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Literature Review-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Amber Hope

Argosy University

Literature Review-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Introduction

Using Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory in this situation creates relevance towards approaches employed to manage post-traumatic stress disorder. The theory is a framework and approach that looks into satisfying needs for positive mental and physical development. The steps are met before one move to above steps. The needs include physiological, self-esteem, love & belonging, safety & security, love & belonging, and self-actualization. The above factors are considered critical for the methods employed in dealing with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Brummelte & Galea, 2016). The model is essential in identifying the effects of PTSD on battered women, parenting of youths, the mental status of pregnant mothers, and factors that lead to future criminality among youths.

The Jungian theory is also being looked at in dealing with PTSD because of its capacity, just like the Hierarchy of Needs theory, in bridging the relationship between the mind and social developments. The situation discusses PTSD as a problem in limiting positivity in mental and physical health (Brown, 2017). The society may not work without a stable mental status. Therefore, it is essential to study the relationship between PTSD and health. This is with a focus on mood, behavioral traits, health, and another health status.

Literature Review of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Baumeister, Vohs, Aaker, & Garbinsky (2013) argue that an organism possesses a positive life depending on its capacity to maintain an internal milieu amidst challenges in its environment. Brummelte & Galea, (2016) supports the above factor by calling it homeostasis. Stress is seen as a factor that changes the homeostasis of organisms negatively. Adamsons & Johnson (2013) presents the various stakeholders who are affected by PTSD. Among them include women, children, and male adults. However, women, children, and youths are the ones that experience the problem the most. Adamsons & Johnson (2013) shows that a stressor derived from the PTSD condition acts as a threat to the life of anyone in the world. PTSD has evolved for many decades depending on the changing nature of society and modern society. Stress response also continues to undergo evolution to acquire its adaptive processes.

Dziwota, Stepulak, Włoszczak-Szubzda, & Olajossy (2018) presents data relating to prolonged response towards stress. The situation appears as the one which influences the development of tissue damages and the occurrence of illnesses. The situation is seen to invoke coping mechanisms and responses between human and animals depending on the nature of the threats they perceive to affect their lives. The central nervous system is a major influencing factor in integrating coping responses in stressful situations.

It does not isolate response towards PTSD but ensures that it evaluates the situation and creates the best results. Dziwota, Stepulak, Włoszczak-Szubzda, & Olajossy (2018) continue to argue that anyone who possesses high hormonal and autonomic status in the social life may have a high likelihood of either experiencing fight or flight responses. The experiences maximize the possibilities of facilitating muscular exertion. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) propagate the situation and leads to an aversive outcome due to the lack of adequate coping responses.

O'Mahen & Flynn (2008) states that depressive episodes occur in case an individual experiences adverse events in the surroundings. Stressful events are significant causal effects on PTSD. Bargai, Ben-Shakhar, & Shalev (2007) analyzed several experiments involving battered women. The women had a diagnosis of depression due to their past experiences. According to the study, recent episodes of battering increased high levels of suicides and divorce. The women involved had continuous battering from their husbands. The situation also increases high levels of unemployment among individuals (Biaggi, Conroy, Pawlby, & Pariante, 2016). Most of the victims of PTSD in this situation include youths who are unsure about their future (Chassin, 2010). PTSD in them comes from the aspect of them abusing marijuana and cocaine among other drugs. The above factor creates a significant problem that affects their mental status. Many studies also show that schizophrenia is a major influencing factor of PTSD, though not all the time. Schizophrenia increases high chances of an individual suffering from PTSD. Stressful events come after one suffers from anxiety created by schizophrenia (Dziwota, Stepulak, Włoszczak-Szubzda, & Olajossy, 2018).

Herring et al., (2008) argue that women also have PTSD. Women who have given birth suffer from the challenges of being new mothers. Their lives change when they are handling their newborn babies. They have to readjust their previous lives and adapt to the changing nature of their environments. The situation may influence the development of anxiety (O'Mahen & Flynn, 2008). Anxiety is a factor that occurs during the onset of depression. Women suffering from anxiety lead to major depressive episodes after experiencing the problems of bringing up a new child in their environments (Fusar-Poli et al., 2014). The estimates of PTSD among women and children is also increasing due to high standards of living. The current international community experiences physical violence, deaths of loved ones, and sexual assaults among other negative factors.

PTSD has a relationship to trauma and disaster (Herring et al., 2008). PTSD has a primary origin from other factors such as cognitive impairments, mental disorders, and substance abuse. Stress consequences that lead to the development of PTSD include smoking, diet, sleeping problems, and unstable relationships. People who live in a stressful situation such as high divorce rates and business challenges tend to acquire high smoking rates than those who live a secure life (Anderson, Cesur, & Tekin, 2015). People living with PTSD suffer from high levels and rates of mortality than those in secure environments.

Evaluating Findings and Discussions

The above literature analysis through Jungian and Maslow’s theory has shown that PTSD is a problem that has always existed, it is a continuous problem, and it will remain unless the international community comes up with a way to deal with it. Stress affects people differently but is a problem for women and children who are considered marginal groups. People should comprehend possible ways through which they manage the stress that they experience daily. Stress does not choose anyone since it affects everyone.

It brings instability to pregnant mothers, to women who have given birth, to children who have schizophrenia, and unemployed men who have to keep up with the struggles of life. It creates instability for anyone who lets it in their minds. People have to concern themselves with their stressful disorders so as it does not spread to others in their communities (Chassin, 2010). Drugs are seen as a significant factor that touches on the relationship between individuals and drugs around them.

Individuals who have PTSD end up either committing suicide or bury themselves in drugs. The situation has seen different mental experts having a lot of work regarding handling PTSD patients. Among them include psychiatrists, counselors, and psychologists who protect society against events that may seem to be detrimental towards individuals. The government should look at the adversity created by stressful situations. It is the role of society to focus on the well-being of individuals in the international community. PTSD is a major negative factor that deprives individuals sleep and creates conflicts in society. Stress serves as a crucial contributing factor to different health challenges.

PTSD serves as a major influencing factor in the increasing rates of mortality rates in the international community. Many scholars have argued that depression is the reason for several cases of behavioral and mental instability in the health sector. It affects the thinking process and initiates poor decision making among people. In other words, PTSD takes the first position when it comes to killing individuals in most parts of the world. It leads to the poor development of communities in the socioeconomic and political sectors. The various stakeholders working with PTSD related patients need to collaborate to motivate the elimination of PTSD in the community.

The two theories show that information is key to understanding instability in the mental status of individuals. Abraham Maslow and Carl Jung argue that individuals have to be careful with how they take fundamental steps to deal with deficiency needs in their surroundings. People need each other to support the need for love, security, esteem, and physical needs. This is also evident in pregnant mothers and youths who are involved in substance abuse activities. Such individuals suffer from their problems because they lack a connection to the community around them.

Conclusion

In summary, PTSD should be looked into using different dynamics such as Abraham Maslow’s theory of needs and Jungian theory. Individuals have to focus on the key issues surrounding the cause and effects of PTSD. It is the work of every individual to ensure that they introduce change so that people have stable mental and physical status.

References

Adamsons, K., & Johnson, S. (2013). An updated and expanded meta-analysis of nonresident fathering and child well-being. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(4),, 589.

Anderson, D., Cesur, R., & Tekin, E. (2015). Youth depression and future criminal behavior. Economic Inquiry, 53(1),, 294-317.

Bargai, N., Ben-Shakhar, G., & Shalev, A. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in battered women: The mediating role of learned helplessness. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 267-275.

Baumeister, R., Vohs, K., Aaker, J., & Garbinsky, E. (2013). Some key differences between a happy life and a meaningful life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(6),, 505-516.

Biaggi, A., Conroy, S., Pawlby, S., & Pariante, C. (2016). Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and depression: a systematic review. Journal of affective disorders, 191, 62-77.

Brown, R. (2017). Bridging worlds: participatory thinking in Jungian context. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 62(2),, 284-304.

Brummelte, S., & Galea, L. (2016). Postpartum depression: etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care. Hormones and behavior, 77, 153-166.

Chassin, L. (2010). Does adolescent alcohol and marijuana use predict suppressed growth in psychosocial maturity among male juvenile offenders? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 24.1 , 48.

Dziwota, E., Stepulak, M., Włoszczak-Szubzda, A., & Olajossy, M. (2018). Social functioning and the quality of life of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 25(1),, 50-55.

Fusar-Poli, P., Papanastasiou, E., Stahl, D., Rocchetti, M., Carpenter, W., Shergill, S., & McGuire, P. (2014). Treatments of negative symptoms in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of 168 randomized placebo-controlled trials. Schizophrenia bulletin, 41(4), 892-899.

Herring, S., Rich‐Edwards, J., Oken, E., Rifas‐Shiman, S., Kleinman, K., & Gillman, M. (2008). Association of postpartum depression with weight retention 1 year after childbirth. Obesity, 16(6), 1296-1301.

O'Mahen, H., & Flynn, H. (2008). Preferences and perceived barriers to treatment for depression during the perinatal period. Journal of women's health, 17(8), 1301-1309.