PowerPoint On-screen Show (4:3) 208 33 8 0 0 false Fonts Used 4 Theme 2 Slide Titles 33 Calibri Arial Times New Roman Calibri Light 3_TSG 2013 Custom Design Geological Influences & a desk study. From last week: Oceanic vs continental crust. Learning outcomes. Definition and why? Unknown unknowns What’s the point of a site investigation? Phase I: Desk study Walkover Places for information Plate tectonics. Normal faults / rifts Thrust faults Strike-slip system Which type of fault is this? Which type of fault is this? Which type of fault is this? Faults on maps. Bedding planes. Inclined strata. Inclined strata on maps Folding. Anticlines. Syncline. Folding on maps Unconformities. Types. Igneous types. Discordant intrusions. Dykes on maps Over to you. Phase II: Site visit Phase III: Site report Summary. University of the West of England false false false 16.0000