Organizational Structure & Culture Assignment

FROM PROFESSOR

Welcome to week four's presentation on the classics of organization theory. As you know, the foundation of public organizations is based on a classical theory going back to the theory of scientific management during the days of the Industrial Revolution and the changes that were taking place in organizations at that time. There are basically three theories of organizations. The first is the classical theory, which is related to a system of activities in an organization. The people within those organizations, how they move together, tour to go, and authority or hierarchy in terms of leadership. Neoclassical theory is the next stage which is more functional, more scaler, more related to line and staff in terms of the hierarchy and the roles and responsibilities in that hierarchy, and then span of control. And then the third theory of organization is a more systems R3, which is based on the individual's role, the small groups, and the setting itself where it takes place. Classic organization theory. Basically, there are two perspectives. Number one, the earliest perspective by Henri Fayol is scientific management. The next perspective is administrative management. Frederick Taylor is in Luther ghoulish, probably the two most known in that perspective of classical organization theory. What are the principles of classical organization theory? You have the principle of hierarchy. That each lower office is really under their control and supervision of an office that's higher than them. You have labor that's divided based on a worker specialization. And they're limited number of responsibilities. And it's governed by policies and procedures that help direct.org admin section. You also have written administrative acts. There is authority, your organization based on that hierarchy. And when you sit in that hierarchy, and that people that work within that Pocock organization a hard based on their training and their qualifications. The major contributions to classical organization theory, the scientific management, which is the management of work and workers, was espoused by Frederick Taylor. Administrative management addresses issues related to how to organization. Structure involved there is Henri Fayol lead to Google that Max Vaber is the father of bureaucratic bureaucratic organizations. And Chester Barnard, who has written on the structure of public organizations. Frederick Taylor, basically, he undertook time motion studies and studied the productivity of the workers. This form of organization or classical organization that's very, very impersonal because it relates to, to workers themselves. But the work that they do. He's more interested in how efficient because workers can be and how much they can actually produce. The key points as scientific management, job analysis, selection of personnel, cooperation by managers with workers, and supervision in terms of plan and organize and decision-making activities. They grew, lick established an Institute of Public Administration at Columbia University. He also served in FDR's administration. He basically expanded fails functions into seven. Postcard. Post score stands for POS, the CLR, me, which is an acronym for the first letters in the following. Functions. Planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting. In addition, another leading classical theorist in most well-known, who was a German sociologist, Max Weber. Max Vaber is really the father of bureaucratic organizations. In that he defined bureaucratic administration as the exercise of control. Based on knowledge of the principles of bureaucracy. Division of labor. Work is divided based on people specializations in, based on their rank and rural in the organization. He also mentioned that there was a well-defined hierarchy of authority within a bureaucratic organization. That these organizations were governed by rules, regulations, and procedures. They're very impersonal. And that technical competence determine whether someone works in that organization. whether someone works in that organization. Power and authority was extremely important in a bureaucratic organization. According vapor, he classified organizations according to their legitimacy of their power. He used three classifications. Charismatic authority, traditional authority, and rational least a legal authority. He recognized that rational-legal authority was the most efficient form because it provided for the obedience from members of the organization. That's very important thing and bureaucratic, bureaucratic organization, classical organization that those that work there are very obedient to the leaders in that organization hierarchy to be maintained. He also stated that there was a continuous system of authorized jobs. And those jobs basically were set in stone by those rules, regulations, and procedures. That there was a sphere of competence based on how labor was divided so that various workers within that bureaucratic organization became specialized. There was also a chain of command. In terms of the offices within that organization. There was no partiality either for or against various members in our organization. That there's free selection of appointed officials. There's equal opportunity to be part of that organization based on your technical skills, your professional competence. Even though there's a bureaucratic organization with a hierarchy, God has a hierarchy house of God, the Father, Jesus Christ, But seek first the kingdom of God and His righteousness and all these things shall be added unto you. Matthew 633. I'll sell for if a man know not how to rule his own house, how shall you take care of the church of God? It's 1st Timothy. And related to your employer and what savvy you do, do it heartily as to the Lord and not unto men less than collagens. The next theory is. The Management. And that was put forward by Chester Barnard. Chester Barnard wrote an article back in the late 30s called the functions of the executive. And the importance of, of that article basically talked about the mission and purpose of the organization. The idea of hiring specialists, and the importance of effective communication, which we talked about last week. The key contributions of administrative management are that it recognize management as a profession like medicine or law. This is the first time that organizational theory mentioned that public administration was a profession. So let's move on to neoclassical management. In 1920s, there were many critics that pointed out the problems of the bureaucratic organization. That we need to move beyond the classical approach for organizations. And that there were difficulties when we tried to standardize people as well as their jobs. So out of the 1930s, the human factor became important in terms of how humans were influenced and how they related to productivity. The human relation studies that's very well-known is the Hawthorne studies. And the Hawthorne studies were conducted at Western Electric. They were productivity studies, but the studies weren't so much based on what people help people produce, but how they react to their behavior during that productivity study. Also, a Maslow's hierarchy of needs is also part of the human relations approach to the classical organisations. The Hawthorne studies, as I said, were conducted and Western Electric and what they were doing is trying to determine what effect changing the lighting and other physical factors in the factory itself had on people who work there. The problem was productivity did increase, but it had nothing to do with the physical factors. The, their human behavior was that says to people knew they were being watched. That's why their productivity increase. That's called the Hawthorne effect. And the Hawthorne effect is a phenomenon that is even study today. In public organizations when people know that they're being watched, their productivity tends to increase. We mentioned Maslov's, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Psychological being the most for food, water, and so forth. Safety and security all the way up to be in self-actualize. God has a hierarchy of needs. At the bottom is the rest of the world. Then your employer, church, family, husband and children. And then up to top of the hierarchy is God and Jesus. The third is the systems. Organizations exist and environment. There's social, cultural, and technological factors in those organizations that must be studied. Have organizations aren't complex sets a units. They have to be control, maintained, and coordinated. You have to look at all the linkages within that system and how decisions are made within that system, within the system and between networks outside that system. Some of the system theories that have been studied are managed by organizations. And total quality management. All parts of the system or in the open systems approach and contingency theory was put forward by James Thompson, who was a political philosopher and a public administration researcher from Princeton University. He wrote organizations and actions with the dominant coalitions tend to set up closed systems and data. Taxes and increase. Organizations will adapt. And they have become more flexible and more decentralized. We know that a dam a brought forward Total Quality Management from the Japanese. And this is an area that's well studied and public organizations called Japanese management. So those are the three classical theories and public organizations. We went through those very quickly, but there are some articles that can be read on those. There's a great book by J chef rates and hide on the classics of public administration. There's also another book by shaft on the classics of organization theory. So I would invite you to look at those books as well as some other articles that relate to the different models and methods of public organizations. Thank you.