Global East Asia response paper

Steger, Globalization, chap. 4

Steger, Globalization, chap. 4 March 6 Tues. lecture: regional security and US policy toward

China � Vince Scappatura, “The US Pivot to Asia, the China spectre

and the Australian-American Alliance.” japanfocus.org (2014)

March 8 Thurs lecture: competing visions of regional security

� Gavan McCormack, “North Korea and a rules-based order for the Indo-Pacific, East Asia, and the world.” japanfocus.org (2017)

East Asia in Pacific Rim context

Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia

Conceptualizing EA: Eurasian landmass from space

Electronic devices OFF

Political globalization Opening line: “Political globalization refers to the intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe” (p. 62).

What is “politics”?

What is “politics”? 1. Politics is a “social” science. 2. Politics is about the negotiation of power.

Political globalization Refers to the intensification and expansion of political interrelations [the negotiation of power] across the globe

Political globalization raises Qs: � Principle of state sovereignty � Role of intergovernmental organizations and

NGOs, transnational corporations � Global migration � Future of regional & global governance � Environmental policies to protect the planet

Focal points in Steger, chap. 4: 1. Nation-State System 2. Migration 3. Global Governance

Origins of the nation-state system Peace of Westphalia, 1648

� “Westphalian model” àModern nation- state system

Mature expression of modern nation-state Near the end of World War I, on Jan. 8, 1918, US president Woodrow Wilson gave a speech to Congress articulating the principle of national self-determination, called his ‘Fourteen Points’ speech:

� “All forms of national identity should be given their territorial expression in a sovereign nation-state.”

“National self-determination” Giving “national identity its territorial expression” proved to be very difficult to enforce in practice.

� Principle of national self-determination gave legitimacy to ethno-nationalist forces that led to World War II

Catalonian referendum

Catalonia

Sovereignty & Democracy

Referendum results On 10 October 2017, in the aftermath of the referendum, the President of the Generalitat of Catalonia, Carles Puigdemont, declared the independence of Catalonia (suspended) 1. 17 October Catalan separatist leaders were

jailed during sedition investigation 2. 18 October Theresa May told Spain that UK

will not recognize Catalonian independence 3. 1 March 2018 Carles Puigdemont withdrew as

president, remains in exile in Belgium

Other national self-determination hotspots � Basque Country (Spain) � Scotland (UK) � Hong Kong (China) � Taiwan (China) � Puerto Rico (U.S.) � Guam (U.S.)

National sovereignty & self- determination Basic principles of nation-state system � Sometimes pose a threat to nation-states

Global governance Supra-state institutions and associations are on the rise, held together by common norms and interests: “Interrelated power centers” � Poses another threat to sovereignty & self-

determination of nation-states

Steger’s thesis:

The globe is presently in the early phase of establishing global governance: “As the 21st century wears on, people around the world will become more conscious of the fact that they live in a transitional era moving from the modern nation-state system to post- modern forms of global governance” (p. 72).

State power can go to Global (supra-state) authorities

Global governance

National sovereignty

UN’s contradictory relationship to nation-state system 1945: United Nations is an intergovernmental organization based on nation-state system, but it undermines the principle of national sovereignty & self-determination

Intergovernmental organizations � NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization � WTO: World Trade Organization � OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development � APTA: Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement, previously

known as the Bangkok Agreement, was signed in 1975 by 5 States: Bangladesh, India, Laos, Republic of Korea, and Sri Lanka; China joined in 2001; Mongolia in 2013.

State power can also go to Local (sub-state) authorities

National sovereignty

Local governance

Municipal and provincial sub- state authorities Policy initiatives and transborder links between sub-national authorities have grown dramatically � These are still intergovernmental

organizations

Municipal and provincial sub- state authorities Example 1: Chinese provinces and US states have established permanent missions which operate autonomously with relatively little oversight from their national governments

Municipal and provincial sub- state authorities Example 2: Provinces and states in Canada, India, and Brazil are developing their own trade agendas and loan sources

Municipal and provincial sub- state authorities Example 3: World Association of Major Metropolises is a powerful city network that deals with urban problems across national borders. � Global cities may have more in common

with each other than with their home countries

These examples showed diffusion of power to Local (sub-state) authorities

National sovereignty

Local governance

Diffusion of power can go Global (supra-state)or Local (sub-state)

Global governance

National sovereignty

Local governance

Examples of diffusion of power to Regional (supra-state) authorities

Regional governance

National sovereignty

Regional blocs Regional attempts to integrate economies have evolved into loose political federations with common governance � These are also intergovernmental

organizations

Regional blocs Example 1: EU European Union

� Began in 1950 to oversee French and German coal mining and steel production

� 60 years later, it has 27 member states with common public policies, currency, and security arrangements

� BREXIT

Regional blocs Example 2: ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations 10 Member States ― Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. 1 Observer – Papua New Guinea; East Timor has applied for Observer status.

Regional blocs Example 3: ASEAN+3 � ASEAN Plus Three (APT) is a forum that

functions as a coordinator of co-operation between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN and the three East Asia nations of China, Japan, and South Korea.

� In 2009, created common educational system through open exchange and recognition of college credits

Regional blocs Example 4: APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation � 21 member economies: Australia, Brunei Darussalam,

Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong-China, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, United States, and Vietnam.

� Why are they called “member economies”?

October 7, 2017 Transportation Ministers from the APEC member economies issued a statement following their meeting in Port Moresby to build connectivity and trade flows that benefit all corners of society in the Asia-Pacific. � The statement reflects the outcomes of the APEC Transportation

Ministerial Meeting chaired by Papua New Guinea Transport Minister Westly Nukundj and informed by engagement with representatives from the private sector.

� It describes joint actions to be implemented by APEC economies over the next year to promote their infrastructure connectivity and development of efficient, safe, secure and environmentally sustainable land, sea and air-based supply chains.

� These actions aim is to enable broad-based job creation and economic growth—from dense urban centers to remote rural areas across the region.

Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea

Earthquake June 2, 2017

Why is the PNG internet so slow? The backbone of the internet is a network of thick cables that are laid under the sea. 99% of the information sent over the internet use these cables. Papua New Guinea has 2 cables, the PPC-1 (PIPE Pacific Cable 1) and the APNG-2 (Australia PNG 2).

� The earthquake (5.9) near Madang caused a section of the PPC-1 cable to break about 600m offshore

� Australia has about 100Tbps of cables connecting it to the world; PNG only ever had 2Tb, now they have 0.001Tb.

Internet cables PPC1-Madang

Summary: power can go Global, Regional (supra-state) or Local (sub-state)

Global & Regional governance

National sovereignty

Local governance

Private-sector associations Thousands of voluntary, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) represent a global civic society that is shaping the emerging structure of global governance � They exist outside the nation-state system

(therefore, “non-governmental”) � They are prepared to challenge nation-

states and intergovernmental organizations.

Private-sector associations Examples of International NGOs:

� Amnesty International � Greenpeace International � Sea Shepherd International

Global democracy Some globalists see global democracy emerging from this thriving sphere of global civil society represented by NGOs.

� This assumes a spirit will emerge of mutual accommodation and tolerance of differences

Global democracy Globalization skeptics feel that global democracy is not possible

� They believe that globalization’s intense cultural, political, and economic interaction is more likely to lead to resistance and opposition, rather than accommodation and tolerance

Global democracy International NGOs � Reasons for optimism? � Reasons for pessimism?

Accommodation & tolerance: Amnesty International, 1961 � Homepage: Amnesty International is a global

movement of people fighting injustice and promoting human rights. We work to protect people wherever justice, freedom, truth and dignity are denied.

� Currently the world’s largest grassroots human rights organization, we investigate and expose abuses, educate and mobilize the public, and help transform societies to create a safer, more just world.

� Received Nobel Peace Prize for our life-saving work.

Accommodation & tolerance: Greenpeace International, 1971 � Homepage: “Greenpeace was founded in 1971 by a

small group of anti-war protesters taking nonviolent direct action against US nuclear weapons testing.

� Today, taking action is as important as ever to the way we campaign for a greener, more peaceful and equitable world.

� Guiding all of our actions, always, is our commitment to nonviolence and personal responsibility.”

Resistance & opposition: Sea Shepherd International, 1977 � Homepage: “Established in 1977, Sea Shepherd

Conservation Society (SSCS) is an international non- profit, marine wildlife conservation organization.

� Our mission is to end the destruction of habitat and slaughter of wildlife in the world's oceans in order to conserve and protect ecosystems and species.”

SSCS 1977

Sea Shepherd monitors fishing

Jan. 2010 sinking of Lady Gil

Zero tolerance

From SSCS 1977 to Whale Wars today

Sea Shepherd pays $3 million fine For violating U.S. legal injunction filed by Japan � “Did Sea Shepherd lose the Whale Wars?”

But….Sea Shepherd USA founder: “We are independent and separate entities, and people in Australia and Europe are quite offended that the U.S. would presume to have any jurisdiction over that,” Watson said. “These are Dutch-registered ships owned by a European entity in Australian waters going after Japanese fishermen. What possible jurisdiction could they have? It only covers Sea Shepherd USA’s involvement.”

Summary: Diffusion of State power

State power goes Global, Regional (supra- state), and Local (sub-state) inter- governmental organizations within the Nation-State System; and/or completely outside the Nation-State System to global- local civic organizations (NGOs)

Chart: Diffusion of State power

Global & Regional

governance

National sovereignty NGOs

Local governance

National Security � The military is one arena that nation-states

still exert ssignificant control