global east Asia response paper (max. 400 words)

Millie Creighton (2016)

Chap 5 readings — Reading (1): Steger, Chap. 5 “The cultural dimension of

globalization.” — Reading (2): Nissim Kadosh Otmazgin, “Japanese

Popular Culture in East and Southeast Asia: Time for a Regional Paradigm?” japanfocus.org (2008)

— Reading (3): Millie Creighton, “Through the Korean Wave Looking Glass: Gender, Consumerism, Transnationalism, Tourism Reflecting Japan-Korea Relations in Global East Asia.” japanfocus.org (2016)

Recitation: The cultural dimension of globalization Wed. Nov. 14 recitation —Chap. 5 response paper due: Tues. Nov. 13 at

10:00 PM —Film clip: Zhang Yibai, dir. Longest Night in

Shanghai (2007)

Steger’s important themes: (1) sameness/difference (3) languages 2. The crucial role of transnational media

corporations in disseminating popular culture —Global cultural flows are generated and

directed by global media empires that rely on powerful communication technologies

—Popular culture dominates airtime

Steger: Three effects of cultural interaction

1. In some contexts, cultural interaction may lead to sameness

2. In others, it may lead to hybridity 3. In other contexts, it may lead to new

cultural expression

Globalization & Culture (2009) Jan Nederveen Pieterse identifies three major

paradigms to describe globalization’s impact on culture:

1. Pieterse: Homogenization (=Steger: sameness)

2. Pieterse: Hybridization (=Steger: hybridity)

3. Pietrese: Polarization (⌿Steger: new)

Pieterse: Awareness of difference = function of globalization

“Growing awareness of cultural difference is a function of globalization. Increasing cross- cultural communication, mobility, migration, trade, investment, tourism, all generate awareness of cultural difference.” Pieterse, p. 60

Globalization & Culture (2009) Jan Nederveen Pieterse’s polarization

paradigm is useful in understanding Creighton’s discussion of Korean Wave:

—Polarization—Anti-Korean Wave (ken hanryu )

Electronic devices OFF

Millie Creighten “Through the Korean Wave Looking Glass”

The Korean Wave in Japan, beginning 2003 —Hallyu/Hanryu-Kanryu

Winter Sonata Choi Jiwoo 최지우 (b. 1975) — Jiwoo-hime Bae Yongjun 배용준 (BYJ, b. 1972) —Yon-sama —Retired 2007 from acting

Bae Yongjun Winter Sonata

Prelude to 2003 Winter Sonata — 1988 Travel restrictions lifted by ROK

(Olympic year) — 1998 ROK president Kim Dae-jung visits

Japan — 1999 Ban on Japanese culture products lifted

by ROK — 2002 ROK-Japan cohost Soccer World Cup

(FIFA)

Narita Int’l Airport, Tokyo 2004

Japanese fans of BYJ

Winter Sonata — https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=slti8s0N2tk (4.03)

“My memory” — https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sp9ZN-FUTwo

(4.33) “From the beginning until now” — https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxyADUbk8Rk

(5.54) Final scene — https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W90OK6YbqB4

(4.39) “Can’t let go this love” — https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5BPEgo2ibU

(28.42) Anime version final scene 26

Positive results of Korean Wave — 36% jump Japanese tourism to ROK 2003-04

—Korean food became fashionable in Japan

—Hanryu fans forced a gender shift in media —More men featured in magazines for

female audience

— Inspired 2005 Japan-Korea Friendship Year (40th anniversary celebration) events

— “Koreascapes” flourished in Japan

Negative reaction to Korean Wave (Pieterse: polarization) — Anti-Korean Wave books appeared in

bookstores —Ken-hanryu

— Harassment of Koreans in Japan increased —Resident Koreans: “Zainichi”

— Friction over territorial claims increased —Dokdo Takeshima

Dokdo Takeshima

Liancourt Rocks

ROK claims sovereignty, has possession

Japan claims sovereignty

Creighton: Reasons for backlash Korean Wave made some Japanese feel threatened: 1. Anti-Korean books feed on anxieties within Japan

over its prolonged recession 2. South Korea’s economic success is a source of anxiety

for Japan, where the economy is in decline and Japan was replaced by China as world’s 2nd largest economy

3. Japanese fear of North Korea’s nuclear power and aggression feeds into anti-Korean sentiment

Hanryu and Korea-Japan relations Creighton: Korean Wave had a big & beneficial impact — Promoted interest in South Korea — Shifted popular sentiment in favor of things Korean — Brought flows of tourism both ways — Broke down stereotypes of “Otherness”

— “Us” versus “Them” — Created dialogue about self-identities, gender

relationships — Opened new ways of interacting with other Asian

countries

Conclusions (p. 10) “…the legacies surrounding Korea’s colonization by Japan—such as the Comfort Women and controversies over territory— cannot be resolved nor dissolved by elements of popular culture alone. However, they can help.”

Clicker poll Q: Do you agree with Creighton that popular culture can help alleviate disputes within East Asian regional relations? A. Yes, circulation of popular culture creates

positive experiences of other cultures that can help solve political disputes.

B. No, circulation of popular culture creates backlash against other cultures that can worsen political disputes.

Reasons for appeal of C/J/K Pop Otmazgin’s 4 important observations:

1. Emergence of urban middle class

— Social convergence 2. Media platforms

3. Major metropolises “World Cities”

—Nodes where culture and consumerism meet

4. Metropolises dominate cultural flows, not

nation-states

Otmazgin’s observations apply to ‘beauty culture’ 1. Emergence of urban middle class — Social convergence

2. Media platforms 3. Major metropolises “World Cities” —Nodes where culture and consumerism

meet 4. Metropolises dominate cultural flows, not

nation-states

Ikko as transgender, transnational bridge between Japan-Korea

—Born 1962 Toyoda Kazuyuki (Ikko) —Cross-gender, cross-dressing celebrity who

performs ‘femininity’ —Has become an icon of the feminine ideal for

other women to emulate —Markets Etude House products

Etude House (Hangul: 에뛰드하우스) Etude House is a South Korean make up colour cosmetics brand owned by Amore Pacific. The brand name 'Etude' simply means 'study' or 'practice' in French. As of 2018, there were 231 stores around the world.

Ikko selling Etude House products

Ikko & Etude House fans

“Japanese transgender makeup artist Ikko poses after receiving a plaque designating him as an Ambassador for Korean Tourism in Seoul (2009)”

Waikiki Cosmetics. “We were very lucky for the Japanese cosmetics, fashion, and make-up specialist: IKKO to stop by. She checked out both Malie Organics and Accents, both stores who carry aromatherapy and beauty products made here in Hawaii.”

Ikko as international “feminine beauty icon” and makeup artist

Ikko as national “Japanese feminine beauty icon” and makeup artist

Decline of Japan’s Koreascapes

—Korean dramas have dropped on TV and rental since 2014

— Shin-Okubo (Tokyo Koreatown) shrunk 75%; only one quarter of shops are left

China restricts foreign TV shows 2012 restrictions on cable and satellite —Banned foreign dramas during prime-time — Stations may only give 25% of their airtime

to non-Chinese dramas —The rules were aimed at giving the domestic

television industry an advantage over Asian competition, especially from South Korea

China restricts video-streaming 2014 reduced foreign shows from 50% to 30%

—Video-streaming made a wide range of foreign shows available to Chinese viewers,

including "The Big Bang Theory," "2 Broke

Girls" and "House of Cards" from the U.S.;

"Sherlock" and "Downton Abbey" from the

U.K.; and the hit "My Love From the Star" from South Korea.

“My Love from Another Star” — South Korean “fantasy romance” — 21 episodes —Aired Dec. 2013-Feb. 2014 — Stars Kim Soo-hyun & Jun Ji-hyun (also

known as Gianna Jun) —https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4o3ft1

C2Dg (59.00)