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GenderwageGap2016-1.pptWage Gap
- the wage gap remained at about23% over time, meaning that the average American woman was paid 77 cents for every dollar made by a man.
- Over the course of a 47-year work life, a woman will lose between $700,000 and $2 million to the wage gap,
- A higher education doesn't close the massive racial and gender disparities in what people earn.
- Numerous studies confirm these disparities. In one study, researchers sent out otherwise identical resumes under stereotypically "white" and stereotypically "black" names; the white names were 50 percent more likely to be called back for interviews.
- There is not a single state in which women have gained economic equality with men.
- As women get older, the wage gap for them widens.
- Pay inequity also follows women into retirement.
After controlling for demographic factors such as marital status, race, number and age of children, and income, as well as work patterns such as years of work, hours worked, and job tenure —
- “If working women earned the same as men (those who work the same number of hours; have the same education, age, and union status; and live in the same region of the country), their annual family incomes would rise by $4,000 and poverty rates would be cut in half.” (p. 2)
Pay Equity
- pay different job titles the same based on their value to their employer regardless of the gender predominance of those working in such titles.
- This bias against women's work can be demonstrated and subsequently eliminated by assessing the economic value of different jobs through the use of gender-neutral job evaluation systems.
- For example, secretarial and janitorial jobs can be compared on dimensions such as the education/training needed, the working conditions, the responsibility involved and effort required.
Pay equity 2007
- job evaluation studies seek to differentiate legitimate wage differences from those that are solely a function of the sex of the typical job incumbent.
- For instance, a substantial proportion of school districts in the U.S. pay secretaries and teaching assistants considerably less than the cleaners.
- In Denver, nurses were found to make less than gardeners.
- In New York State, school nurses in the West Islip school district start at $27,000, groundsMEN at $29,000.
University of Wisconsin Whitewater 2009- Study of Pay Equity
- Females concentrated in Academic Affairs and especially Student Affairs, (a division associated with conventional care roles for females) and where overall salary is lower than in the other divisions.
- Females are outnumbered, on the other hand, in the other divisions of administration, where overall salary is higher.
Job Evaluation
- the process establishing the comparable value of dissimilar job titles from diverse occupational groups involves a complex process of job evaluation.
- Uses a point system to evaluate jobs.
- Equal pay would not bust the budgets of businesses or governments. Wage adjustments tend to be modest and are phased in over a period of years.
- In Minnesota, where equal pay legislation was implemented for public sector employees over a four-year period, the cost was only 3.7 percent of the state‘s payroll budget.
- In the state of Washington, equal pay for state employees, implemented over an eight-year period, cost only 2.6 percent of overall personnel expenditures.
