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FSS203TheCardiologyLecturePowerPoint.pptx
Welcome to Human Anatomy II FSS 203 The Cardiovascular System
Dr. Adrian Bachman, DC, MS
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Chapter 9: The Circulatory System
Cardiology: Study of the heart.
Heart: Muscular structure that is involuntary in function that pumps blood to all areas of the body.
Location: The heart is found in the thoracic cavity, above the diaphragm.
Mediastinum: Location of the heart which is inferior portion between the lungs.
Heart consist of 3 layers of tissue which include:
Epicardium/Visceral pericardium – Serous membrane that forms the outer layer of the heart.
Myocardium – Muscular layer of the heart which is found in the middle layer.
Endocardium – Inner most layer of the heart.
Heart has 4 different chambers:
Atrium/Atria: Superior portion of the heart which receives blood back into the heart.
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Ventricles: Blood exit these chambers pumping it to other areas in the body.
Right ventricle
Left Ventricle
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Chapter 9: The Circulatory System
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Chapter 9: The Circulatory System
The heart produces a dual pumping action throughout the body.
Pulmonary circulation: Carries blood from heart to the lungs and back to be oxygenated.
Right ventricle: Beginning of pulmonary circulation
Left atrium: End of pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation: This distributes blood throughout the body and then back to the heart.
Carries nutrients and oxygenated blood
Left ventricle: Beginning of systemic circulation
Right atrium: End of system circulation
The blood through the body away from the heart and towards the heart through:
Veins: Carry blood towards the heart which enters the atrium of the heart.
Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart as it leaves the ventricles.
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Chapter 9: The Circulatory System
Right Atrium:
3 vessels that bring blood into the right atrium:
Superior vena cava: Drains the head, upper extremities, and part of the chest.
Inferior vena cava: Drains the abdomen and lower extremities.
Coronary sinus: Drains the heart muscle.
Right Ventricle:
1 large vessel that carries blood towards the lungs to be oxygenated.
Pulmonary trunk/Common pulmonary artery
Left Atrium:
4 vessels that come into the left atrium:
Pulmonary veins – Return from the lungs with oxygenated rich blood.
Left Ventricle:
1 large vessel that leaves this chamber of the heart:
Aorta/Ascending aorta – Carries blood away from the heart and disperses it throughout the body through systemic circulation.
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Chapter 9: The Circulatory System
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Chapter 9: The Circulatory System
Muscular separations between the heart chambers include:
Atrial septum – Wall found between the right and left atria.
Ventricular septum – Wall between the right and left ventricles
Right atrio-ventricular septum – Separation of the right atrium and right ventricle.
Tricuspid valve: Valve located in the wall of the right atrio-ventricular septum.
Left atrio-ventricular septum – Separation of the left atrium and the left ventricle.
Bicuspid, mitrial, left atrio-ventricular valves: Valve located in the wall of the left atria-ventricular septum.
Heart valves: Constructed of 3 different parachute like structures called cusps.
Chordae tendineae – Cords coming off the cusps of the valves. Prevent the inversion of the cusps.
Papillary muscle – Muscular structure at the bottom of the chordae tendineae. Hold the chordae tendineae into place during heart contraction.
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Chapter 9: The Circulatory System
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Chapter 9: The Circulatory System
Valves located that the opening of the vessels leaving the heart:
Pulmonary semilunar valve: Located at the exit of the right ventricle and the entrance of the pulmonary trunk.
Prevent the blood to flow back into the heart.
Aortic semilunar value: Located at the exit of the left ventricle and the entrance of the ascending aorta.
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Chapter 9: The Circulatory System
Cardiac cycle: Process by which the heart pumps blood and is best referenced through 2 stages.
Systole: Contraction phase of the heart.
Sino-atrial node (SA-Node) – Sends the impulse to contract. This impulse starts at the back wall of the right atrium and spreads throughout the entire heart muscle.
Considered the pacemaker of the heart.
Atrio-ventricular node (AV-Node) – The heart contraction continues until it hits this location which is found in the wall between the right atrium and right ventricle. This sends the message for the ventricles to contract following the contraction of the atria.
Diastole: This stage comes following the contraction stage. This is considered the relaxation phase which causes the chambers to expand and dilate.
This relaxation phase goes into the atria and then into the ventricles allowing the heart to dilate and expand.
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Chapter 9: The Circulatory System
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Chapter 9: The Circulatory System
Blood flow through the heart:
Blood enters the right atrium of the heart through:
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus
Blood then flows through the tricuspid/right atrio-ventricular valves into the right ventricle.
Blood is then pumped out of the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk/common pulmonary artery. (This then bifurcates into the right and left pulmonary artery.) The pulmonary artery carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Blood is oxygenated as it passes through the lungs and returns it back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium.
Blood flows from the left atrium through the mitral, bicuspid, left atrio-ventricular valve into the left ventricle.
Blood passes through the aortic semilunar valve into the ascending aorta where it is then dispersed throughout the body.
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Chapter 9: The Circulatory System
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