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Welcome to Human Anatomy II FSS 203 The Blood Vascular System Veins
Dr. Adrian Bachman, DC, MS
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Chapter 9: The Circulatory System
Blood flow through the heart:
Blood enters the right atrium of the heart through:
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus
Blood then flows through the tricuspid/right atrio-ventricular valves into the right ventricle.
Blood is then pumped out of the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk/common pulmonary artery. (This then bifurcates into the right and left pulmonary artery.) The pulmonary artery carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Blood is oxygenated as it passes through the lungs and returns it back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium.
Blood flows from the left atrium through the mitral, bicuspid, left atrio-ventricular valve into the left ventricle.
Blood passes through the aortic semilunar valve into the ascending aorta where it is then dispersed throughout the body.
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Chapter 9: The Circulatory System
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Chapter 9: The Circulatory System
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Chapter 10: The Blood Vascular System
Angiology: The study of blood vessels in the body.
Two types of vessels in the body:
Arteries: Carries oxygen right blood away from the heart.
Veins: Carries deoxygenated blood towards the heart.
Layers of the arteries & veins:
Tunica Intima/Interna/Endothelium: Inner most layer of blood vessels, continuation of the endocardium layer of the heart, gets its blood supply from the blood that passes through the vessels.
Tunica Media: Middle layer, smooth muscle, contracts and expands which allows for an increase/decrease of blood throughout the body upon demand.
Tunica Adventitia/Externa: Outer layer, gets its blood supply from vasa vasorum.
Vasa Vasorum: Blood vessels that supply blood vessels.
Arterioles: Very small arteries, only two layers in their walls (tunica intima & tunica media).
Venules: Very small veins, only two layers in their walls (tunica intima & tunica media).
Capillaries: Smallest vessels, only one layer in their wall (tunica intima), junction between arteries and veins, exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide along with exchange of nutrients and waste between the cells of the body and blood happen here.
After passing through the capillaries, blood begins to travel back to the heart through the veins.
Anastomosis: Union of the distal ends of two arteries
Collateral Circulation: Two or more vessels providing blood supply to the same body part.
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Chapter 10: The Blood Vascular System
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Chapter 10: The Blood Vascular System
Phlebology: Study of the veins in the body.
Vein: Carries blood toward the heart.
Veins contain valves inside their lumen.
Veins are larger in diameter than arteries (because blood moves slower).
3 Layers that make up veins walls:
Tunica Interna (intima)
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa (adventitia)
Veins are divided into 2 groups:
Deep Veins: Those veins that run along with the arteries.
Superficial Veins: Veins located near the surface of the body.
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Chapter 10: The Blood Vascular System
Veins of the Thoracic Region:
Superior Vena Cava: Formed by the union of the Right & Left Brachiocephalic Veins which are formed by the union of the Internal Jugular Vein and Subclavian Vein.
Inferior Vena Cava: Formed by the union of the Right & Left Common Iliac Veins
Coronary Sinus: Formed by the small coronary veins uniting from the heart muscle.
Pulmonary Veins: Formed by the small veins that are extended off the capillary beds in the lungs.
Azygos System: Group of veins that drain blood from the walls and organs of the thoracic cavity. Veins that are included are:
Azygos Vein: Continuation of the right ascending lumbar vein draining into the intercostal veins on the right which then empties into the Superior Vena Cava.
Hemiazygos Vein: Continuation of the left ascending lumbar veins and drains into the left intercostal vein which empties into the Azygos Vein.
Accessory Hemiazygos Vein: Continuation of one of the first intercostal veins on the left side and descends along the vertebral column until it reaches the level of the heart where it empties into the Hemiazygos Vein.
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Chapter 10: The Blood Vascular System
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Chapter 10: The Blood Vascular System
Veins of the Abdominal Region: Have two separate groups call tributaries.
Parietal Tributaries: Empty into the Inferior Vena Cava
Lumbar Veins: Drain the walls of the low back.
Inferior Phrenic Veins: Drains the inferior side of the diaphragm.
Visceral Tributaries: Empty into the Inferior Vena Cava
Hepatic Veins: Drain the hepatic portal system.
Right & Left Renal Veins: Drain the kidneys.
Right Gonadal (ovarian/testicular) Vein: Drains the right ovary or testicle.
Right Suprarenal (adrenal) Vein: Drains the right suprarenal or adrenal gland.
Inferior Vena Cava lies on the right side. All veins on the left must cross the aorta to empty into the Vena Cava.
Left Suprarenal (adrenal) Vein empties into the Left Renal Vein.
Left Gonadal (ovarian/testicular) Vein empties into the Left Renal Vein.
Hepatic Portal System:
Inferior Mesenteric Vein: Drain the last half of the large intestine.
Splenic Vein drains the pancreas, spleen, and stomach area and empties into the Inferior Mesenteric Vein.
Superior Mesenteric Vein: Drains the small intestine and the first half of the large intestine.
Splenic Vein unites with the Superior Mesenteric Vein to form the Portal Vein which bifurcates before it enters the liver.
Hepatic Veins drain the filtered blood from the liver which then empties into the Inferior Vena Cava.
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Chapter 10: The Blood Vascular System
Veins of the Head and Neck Region:
Dural Sinuses: Drain the brain.
Dural Sinuses empty into the Sigmoid Sinus which drains into the Internal Jugular Vein which drains into the Subclavian Vein which empties into the Brachiocephalic Vein.
Face and Scalp Veins:
Internal Jugular Vein: Drains the face and scalp anterior to the ears.
External Jugular Vein: Drains the scalp behind the ears.
External Jugular Vein drains into the Subclavian Vein which unites with the Internal Jugular Vein which empties into the Brachiocephalic Vein.
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Chapter 10: The Blood Vascular System
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Chapter 10: The Blood Vascular System
Veins of the Upper Extremity: Begins in the forearm.
Radial & Ulnar Veins empty into the Brachial Vein (below the elbow bend)
Brachial Vein travels up the arm until it passes the teres major muscle and it empties into the Axillary Vein.
Axillary Vein empties into the Subclavian Vein at the level of the first rib.
Subclavian Vein empties into the Internal Jugular Vein which empties into the Brachiocephalic Vein which joins the opposite Brachiocephalic Vein to empty into the Superior Vena Cava.
Superficial Veins of the Upper Extremity:
Cephalic Vein: Begins on the lateral side of the hand and travels up the arm and empties into the Axillary Vein.
Basilic Vein: Begins on the medial side of the hand and travels up the arm to empty into the Brachial Vein which then becomes the Axillary Vein.
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Chapter 10: The Blood Vascular System
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Chapter 10: The Blood Vascular System
Veins of the Lower Extremity: Start at the lower portion of the leg
Anterior Tibial Vein - Posterior Tibial Vein ---- Popliteal Vein (Below bend of knee)
Posterior Tibial: has a branch to the Peroneal Vein – Drains the muscle of the calf.
Popliteal Vein: has a branch to the Genicular Veins – Drains blood from the knee area which then turns into the Femoral Vein (as it passes through the adductor magnus muscle)
Femoral Vein: Travels up the thigh until it goes under the inguinal ligament and turns into External Iliac Vein.
External Iliac Vein unites with the Internal Iliac (hypogastric) vein to form the Common Iliac Vein.
Right & Left Common Iliac Veins come together to drain into the Inferior Vena Cava.
Superficial Veins of the Lower Extremity:
Long (great) Saphenous Vein: Begins at the medial side of the foot and travels up the leg until it empties into the femoral vein (femoral triangle).
Short (lesser) Saphenous Vein: Starts at the lateral side of the foot and travels up the leg emptying into the Popliteal Vein.
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Chapter 10: The Blood Vascular System
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