VII

Running Head: GLOBAL ETHICAL DILEMMA-GENDER DISCRIMINATION 1

GLOBAL ETHICAL DILEMMA-GENDER DISCRIMINATION 2

Global Ethical Dilemma- Gender Discrimination.

Ronald McClarin

October 16, 2022

Introduction. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: Introduction

Global ethics can be described as a set of shared norms, ethical standards and morals, and values that different people share with different beliefs or faiths as well as cultures on the earth. The progressive increase in the global human population has posed many ethical challenges and problems, such as immigration issues, global justice challenges, public health, the value of democracy, gender discrimination, and reparations, among other global ethical dilemmas. Concepts associated with global ethics were first introduced and shared by professor Hans Küng in 1989 (Concern Worldwide, 2022). He presented his research not as an invention but as a discovery of the essence of common principles that guide humankind in every endeavor. This discovery was made of common principles, norms, and practices that existed before and will continue to exist. The professors’ common moral values and ethical standards make up humane ethics, or what is widely known as ethics of humanity.

In recent days, gender discrimination has become an issue, a major global ethical dilemma, especially in workplaces around the world. Other than workplaces, it has also been found that females are prone and more vulnerable to the challenges of gender discrimination. It has been difficult to fight poverty because, more often than women are critical victims of all forms of gender discrimination (Concern Worldwide, 2022). For relevant agencies to effectively address the issue of gender discrimination, there is a great need to understand various types of gender discrimination, the causes of gender discrimination, and the impacts of gender discrimination. The insights obtained from the above concepts regarding gender discrimination form the basis of devising approaches, strategies, and policies to address this global ethical dilemma more globally. Major forms of gender discrimination are; The Gender Gap, not being allowed to drive, restrictions on Clothing, not being allowed to travel, honor Killing, Gender bias in education, gender pay gap, Gender disparities in agriculture, Poor access to healthcare, The high price of collecting water, Child marriage and other forms of gender-based violence, lack of representation for women and girls at the policy level, Sexism, Inequality in employment and Earnings, ownership Inequality, Survival Inequality, Gender Inequality in freedom expre­ssion, gender discrimination in Respect of Violence and Victimization Implicit bias / implicit sexism as well as Sexual harassment and assault. On the other hand, causes of gender discrimination can be attributed to a wide range of issues, and among these issues include uneven access to education, lack of employment equality, stereotype and Job segregation, the inadequacy of legal protections, lack of bodily autonomy, Poor medical care, lack of religious freedom, lack of political representation and increased incidences of racism and societal mindsets (Concern Worldwide, 2022). Comment by TutorMe Tutor: Needs to be revised for clarity Comment by TutorMe Tutor: the gender gap Comment by TutorMe Tutor: clothing Comment by TutorMe Tutor: what do you mean by this? Comment by TutorMe Tutor: gender Comment by TutorMe Tutor: gender Comment by TutorMe Tutor: poor Comment by TutorMe Tutor: the Comment by TutorMe Tutor: child Comment by TutorMe Tutor: sexism, inequality Comment by TutorMe Tutor: earnings Comment by TutorMe Tutor: ownership inequality, survival inequality, gender inequality in freedom expression, gender discrimination in respect of violence and victimization implicit bias / implicit sexism as well as sexual harassment and assault. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: job Comment by TutorMe Tutor: poor Comment by TutorMe Tutor: Good introduction and thesis

Problem statement. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: Problem Statement

Gender discrimination is any action geared towards excluding or disadvantaging other people based on their gender. These actions can be dined deliberately and in an unfair manner or unintentionally unfair. Given that gender discrimination is a global challenge that affects people across all ages and in all aspects of human life, this report will focus on extensively researched evidence bases facts about ethical dilemmas revolving around gender discrimination. Majorly the report will highlight various forms of gender dissemination which form the basis for detrimental impacts of gender inequalities experiences across all aspects of human life. Some of the forms of gender inequalities that will be discussed in this report include Poor access to healthcare, The high price of collecting water, Child marriage and other forms of gender-based violence, lack of representation for women and girls at the policy level, and sexism. The paper will also discuss more the significant causes of gender discrimination, examples of gender discrimination, impacts and long-term effects of gender discrimination, as well as propose appropriate strategies along with policies that could help reduce the menace that comes with increased cases of discrimination. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: Needs to be revised to provide a better understanding Comment by TutorMe Tutor: based Comment by TutorMe Tutor: Majorly, Comment by TutorMe Tutor: poor access to healthcare, the high price of collecting water, child marriage Comment by TutorMe Tutor: delete

Literature review. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: Literature Review

Throughout an individual’s life, along with their role as members of society, people are obliged to make certain decisions and choices that will, in one way or another, influence key tendencies in social behavior. When people make decisions more so decisions that revolve around the future position of the community, they ought to consider several issues with respect to the possible future impacts of the said decisions (Concern Worldwide, 2022). One of the significant challenges the world is facing in the 21century is the global dilemma of gender discrimination that occurs in various places such as workplaces, the healthcare sector, schools, justice system in both developing and developed worlds. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: decisions,

Over the past decades, the issues of gender discrimination have come a long way, and still, it has a long way to cover if governments will not develop policies and regulations that can help manage the issue. Gender discrimination issues range from provisions of fundamental human rights to the efforts deployed to ensure that women are given equal opportunity to participate in politics and have a chance to represent the female gender in the legislative systems well as state economy (January-Bardill, 2017). It has been a great challenge for women to have equal opportunities as their male counterparts when it comes to access to education, job opportunities, pay, and other aspects of human life. Women have been neglected for a long time, and this is what necessitates U.S multinational enterprises to strictly adhere to the regulations and policies of the Title VII of the civil rights act of 1964 while undertaking their overseas operations with reference to the United States expatriate employees. By doing this, it will be possible to discourage and perhaps reduce gender discrimination in workplaces. To better understand the ethical dilemma associated with gender discrimination, let's look at the various forms of gender discrimination experienced in various aspects of human life. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: as well as the state economy Comment by TutorMe Tutor: Civil Rights Act

Forms of gender discrimination raise global ethical dilemmas. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: Forms of Gender Discrimination Raise Global Ethical Dilemmas

One of the notable reasons gender governments and other relevant institutions, such as labor unions, are fighting for equal pay for equal service rendered regardless of the employee's gender. Since time immemorial, the gender pay gap has been an effective form of gender discrimination affecting women. As the world is evolving at an exponential rate, it should be noted that financial and economic empowerment is a primary factor towards achieving an appropriate gender balance in society. Even though factors such as job or industry, deference in years of experience, deference in the number of hours worked, and deference in education deference ma contribute to gender discrimination, the World Economic Forum (WEF) report of 2020 indicated that it would take the world almost 100 years to achieve the balance for equal pay for women. Lack of equality in pay affects women in several ways (January-Bardill, 2017). increased pay gap deference has also given women access to economic independence that boosts world economies. Also, when women are discriminated against in terms of the pay they get at the workplace, it generally affects the means of accessing other basic needs such as education, healthcare services, and access to adequate food supply and water since they lack sufficient finances to support themselves. It is unethical for employers to pay males high salaries than women working in the same industry with equal education, qualification competence, and experience. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: Needs to be revised for clarity. What is one of the notable reasons? Comment by TutorMe Tutor: Needs to be revised for better structure Comment by TutorMe Tutor: Increased

Historically men have been regarded as superior compared to women. This aspect has often allowed men to work outside or far from their homes, but women, especially women from poor households, have been denied this crucial opportunity. The result is that women are subjected to lots of house chores, an aspect that has increasingly denied them the chance to contribute to economic production. Unemployment and pay inequality have also made women more vulnerable to domestic violence (Lenette, 2022). Women left with household chores are often overworked. When women are subject to household chores, they are often confined in a narrow world that limits their exposure to a wide range of occupation opportunities. Regarding salary and other earnings, males have been given top priorities right from the informal sector to administrative, business, commercial, and professional careers. Recent studies on gender discrimination with reference to inequality earnings indicate that in male-female earing in developing nations stands at 77p.c. While in developed nations, it stands at 73. p.c. in summary respective of educational qualification, experience, religion, competency, industry and caste, female earnings and access to equal employment opportunities in general less than their male counterpart Comment by TutorMe Tutor: earnings Comment by TutorMe Tutor: define what p.c. means

Another form of gender discrimination that has challenged nations to seal the gap is Ownership Inequality. This is an excellent example of asocial inequality. In most of the community, it has been a traditional culture that male child has the right to inherit property from their parents, but the traditions do not recognize them for females. Ownership of property and means of production rest exclusively on the male child. These traditional laws resulted from hierarchical family dualism (Lenette, 2022). Perhaps giving the male child the exclusive right to inherit and own property as opposed to a female child does sound unethical and denies equal rights for both male and female family members but also reduces female voices over societal issues. This form of discrimination also prevents women from actively participating in crucial activities that build world economies, such as social activities and economic activities. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: ownership inequality

Additionally, gender bias in the distribution of education and health has been identified as a form of gender inequality affecting women differently. Imperative to note is that education and health are the drivers of human capital, and when one Is denied access to these basic needs, their lives are completely disoriented. Healthcare and education are basic ingredients of economic development. Societal advancement in educational human capita is also progressive accumulated. There are hugely educational, and health gaps in both developed and developing countries with respect to women's education. Gender disparities in education hinder processes of woman empowerment. It also hinders economic progress as well as increases issues that are associated with social inequality. In third-world nations, males are considered the main insurance bond of the family (Plan International, 2022). Males are also taken as family assets that require adequate education as opposed to females. Statics in elementary schools indicates that male female literacy ratio is still wanting since growing enrollment in such schools indicates a low rate of girls' admission but with a worrying rate of girls' dropouts. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: is Comment by TutorMe Tutor: capital Comment by TutorMe Tutor: Statistics? Comment by TutorMe Tutor: still wanting? What do you mean by this?

Besides that, lack of political representation, lack of legal protection as well as racism also forms a larger category of various types of gender discrimination across the world. As per 2019 statistics on pollical representation in various arms of governments, it was clear that despite the progress made to seal the gender gap in gross women's underrepresentation in government, parental leave, gender-based violence, and neglection of women's right to equal opportunities has been a key contributor to widening of women underrepresentation. Racism also affects what women n of color are paid in all employment sectors. This has been evident more so in the healthcare sector, where the rate of racial discrimination has gone beyond tolerable levels. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: delete

Causes of gender discrimination. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: Causes of Gender Discrimination Move subtitle to the next page

As mentioned before, education is a key driver of uneven access to education has negotiated future implications for women. In many countries, both developed and developing worlds, a quarter of female students will not complement their education. Also, the rate of girl admission in elementary schools is significantly low compared to their male student counterparts. This means that each male graduate from various high learning institutions will likely be higher than females. This puts a male child at a better chance of securing employment sectors. With time the number of employed males increases ahead of the females. When girls are not educated in equal measure to males, this will have a negative implication on their future and the type of job opportunities they will get (Soken-Huberty, 2022). Another cause of gender inequality is job segregation within employment sectors. In most employment sectors, it has been a tradition and inherent belief that men are better suited for most technical jobs than female. This business leads to the creation of fewer positions in such jobs, an aspect that rests on the increased gap of gender inequality in the employment sector. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: needs to be revised to provide a better understanding. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: countries Comment by TutorMe Tutor: complete? Comment by TutorMe Tutor: female Comment by TutorMe Tutor: delete Comment by TutorMe Tutor: With time, Comment by TutorMe Tutor: females

In addition to that, world bank studies have indicated that over one million women do not get legal protection against domestic sexual or economic violence. This impacts the ability o women to live independently and freely. Perhaps the lack of legal protection over issues of female harassment in workplaces such as schools and the public sector has led to progressive discrimination of women as weak humans (Soken-Huberty, 2022). When the workplace is unsafe for women, they often make the decision to quit their jobs, and some of these decisions compromise their ability to accomplish their goals. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: of

lack of employment equality, Comment by TutorMe Tutor: Not sure what this statement is referring to

Impacts of gender discrimination. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: Impacts of Gender Discrimination Move subtitle to the next page

The effects of gender discrimination can be detrimental, especially when the issues are not addressed at the right time in the right way. Potential impacts of gender discrimination include but are not limited to effects such as the development of illnesses and mental challenges such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Also, gender discrimination can lead to issues such as Less healthy living conditions, Injury, and death. In the healthcare sector, gender discrimination, especially in care provider facilities, can result in the dismissal of symptoms, incorrect or delayed diagnoses, withholding of care, and obstetric violence. In a nutshell, if someone is subjected to any form of discrimination, the impacts might damage their health, and this will, in turn, pose extended challenges to their family, friends, and even the wider community (Taylor et al., 2019). Besides that, gender discrimination, such as sexual harassment and violence, can lead to Injury and death. An example of sexual violence can be attributed to the barbaric tradition of female genital mutilation. Those who survive the process endure a lot of pain and bleeding. This female can also get infections, an aspect that may cause trauma in their later life. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: less Comment by TutorMe Tutor: injury Comment by TutorMe Tutor: injury

How to prevent gender discrimination. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: How to Prevent Gender Discrimination

To end the issues of gender discrimination in various aspects of human life, it will be recommended for governments and non-governmental institutions to educate the public on the essence of gender equality in economic growth to create a wider understanding of its impacts on society. Implicit bias training will be an essential tool to empower women to be at the frontline fighting for their rights (Taylor et al., 2019). Also, accountability and equitable treatment guidelines can help reduce gender discrimination in the healthcare sector. Lastly, equitable workplace policies and Self-advocacy for the foundation for fighting against gender discrimination in all spheres of human life. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: self

Conclusion. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: Conclusion

In a nutshell, Studies on global moral ethics teach humans the essence of moral goodness among humanity which is expressed via the human ability to maintain their dignity, eliminate gender discrimination issues, and perhaps abide by the existing norms and values that guide human existence. Comment by TutorMe Tutor: studies Comment by TutorMe Tutor: To complete your conclusion, restate your topic and why it is important, restate your thesis/claim, outlining the main points of the paper.

References

AMANU7. (2021). Integrity ethics module 9 key issues: Forms of gender discrimination. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.  https://www.unodc.org/e4j/zh/integrity-ethics/module-9/key-issues/forms-of-gender-discrimination.html

Concern Worldwide. (2022, December 8). Gender equality now: 7 injustices we need to address to change the world.  https://www.concern.net/news/gender-inequalities-we-need-to-address

Encyclopedia. (2021). Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW). Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 134-134.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95687-9_300021

January-Bardill, N. (2017). Racial discrimination and gender justice. Fifty Years of the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination.  https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781784993047.003.0004

Lenette, C. (2022). What of gender equality? Participatory Action Research, 98-117.  https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197512456.003.0006

Plan International. (2022, August 17). How to challenge gender discrimination.  https://plan-international.org/girls-get-equal/challenging-gender-discrimination-a-how-to-guide

Soken-Huberty, E. (2022, May 1). 10 causes of gender inequality. Human Rights Careers.  https://www.humanrightscareers.com/issues/causes-gender-inequality/

Taylor, E., Taylor, P., & Hill, J. (2019). Ethical dilemma story pedagogy—a constructivist approach to values learning and ethical understanding. Empowering Science and Mathematics for Global Competitiveness, 118-124.  https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429461903-18