Summary

Gazis, G. (2012) ‘Odyssey 11: the power of sight in the invisible realm’.

Rosetta 12: 49-59.

http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/Issue_12/gazis.pdf

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Odyssey 11: the power of sight in the invisible realm

George Gazis

Durham University

By common consent, Odyssey 11 is one of the most fascinating books of the

Homeric epics, yet it has puzzled scholars since antiquity. It has long been noted for

instance that it is not perfectly clear why Odysseus has to visit Hades; and that we

cannot be sure about what he actually does there. Does he stand next to the pit

throughout his visit, as he claims he does, 1 or does he venture deep into the

Underworld as his viewing of Minos, Orion, Tityus, Tantalus, Sisyphus and Heracles

suggests? 2 Other issues too have seemed problematic: for example, we are told by

Teiresias at lines 146-9 that the dead are powerless shades in need of blood in order

to recover their wits, but in some instances Odysseus describes them as fully

functioning: thus, Orion pursues his hunting habit even after death (572-75), while

Minos settles the disputes of the dead (568-71). Does it matter that we find these

seemingly incompatible views of the afterlife in one single episode of the Odyssey?

Many scholars thought it did matter, and sought to clarify the text. Already

Aristarchus athetised part of the book as later interpolation, arguing that it was

impossible for Odysseus to see the interior of Hades from where he was standing

and that the description of the dead, whom the poet himself describes as

ἀμενηνὰ κάρηνα (Od.11.49), 3 having their disputes settled by Minos was irrational.

4

In modern scholarship, Odyssey 11 often provided ammunition for analysts such as

Wilamowitz, Kirchhoff, Page and others, in their bid to prove multiple authorship of

the epics. 5 It was the breakthrough research of scholars like Reinhardt, Segal and

1 Od. 11.628-9: αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν αὐτοῦ μένον ἔμπεδον, εἴ τις ἔτ᾽ ἔλθοι

ἀνδρῶν ἡρώων, οἳ δὴ τὸ πρόσθεν ὄλοντο. 2 In lines 568-71, 572-5, 576-81, 582-92, 593-600, 601-626 respectively. Note that the above

statement of Odysseus that he stayed fixed in one place follows after he has narrated all of the above meetings. 3 Citations of Greek are taken from Allen, 1920.

4 Cf. Dindorf 1885: vol.II, 520f. On Aristarchus’ athetesis see Tsagarakis 2000: 11 who cites Gardback

1978: 1ff. and others. 5 Wilamowitz 1927: 79. See also Kirchhoff 1879, Wilamowitz 1884 and later Page 1955: 40.

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recently De Jong that helped reclaim the Nekyia as an integral part of the Odyssey. 6

Still, the problems associated with the book remained: Sourvinou-Inwood, Crane,

Clarke, Tsagarakis and many others have struggled to come to grips with Homeric

beliefs about the afterlife. 7 By contrast, surprisingly little work has been done on the

poetic implications of the Nekyia. In this paper I argue that Odyssey 11 can be read

in a very different way, one that illuminates the bard’s power over the tradition which

he helps preserve with his song.

Before going into detail, let me first of all clarify what I mean when referring to the

‘power of the (Homeric) bard’. In book 8 of the Odyssey the blind bard Demodocus is

introduced in what many have seen as an allusion to Homer himself. Demodocus,

we are told, was blind but had been granted by the Muses the gift of sweet song

(ἡδεῖαν ἀοιδήν). 8 What exactly that means becomes clearer once the bard starts to

sing for his Phaeacean audience. Suddenly, the blind old man who needs help even

to find his own seat takes us to the bed chamber of Aphrodite, and is able to display

in front of our eyes the most carefully hidden secrets of the gods. 9 Demodocus is

able to see every detail of what happens or has happened on Olympus, because of

the gift he has received from the Muses: we might say - and Homer almost says -

that the goddesses removed the bard’s mortal vision and replaced it with another,

more powerful one. 10

And just as Demodocus can see the gods, so Homer himself,

who, we recall, was thought to have been blind from early on, 11

is able to present to

us with every detail what happens on Mount Olympus among the gods. 12

There are

many examples of this; we may only recall the passage in Iliad 1 (493-611) where

Zeus makes his secret pact with Thetis. The poet easily transfers us from the

6 Reinhardt 1948 was the first to defend the integrity of the apologue as we have it. See also Segal

1962: 17-64 and De Jong 2001: 271-3. Stanford too thought that the book was authentic but had his doubts for vs. 565-627, Stanford 1948: 380-2. See also Heubeck-Hoekstra 1990: 75-7 and Northurp 1980: 150-9 for a response to Page 1955. Finally Doherty defended the Intermezzo and demonstrated its organic function in the book, Doherty 1991, 1992.

7 Sourvinou-Inwood 1986, 1995: 10-106 and 108-279, Crane 1988, Clarke 1999: 129-225,

Tsagarakis 2000. For the motif of blood drinking in the book see Heath 2005. 8 Od.8.64.

9 Od.8.266-365.

10 Od.8.62-64: κῆρυξ δ᾽ ἐγγύθεν ἦλθεν ἄγων ἐρίηρον ἀοιδόν,

τὸν πέρι μοῦσ᾽ ἐφίλησε, δίδου δ᾽ ἀγαθόν τε κακόν τε∙ ὀφθαλμῶν μὲν ἄμερσε, δίδου δ᾽ ἡδεῖαν ἀοιδήν.

11 Cf. the τυφλός ἀνῆρ reference in Homeric Hymn to Apollo vs.165-178. See Graziosi 2002: 126-

32 and also Graziosi and Haubold 2005: 21-7. 12

Graziosi and Haubold 2005: 81-3.

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Achaean camp to Olympus and displays in front of our eyes what his poetic vision

allows him to see: a secret meeting of the two gods taking place at the highest peak

of Olympus; surely no other mortal would possess the ability to see such a scene.

Homer’s special power of vision is prominent throughout the Iliad and the Odyssey.

The bard takes us with ease from the battlefield of Troy to the most remote parts of

the world, and from the depths of the sea to the assembly of the gods on Mount

Olympus. But there seems to be a place which even the almighty gods cannot

penetrate with their immortal sight, a place that poses the greatest challenge of all to

the bard’s poetic gaze. That place of course is none other than Hades, the remote

land of the dead which is shrouded in absolute darkness. The name Hades is

etymologically unclear, but in the popular imagination it was always associated with

vision. This is certainly how Homer himself, and his ancient audiences, understood it:

they heard in it the verb ἰδεῖν, 13

thus interpreting the Underworld as being literally the

invisible realm: A-ides. Throughout the Iliad, the poet alludes to Hades’ role as a

place where there can be no vision. For example, he lets Hector wish that he might

see, ἰδεῖν, Paris go down to Hades, the a-ides: the pun makes Hector’s impossible

wish seem all the more ironic (Paris of course will see him die first). 14

Homer also

hints at the obliterating force of Hades when he describes how Athena tricks Ares by

putting on the cap of Hades, Ἄϊδος κυνέην, at Iliad 5.844-5. A normal disguise would

not have worked here since gods can recognize other gods even when they are

camouflaged. But the cap of Hades provides a cover that even the immortal sight

cannot penetrate.

Now, although Homer exploits the theme of the Underworld’s invisibility in the Iliad,

he only uses its full potential in the 11 th

book of the Odyssey, as I now want to show.

13

Cf. Graziosi and Haubold 2010: 157 on the noun Ais. For the origin and etymology of the name see

Thieme (1968, 137-8) and Beekes (1998).For the etymology of Hades in classical times see LFgrE on

Ἄϊδος, Plato’s interpretation in Grg.493a – Phd.80d and Burkert (1985, 196). 14

Il.6.284. On the pun see Graziosi and Haubold 2010: 157-8. Similar wordplay elsewhere in the Iliad

suggests that Homer and his audience are aware of such an etymology, see for instance Il.24.244-6.

For Hades as a place of concealment see Il.22.482-3; Eustathius (III, 661, 10-1) comments on these

lines regarding Hades invisibility that: διὸ καὶ Ἀΐδης λέγεται, ἤγουν ἀὴρ ἀφανής, ὃν οὐκ ἔστιν ἰδεῖν.

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In book 10, Circe informs Odysseus that before setting course for Ithaca he needs to

travel to Hades to consult the soul of the seer Teiresias, who will give him

instructions about his journey home. 15

Odysseus obeys and after receiving advice

from the dreadful goddess, sets sail for the land of the dead. On approaching Hades,

Odysseus informs us that darkness surrounds him and his companions: the light of

the sun never visits the Cimmerians who live in immediate proximity to the realm of

the dead. 16

After Odysseus and his men have landed and completed the appropriate

sacrifices, the dead begin to appear from Erebus. The first close encounter that

Odysseus has is with the soul of Elpenor, the young companion who lies as yet

unburied back on Circe’s island. After a short exchange with Elpenor, Odysseus

spots his dead mother but has to keep her away from the pool with the sacrificial

blood as he must wait for Teiresias to drink first.

This is the first time that Odysseus uses the verb ἰδεῖν in this episode (lines 55 and

87), but from here on it becomes increasingly prominent. 17

Thus, when Teiresias’

soul approaches Odysseus, the very first thing he asks is why he left the light of the

sun in order to see the dead and their joyless land. 18

The verb that the seer uses is

once more ἰδεῖν, which creates a striking contrast with the phrase λιπὼν φάος ἠελίοιο

of the previous line. A few lines later, while delivering his prophesy, Teiresias refers

to Helios as the one who sees and hears everything,

ὃς πάντ᾽ ἐφορᾷ καὶ πάντ᾽ ἐπακούει. 19

We have seen already that the sun cannot

reach the land of the dead, not even the shores around it. The land of the

Cimmerians is shrouded in darkness because the sun never looks at them

οὐδέ ποτ᾽ αὐτοὺς/ἠέλιος φαέθων καταδέρκεται ἀκτίνεσσιν; 20

and Odysseus had to

leave the domain of the sun in order to be able to see the dead and their land. The

logical conclusion is that the Sun sees and hears everything that happens on earth

and in the sky, the residence of the gods included, but has no power when it comes

to the domain of the invisible Hades. And yet, Odysseus (and with him the poet) has

been able so far to see, and will retain this ability for the whole of his visit.

15

Od.10.488-95. 16

Od.11.14-19. 17

A full list of the occurrences of the verb is contained in the table at the end of the paper. 18

Od.11.92-4. 19

Od.11.109. 20

Od.11.15-6.

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After conversing with the soul of Teiresias, Odysseus is at last given the chance to

talk to his deceased mother. Again he introduces her with the same verb

ὁρόω ψυχὴν 21

reminding us that his vision has not been affected at all by the fact

that he is standing in the gloomy darkness (ὑπὸ ζόφον ἠερόεντα). 22

Interestingly

enough, Antikleia addresses him in a manner very similar to Teiresias: ‘My son how

did you come in the gloomy darkness while being alive? It is very difficult for the

living to see those things.’ 23

Again, the theme of total darkness is contrasted with the

ability of Odysseus to see, despite the fact that the living do not normally manage to

set eyes on the underworld and the dead. Before she disappears, Antikleia reminds

her son that he should desire to return to the light as soon as possible since this is

where he belongs. 24

So far in these three encounters we have seen that the poet utilizes the contrast

between light and darkness to distinguish the realms of the living and the dead, while

at the same time making it clear, through frequent use of the verb ἰδεῖν and by

emphasising that mortals are not usually able to see the dead, that Odysseus’

viewing of Hades is exceptional. The so-called catalogue of Heroines further

strengthens that impression since the verb ἰδεῖν or εἰσιδεῖν is used a total of 10 times

by Odysseus in order to introduce every single heroine. What the catalogue seems

designed to showcase, above all, is Odysseus’ power of visual perception.

Indeed, the poet continues in the same fashion until the end of the book. Odysseus

‘sees’ his former companions Agamemnon, Achilles and Aias and has long

conversations with the first two. 25

Odysseus is convinced that he could have made

even Aias talk but decides to let him go because he wants to see more souls τῶν

ἄλλων ψυχὰς ἰδέειν (567), including those of Minos (ἴδον, 568), Tityus (εἶδον, 576),

Tantalus (εἰσεῖδον, 582), Sisyphus (εἰσεῖδον, 593) and finally Heracles. Although in

the case of Heracles the verb ἰδεῖν is not used, Odysseus describes in great detail

the belt that Heracles is wearing (610-14), a task of course that would require him to

21

Od.11.141. 22

Od.11.155. 23

Od.11.155-6. 24

Od.11.223. 25

Od.11.387-561.

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be able to see clearly. After this tour-de-force of ekphrasis in the underworld gloom

Odysseus fears that Persephone will send Gorgo’s head against him: here, finally, is

a sight that even he cannot abide. He must leave but not without informing us that if

he had stayed he would have seen even older heroes than the ones he saw:

προτέρους ἴδον ἀνέρας (630).

It should be clear by now that the constant use of the verb ἰδεῖν in the eleventh book

of the Odyssey is not due to coincidence or even metrical convenience. But what

should we make of the poet’s insistence on this verb and what exactly is the point of

Odysseus seeing the invisible Hades? In order to answer those questions we should

cast a quick look at a group of singers who have often been compared with the epic

Muses. In Odyssey book 12, the Sirens possess the same knowledge as the Muses

since they know everything that has happened in Troy and indeed upon the earth

ἐπὶ χθονὶ πουλυβοτείρῃ. 26

Now, what I would like to stress here is the fact that the

Sirens’ knowledge is limited specifically to what happens on the earth, which of

course rules out the domain of Hades. The underworld remains hidden from them

and presumably from the Muses too, since even the gods cannot see through the

gloom of Hades, as I have shown. If this is true then how can the ability of Odysseus

to see the underworld be explained? The answer, I would argue, lies in the bard’s

special power over his tradition, a power which in the Odyssey goes beyond the

Muses as a direct source of knowledge about all things on earth. Here, in the

underworld scenes of Odyssey 11, the bard seems to be drawing his information

from elsewhere. But from where? Well, we might say that the divine knowledge of

the Muses is mediated by the human gaze of the traveller Odysseus. And that gaze

brings with it a shift in poetic emphasis: through Odysseus’ journey to Hades Homer

is able to bring his audience, and of course his hero, face to face with the epic

tradition qua tradition, that is to say, as an archive of quotable text; for what

Odysseus does, in Odyssey 11, is to quote with his eyes, as it were: ‘and then I saw

Tyro …’, ‘and then I saw Agamemnon’. We contemplate the Hesiodic tradition of

women’s catalogues in what reads like an extended quote from this type of poetry. 27

We also see the Homeric tradition of the Trojan War, traditions about Sisyphus,

26

Od.12.191. 27

See Rutherford 2005: 99-117 and 2011: 152-167 for a discussion of the development of catalogue poetry; also West 1985 and Hirschberger 2004 on Hesiod’s Catalogue of Women more generally.

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Heracles, etc. Rather than singing about the deeds of men ‘upon the earth’, the stuff

of the Muses’ (and Sirens’) song, the bard by taking us to the land of the dead allows

us to encounter face to face, as it were, the poetic traditions about those deeds,

enabling us to reflect on their relationship to one another, and to the Odyssey. My

suggestion, then, would be that the bard’s special power of sight, the gift of the

Muses which gives him access to the past, is re-interpreted in Odyssey 11 as the

even more remarkable power of contemplating the murky realm of tradition itself.

Hades forms the poetic counterpart to Olympus as the seat of the Muses, and the

ultimate source of the bard’s special vision: whereas the Muses are immortal and

forever ‘present’ (Il. 2.484-6), Hades as a storehouse of the epic tradition suggests

the remoteness of the past before it is illuminated by epic song. Homer demonstrates

the power that his poetic gaze holds even in this domain of invisibility, and in so

doing invites us to reflect on what epic tradition is, and how it presents itself to us.

The underworld thus becomes a treasure trove of tradition, a huge archive or

database, as it were. To linger here is tempting: Odysseus, for one, cannot get

enough of seeing as many souls of heroes as possible. And yet, there is a price to

be paid if he is not careful. The living are not supposed to linger among the dead,

and if Odysseus prolongs his visit he might never leave and complete his nostos (the

image which Homer uses to describe this eventuality is that of the Gorgon turning

Odysseus into stone). And so, Homer withdraws his hero from Hades. What counts,

ultimately, is not the poetic archive but the living song: Odysseus must return home

to Ithaca, and Homer, even though he is able to look into Hades, must resume his

song.

TABLE

 Occurrences of the verb ἰδεῖν in Odyssey 11:

Line Quote Speaker

55. τὸν μὲν ἐγὼ δάκρυσα ἰδὼν ἐλέησά τε θυμῷ (Odysseus of Elpenor)

87. τὴν μὲν ἐγὼ δάκρυσα ἰδὼν ἐλέησά τε θυμῷ (Odysseus of Antikleia)

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93-4. τίπτ᾽ αὖτ᾽, ὦ δύστηνε, λιπὼν φάος ἠελίοιο (Teiresias to Odysseus)

ἤλυθες, ὄφρα ἴδῃ νέκυας καὶ ἀτερπέα χῶρον;

109. Ἠελίου, ὃς πάντ᾽ ἐφορᾷ καὶ πάντ᾽ ἐπακούει (Teiresias of the Sun)

141-4. μητρὸς τήνδ᾽ ὁρόω ψυχὴν κατατεθνηυίης∙ (Odysseus of Antikleia)

ἡ δ᾽ ἀκέουσ᾽ ἧσται σχεδὸν αἵματος, οὐδ᾽ ἑὸν υἱὸν

ἔτλη ἐσάντα ἰδεῖν οὐδὲ προτιμυθήσασθαι

155-6. τέκνον ἐμόν, πῶς ἦλθες ὑπὸ ζόφον ἠερόεντα (Antikleia to Odysseus)

ζωὸς ἐών; χαλεπὸν δὲ τάδε ζωοῖσιν ὁρᾶσθαι

Catalogue of Heroines

Line Quote Speaker

235. ἔνθ᾽ ἦ τοι πρώτην Τυρὼ ἴδον εὐπατέρειαν (Odysseus)

260. τὴν δὲ μετ᾽ Ἀντιόπην ἴδον, Ἀσωποῖο θύγατρα

266. τὴν δὲ μετ᾽ Ἀλκμήνην ἴδον, Ἀμφιτρύωνος ἄκοιτιν

271. μητέρα τ᾽ Οἰδιπόδαο ἴδον, καλὴν Ἐπικάστην

281. καὶ Χλῶριν εἶδον περικαλλέα

298. καὶ Λήδην εἶδον, τὴν Τυνδαρέου παράκοιτιν

305-6. τὴν δὲ μετ᾽ Ἰφιμέδειαν, Ἀλωῆος παράκοιτιν

εἴσιδον, ἣ δὴ φάσκε Ποσειδάωνι μιγῆναι

321. Φαίδρην τε Πρόκριν τε ἴδον καλήν τ᾽ Ἀριάδνην

326. Μαῖράν τε Κλυμένην τε ἴδον στυγερήν τ᾽ Ἐριφύλην

328-9. πάσας δ᾽ οὐκ ἂν ἐγὼ μυθήσομαι οὐδ᾽ ὀνομήνω,

ὅσσας ἡρώων ἀλόχους ἴδον ἠδὲ θύγατρας

End of the Catalogue

Line Quote Speaker

363-6. ὦ Ὀδυσεῦ, τὸ μὲν οὔ τί σ᾽ ἐίσκομεν εἰσορόωντες (Alkinoos to Odysseus)

ἠπεροπῆά τ᾽ ἔμεν καὶ ἐπίκλοπον, οἷά τε πολλοὺς

βόσκει γαῖα μέλαινα πολυσπερέας ἀνθρώπους,

ψεύδεά τ᾽ ἀρτύνοντας ὅθεν κέ τις οὐδὲ ἴδοιτο

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371. εἴ τινας ἀντιθέων ἑτάρων ἴδες (Alkinoos to Odysseus)

395. τὸν μὲν ἐγὼ δάκρυσα ἰδὼν ἐλέησά τε θυμῷ (Odysseus of

Agamemnon)

522. κεῖνον δὴ κάλλιστον ἴδον μετὰ Μέμνονα δῖον (Odysseus of Eurypylus)

528. κεῖνον δ᾽ οὔ ποτε πάμπαν ἐγὼν ἴδον ὀφθαλμοῖσιν (Odysseus of

Neoptolemus)

567. τῶν ἄλλων ψυχὰς ἰδέειν κατατεθνηώτων (Odysseus of the souls

of the heroes)

568. ἔνθ᾽ ἦ τοι Μίνωα ἴδον, Διὸς ἀγλαὸν υἱόν (Odysseus of Minos)

576. καὶ Τιτυὸν εἶδον, Γαίης ἐρικυδέος υἱόν (Odysseus of Tityus)

582. καὶ μὴν Τάνταλον εἰσεῖδον κρατέρ᾽ ἄλγε᾽ ἔχοντα (Odysseus of Tantalus)

593. καὶ μὴν Σίσυφον εἰσεῖδον κρατέρ᾽ ἄλγε᾽ ἔχοντα (Odysseus of Sisyphus)

615. ἔγνω δ᾽ αὖτ᾽ ἔμ᾽ ἐκεῖνος, ἐπεὶ ἴδεν ὀφθαλμοῖσιν (Odysseus of Heracles)

630. καί νύ κ᾽ ἔτι προτέρους ἴδον ἀνέρας, οὓς ἔθελόν περ (Odysseus)

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